1. BackgroundThe use of artificial intelligence (AI) in smart cities

1. BackgroundThe use of artificial intelligence (AI) in smart
cities, its effect on governance, decision-making, innovative
discipline, and prospects of revolution have been a topic of
discussion in debate and practice recent years. Data generation
utilizing AI is possible in government and private sectors
exploring new approaches to understand our world. The
availability of big data may be effective in optimum usage of
resources while making informed decisions. Artificial
intelligence and the Internet of Things can positively influence
smart decision-making. At present, AI is becoming a need for
daily life and organizational procedures as technology has taken
great dives in empowering AI advancement. AI contributes to
smart cities’ decision making because smart decision-making
utilizes a systematic and organized approach to collect data and
applies rational decision-making systems rather than using hit
and miss, instinct, or generalizing from overall
experience.“Smart cities” is a multidimensional notion and has
been defined differently by numerous scholars. However, the
compulsory prerequisite to being a smart city is to attain
sustainable social, environmental, and economic development
and improve the living standards of society by utilizing
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and AI. The
technological aspect of a smart city in the decision-making
process can be defined as “a technologically interconnected
city” or the use of artificial intelligence with big data to
accomplish the intelligence and efficiency in managing the
city’s resource. A study about smart decision-making in smart
cities using big data introduced a three-layer framework
characterizing a smart city as an “instrumented, interconnected,
and intelligence”.The past few years have seen rapid growth in
urbanization. According to the economic and social affairs body
of the United States, approximately 55 percent of the total
population in the world live in urban cities. This number is
expected to increase to 68% by 2050 (Allam & Dhunny, 2019).
The rapid increase in urban population is expected to exert

pressure on sustainable environment initiatives leading to
higher demand from the large population. To avoid such
pressure, there is a need of coming up with smart cities.
According to scholars, smart cities will reduce the
environmental pressure caused by the increased urban
population by 30% (Allam & Dhunny, 2019). A smart city is
described as an urban area that depends on information
technology to improve its quality of life, grow its economy and
implement government policies (Allam & Dhunny, 2019). Past
studies have indicated that there exist three layers that are
important for the functionality of a smart city. · The
technological base of a smart city entails sensor-equipped
devices and smart digital phones that help in communication
(Zhang et al., 2021). · There are computers that are used in the
digital processing of data to deliver favorable solutions (Zhang
et al., 2021). · The whole population directly interacts with
these technologies to provide data and analyze outcomes (Zhang
et al., 2021). The current world revolves around technology.
Therefore, there is a need of coming up with smart cities that
will help in controlling the growing urban population (Zhang et
al., 2021). This paper will discuss the use of artificial
intelligence in smart cities and its impact on development. 2.
Statement of the problemThe rapid changes in the world have
led to the use of modern technology in technically all fields. As
time goes by, the urban population keeps growing. Most of the
countries have experienced a huge migration from rural to urban
centers. The post-pandemic period has seen people move to
urban areas for job opportunities and good living standards.
However, as people move to these urban centers, there is no
technology that has been used to ensure quality living standards
in these cities. As people have currently embraced the use of
modern technology to convert urban towns into smart cities, it
is important to have a system that governs these smart cities.
For theefficient functioning of smart cities, theprocessing of big
quantities of data is required. Big data has been described as a
large data set that is processed at a very fast speed by theuse of

algorithms through the use of different sources of data. To
process such a large amount of data in smart cities, there is
aneed for use of artificial intelligence. Past studies have
discussed the development of smart cities. There exists a gap in
what technology is used to process data in these smart cities.
Therefore, this paper will discuss the impacts of artificial
intelligence on smart cities.
3. Literature Review
The use of artificial intelligence and processing of big data are
interlinked. Artificial intelligence is useful in sifting through
large data volumes to produce the desired results (Rjab &
Mellouli, 2018). In the past, the use of technology was limited.
Data analysis and collection did not entail the use of artificial
intelligence. Instead, all processes were manual thus producing
inaccurate results. Artificial intelligence uses non-human
systems that imitate human behavior (Rjab & Mellouli, 2018).
The outcome of the process is determined by whether the
artificial intelligence is supervised or unsupervised. The use of
artificial intelligence has led to cost-effective solutions to smart
cities.
Although the use of artificial intelligence has received backlash
from the public domain, there has been an increased use of AI
in private firms. Past research has indicated the impact of
artificial intelli8gence in decision making. The South Korean
government recently used artificial intelligence in the fight
against COVID-19 (Ben Rjab & Mellouli, 2019). This was
through data collection, educating the citizens, and
implementation of safety protocols through artificial
intelligence. Artificial intelligence has become a great concern
in smart cities as they face challenges in sustainability, safety,
and planning decisions. When urban areas face such challenges,
they embrace the use of artificial intelligence as a means of
transforming to smart cities (Ben Rjab & Mellouli, 2019). The
transition from an urban city to a smart city is facilitated by
strategies from urban politicians. Artificial intelligence through
different databases and dashboards regulates the decision-

making process to ensure that smart cities grow and remain
productive.
Artificial Intelligence in smart cities and Decision Making
The use of artificial intelligence in different sectors of the
economy has proved to be successful. Past research has shown
that artificial intelligence can successfully diagnose diseases,
suggest treatment procedures as well as curb spread of the
disease (Zhang et al., 2021). The use of AI can be expanded to
technical infrastructure, weather forecasting and general daily
activities. Smart city are built in a complex manner with
sophisticated technologies to govern them (Zhang et al., 2021).
While most scholars focus on defining the livelihood of people
in smart cities, there is loess study conducted on the private and
public organizations’ work on improving living standards. This
study focuses on the Caragliu concept of smart cities.
According to the concept, cities are made smart when their
investments are made social and the human capital is converted
to contribute to long-term development projects (Allam &
Dhunny, 2019). All this is in a bid to promote the quality of life
and manage resources.
As cities become smart through the installation of sensors, use
of smartphones and computers, there is a need to embrace the
use of artificial intelligence. The current digital ideas in use if
technology is linked to the use of artificial intelligence enabling
real-time data thus allowing cities to grow, adapt to changes and
diversify their environments (Allam & Dhunny, 2019).
Artificial intelligence will help cities develop good decision-
making processes thus helping in the socio-economic execution
of policies.
Potential use of artificial intelligence in Smart Cities
Artificial intelligence can be used in smart cities in different
sectors such as;
· Public transit.
· Public safety programs.

· Power grids.
· Building automation systems.
4. Project Objectives
· To determine the use of artificial intelligence in smart cities.
· To understand the impact of the use of artificial intelligence in
smart cities for Smart Decision-Making.
5. Target Population (Sampling Technique and Sample Size)
The study below targets economies in Asia specifically Saudi
Arabia. The sampling technique is used is the use of data from
different sample groups to ensure effective comparison of data.
The decision for choosing Saudi Arabia as the basis for the
study was made in accordance with past studies on the topic.
There is no researcher who has made a research on the use of AI
in Saudi Arabia.
6. Data Collection Approach
Once the consent for the survey has been given to the
respondents, a questionnaire will be sent to them via their
personal email addresses. The questionnaire will consist of
open-ended and closed questions that will need a response. The
first part of the questionnaire entails a closed-end section that
respondents will respond with a yes or no. the second phase is a
section on social innovations, the use of modern technology,
and its impact on living standards. The third section has
questions on artificial intelligence, proposed changes in the
smart cities’ development, and the impact artificial intelligence
ought to bring.
7. Data Analysis
The data collected from the survey will be analyzed through the
statistical program SPSS version 21. The analytical methods
that will be used include correlation, multiple regression, path
analysis, and factor analysis.
8. Potential Scope of the Project
The findings from this project will be important in future data

analysis on the use of artificial intelligence in smart cities. The
information in the study can be used by future scholars who
wish to further the study in the impact of AI in smart cities.
This study can also be used by the administration of different
cities in their decision-making process on the adoption of the
use of artificial intelligence in their cities.
references
https://www.ted.com/talks/jon_giegengack_the_price_of_free_e
ntertainment
https://www.visualcapitalist.com/online-gaming-the-rise-of-a-
multi-billion-dollar-industry/
https://www.gamify.com/what-is-gamification
https://www.gamify.com/gamification-blog/examples-of-
gamification-with-dr-zachary-fitz-walter
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iX3zQo_TCM0
https://econreview.berkeley.edu/paying-attention-the-attention-
economy/
https://time.com/5592329/experts-say-how-much-is-the-wrong-
way-to-assess-screen-time/
https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/138/5/e20162592/
60321/Media-Use-in-School-Aged-Children-and-Adolescents
https://psychcentral.com/lib/how-do-smartphones-affect-
childhood-psychology
https://www.ted.com/talks/emmett_shear_what_streaming_mean
s_for_the_future_of_entertainment
Technology and Entertainment – Modern Trends
BEHS 103: Technology in Contemporary Society
Week 7
Credit: Katherine Im (2021, July)

1
TECHNOLOGY
Trends in modern entertainment
Reality TV
A partial list:
http://www.realitytvworld.com/realitytvworld/allshows.shtml
Response to the proliferation of cable stations

Reality TV
Inexpensive and fast to produce
Smaller production staff needed
Professional actors cost a lot of money
No need for a writer
No need for expensive sets
Advertisers pay $200,000-$500,000 for a 30 second ad spot
depending on the show.
1- http://elitedaily.com/life/culture/detrimental-culture-tv/
5
Characteristics of reality TV watchers
Characteristics of people who watch (per Psychology Today)
More competitive
Place a high value on revenge
Higher desire for status
Live vicariously through reality stars, identify with them
http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200109/why-america-
loves-reality-tv

6
Gaming – a timeline
http://www.icheg.org/icheg-game-history/timeline/
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/AtariPong
_(transparent).png
http://noyouare.lixlink.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Pong-
game.jpg
7
Gaming – social implications
Relatively new form of entertainment
Roots in traditional games (sports, board games)
Made possible by the electronics era
Positive Consequences?

Improved academic skills due to educational software
Inherently motivating, encourages skill building
Video games can teach self-care skills for asthma and diabetes
Improves coordination skills
http://www.pedsforparents.com/articles/2791.shtml
9
Negative Consequences?
Children as young as 2 are spending more time on video games,
with no decrease in television viewing
Exposure to violence and inappropriate content
Some desensitization – more aggression and antisocial behavior
Can lead to gaming addiction resulting in functional problems
Alienating and isolating
Loss of sleep, irritability
Associated with obesity
Lack of social interaction in younger people may stunt social
growth
In excessive amounts, can lead to poor academic performance
http://www.video-game-addiction.org/social-consequences.html
http://www.pedsforparents.com/articles/2791.shtml
10

Entertainment technology changing biology
Daphne Bavelier: Your brain on video games (2012)
http://www.ted.com/talks/daphne_bavelier_your_brain_on_vide
o_games.html
Average gamer is 35 years old
Older adults are active gamers
Adult gamers:
Better vision - better able to pick out details, better able to see
shade of grey
Better able to track moving objects
Better able to switch tasks very quickly
How is technology changing our behavior?
Summary
Entertainment evolved in parallel with the advancement of

society
Has always reflected social and political climate
Increasingly shapes social and political behavior
No longer tied to a place
Mobile devices give us access entertainment that is portable and
personalized
Rules of social engagement are changing: less formal, less
private, more engaged
Technology and Entertainment - Music
Week 7
1
Music
Every culture has music
Not sure why

Parncutt theory (University of Graz)
May have evolved as a way for mothers to communicate with
their children – “Motherese”
Unborn babies can hear rhythmic sounds from mother,
understand mother’s state
Mothers respond to sounds babies make
Acoustic, gestural, emotional in nature
Theory is difficult to prove
makehttp://www.cosmosmagazine.com/features/the-origins-
music/
3
Evolution of music
Parallels the evolution of art
Response to social priorities of each time period
Prehistoric instruments

Medieval music
(0-1400 AD)
Saint Gregory (pope from 590-604) organized many chants for
the Church – Gregorian chant
Monophonic chants – featured human voice, no instrumentation
Polyphony didn’t begin until 11th c.
Technological advances:
Notation of musical notes begin around 900
Notation of rhythm began in 12th or 13th c.
http://library.thinkquest.org/16020/data/eng/text/education/theo
ry/history.html
6
Sample of medieval music
As you listen, remember that this was high art in its day. Think
how different this form of music is from what we listen to
today.
https://youtu.be/uLWeKWQAjHU
http://oldtimecatholic.com/gregorian-chant/how-to-read-and-
sing-gregorian-chant-online-lessons-by-cc-watershed/

7
Renaissance music
(1400-1600 AD)
Individualism elevated status of composers
Famous composers: Tallis, Byrd, Palestrina (pictured)
Sacred music still written, but increasing emphasis on secular
music (madrigals)
Instrumental music become more important
Invention of the modern keyboard
Polyphonic works
Example : http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o4vE2lZWZVU
ry/history.html
Image source: https://www.bach-cantatas.com/Pic-Lib-
BIG/Palestrina-17.jpg
8
Renaissance instruments
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Cl
avecinRuckers%26Taskin.JPG/450px-

ClavecinRuckers%26Taskin.JPG
http://kindredsubjects.bl ogspot.com/2011/02/double-virginal-
1581-made-by-hans.html
http://www.oldflutes.com/renai.htm
9
Baroque music
(1600 – 1750 AD)
Famous composers: Bach, Handel, Vivaldi
Very ornate, brilliant, bright
http://library.thinkquest.org/16020/data/eng/te xt/education/theo
ry/history.html
Bach image: http://www.geraldelias.com/music_DT_bach.html
Handel image:
http://www.classical.net/music/images/composer/h/handel1.jpg
Vivaldi image:
http://www.classical.net/music/comp.lst/vivaldi.php
10
1607 – first Opera “Orfeo” – combines music with theater
Orchestras formed

Soloists featured – virtuosos
Music often celebrated nature
Example: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GRxofEmo3HA
Classical period
(1750-1800)
Famous composers:
Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven
Reenvisioning ancient Greece and Rome
Balance, proportion, discipline
Simpler than baroque period
ry/history.html
Mozart image:
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.biography.c
om/imported/images/Biography/Images/Profiles/M/Wolfgang-
Mozart
Beethoven image: http://www.npr.org/artists/15232481/ludwig-
van-Beethoven
Haydn image:
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.classical.net
/music/images/composer/h/haydnfj1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.
classical.net/music/comp.lst/haydnfj.php&h=268&w=230&sz=4
2&tbnid=2z8kqkUt-

OZDXM:&tbnh=95&tbnw=82&zoom=1&usg=__VY1VbBwQlVi
WI6Dg44Y6Bp5701I=&docid=KWh3ql4RKZsoSM&sa=X&ei=9
ioBUqmaIYyC9QSa2ICgAQ&ved=0CJwBEP4dMA4
12
What else is happening in this era?
American Revolution
French Revolution
https://encrypted-
tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQEo2TWzNjlmgoLXW
VGANituvY_P8K9Xu5HZ2XiU-_B1HshnNUB
http://media.npr.org/assets/img/2012/07/13/marieantoinetteexec
ute-a8b7aa02f3a17f0904724853bbfc83d c2b9c738a-s6-c30.jpg
13
Music for the masses
Public concerts became popular
Music available to the masses, not just the rich
Venues larger, orchestras became larger
Gave rise to symphonies created – grand, exuberant
Example: http://listeninglab.stantons.com/title/beethovens-
fifth/170458/

http://cso.org/uploadedImages/Learn/cso_muti_about.jpg
ry/history.html
14
Romantic era
(1800-1900)
Famous composers: Chopin, Liszt, Schubert
Added new instruments to the orchestra
Music was emotional, less rigid
Operas had exotic and romantic themes
Virtuosos became very popular; music was written to show off
skill
ry/history.html
15

Impact of Industrial Revolution on music
Chopin’s Minute Waltz:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8PJqdkXDbSI
Major improvements to the piano:
Invention of high-quality steel for piano wire
Cast iron frames
5 octaves to 8 octaves – greater range
http://inventors.about.com/od/pstartinventions/a/piano.htm
Image source: https://www.google.com/search?q=piano&oe=utf-
8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-
a&um=1&ie=UTF-
8&hl=en&tbm=isch&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi&ei=qTABUqDx
JIr89QSt_oHQBg&biw=1440&bih=810&sei=qjABUpOXM5Dc8
ASG7YGACg#bav=on.2,or.r_cp.r_qf.&fp=878287e9c1eca66a&h
l=en&q=1800%27s+piano&rls=org.mozilla:en-
US%3Aofficial&sa=1&tbm=isch&um=1&facrc=_&imgdii=_&i
mgrc=HRv_szAMzR8euM%3A%3BqZEr4Vzb1xgIsM%3Bhttp%
253A%252F%252Fwww.steinway.de%252Fimages%252Fpages
%252Fwesle.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.steinway.de
%252Fnews%252Farticles%252Fsteinway-unveils-william-e-
steinway-limited-edition-piano%252F%3B600%3B605
16
Contemporary classical

(1900-1990’s)
Very diverse, often a reaction against previous classical forms
Very secularized
Often nationalistic (Sousa, Copland, Gershwin)
Increasingly influenced by technology
Synthesizers
Recording technology
ry/history.html
17
Modern music and technology
Audiences were larger, music needed to be louder
Industrial steel used for guitar strings
1930’s - Electric amps invented
1931 – George Beauchamp invented the first electrified guitar –
the “frying pan”
http://invention.smithsonian.org/centerpieces/electricguitar/inve
ntion.htm
18
Modern music and technology
Robert Moog – inventor of electronic synthesizer in 1964

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-
dyn/content/article/2005/08/22/AR2005082201215.html
19
Sound mixing
1980’s - Recording studios mastered how to cut and splice, edit,
and mix sounds together into one recording
Performers didn’t need to be perfect. Technology would fix
problems.
Could perform in smaller groups and mix sounds together. Cut
down on production time.
Changed how music sounded.
http://www.recording-history.org/HTML/musictech7.php
20
Other ways technology changed music

Musical media – early days
Music perpetuated publicly through written music
Celebrity and notoriety based on live performance until 1877
http://www.ltu.se/cms_fs/1.114074!/img/img/Jenny_Lind_LTU.j
pg_gen/derivatives/landscape_522/Jenny_Lind_LTU.jpg
=xwGtWp3wTN26dM%3A%3Bi52pCl-
t0m6uVM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fnps-nyharbor-
archives.org%252Fhighlights%252Fjenny-lind-concert-
program.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%https://www.google.com/se
arch?q=jenny+lind&client=firefox-
a&hs=Jh7&rls=org.mozilla:en-
US:official&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=MDkBUr-
ALYO69QTk34DYBg&ved=0CAkQ_AUoAQ&biw=1440&bih=8
10#facrc=_&imgdii=xwGtWp3wTN26dM%3A%3B4 mASWd3-
cGRcoM%3BxwGtWp3wTN26dM%3A&imgrc252Fnps-
nyharbor-archives.org%252Fhighlights%252Fjenny-lind-
concert-program.html%3B386%3B582
23
Beginning of recorded media storage
Phonograph invented by Edison (1877)
1924 – Western Electric used electric amplifiers to magnify

recorded sounds
Mass marketed from the 1920’s to 1940’s
Late 1940’s – LP’s sold cheaply on the market
1980’s audio cassettes became more popular than LP’s
http://www.edisontinfoil.com/kruesi.jpg
24
Digital recording
Borrowed technology from telephone industry
1990’s CD became more popular than audiocassettes
2000’s CD-RW, DVD
MP-3 – media free audio
25
Music playing devices

http://www.xtimeline.com/timeline/History-of-Music-Playing-
Devices
26
Music streaming services
iTunes – 2003
Spotify - 2008
‹#›
https://i.insider.com/5ee8f1bd3ad8610d80629a57?width=1300&
format=jpeg&auto=webp
27
‹#›
https://supreme.findlaw.com/legal-commentary/why-metallica-
sued-napster.html
28
Napster and copyright law
Napster founded in 1999
Allowed peer-to-peer sharing of digital content at a time when

music was mostly purchased in the form of CD’s.
Napster case raised questions about the ethics of copying work
digitally without paying for it.
Napster was sued by Metallica and lost, but it became clear that
consumers no longer wanted to pay for physical copies of
music.
Gave rise to the streaming music industry. Consumers pay a fee
for unlimited access to music libraries.
‹#›
Music Industry Revenue: Physical media declining, streaming
growing
‹#›
https://bs-uploads.toptal.io/blackfish-
uploads/uploaded_file/file/402267/image-1601840340557.489-
b87510509cb13fd9057df094ccdbbbc9.png
30
Technology and Entertainment - Art
Week 7

1
Art
2
Prehistoric Art
(30,000 BCE – 8,000 BCE)
The earliest surviving nonfunctional objects from Paleolithic
Era
Small stone and bone sculptures, often of female form
Cave drawings (15,000-13,000BCE)
Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History:
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/
http://www.historyofpainters.com/paleolithic_art.htm

3
Egyptians
(3200 BCE – 1070 BCE)
Stiff and formal
“Frontalism”
Religious themes
http://www.historyofpainters.com/egyptian_art.htm
4
Ancient Greeks
(700 BCE – 323 BCE)
Use of homemade pigments, often toxic
Art became more colorful, joyful
http://www.historyofpainters.com/greek_art.htm
5
Ancient Romans

(500 BCE – 350 AD)
Loved art and beauty but were preoccupied with commerce and
power
Borrowed art style and technique from Greeks
Artists known for portable panels, frescoes, and tromp l'oeil
Mythological and erotic scenes
http://www.historyofpainters.com/romanart.htm
6
7
Christian Art (750-985)
During Constantine era - Carolingian Art
Very religious in theme
Use of illumination (highly ornate calligraphy)

http://employees.oneonta.edu/farberas/arth/Images/109images/C
arolingian/Cod_Aureus_Chas_Bald.jpg
8
Byzantine Era (527-1453)
No perspective
Use of Illumination
Mosaics
http://www.historyofpainters.com/byzantine.htm
9
Gothic Era
(1100-1450)
“The age of faith”
Known for architecture
Highly religious
Individuals seen as followers of Christ – no individualism
Emphasis on heavenly beauty and angelic images

http://www.historyofpainters.com/gothic.htmghly religious
10
Renaissance
(1350-1550)
Emergence of the individual and wealthy merchant class
(patrons)
Paintings show figures that are powerful
Religion less important than in middle ages. More focus on
natural world.
Introduction of oil painting
Emphasis on individual accomplishments
http://www.historyofpainters.com/earlyrenaissance.htm
11
Baroque Period (1580-1770)
Art used as religious propaganda – reaction to the Reformation
Emotional depictions, use of color
Overall harmony of the painting – powerful and emotional to
sway (convert) viewers

12
Rococo Period
(1710-1750)
Focused on the wealthy
Hedonism
Flattering, unrealistic depictions of the aristocracy
Overly romanticized
http://www.historyofpainters.com/rococo.htm
13
Romanticism
(1783-1830)
Valued courtly love and truth
Believed that beauty was inspirational and powerful
Decorative painting style designed to evoke emotional response
Inspired by folklore, mythology and fairytales
http://www.historyofpainters.com/romanticism.htm
14

Impressionism (1860-1895)
Interested in effect of light on the eye, not on objects
themselves
Introduced scientific way of thinking to their work
Intellectual and social group of painters
http://www.historyofpainters.com/impressionism.htm
15
Art Nouveau
(1890-1915)
Heavily influenced by Japanese art using woodblocks
Stylized organic, ornamental shapes and patterns
How does this tie into the Industrial Revolution that was
occurring at the time?
http://www.historyofpainters.com/nouveau.htm
16
Surrealism (1920’s)
Reaction to classic art forms
Reaction to a world in turmoil
Drew inspiration from Freud

“Pure psychic automatism, by which it is intended to express,
verbally, in writing, or by other means, the real process of
thought. Thought's dictation, in the absence of all control
exercised by the reason and outside all aesthetic or moral
preoccupations.”
-- André Breton (The founder of the Surrealist Movement) 1924
http://www.historyofpainters.com/surreal.htm
17
18
Art Deco
(1920-1940)
Roots in Art Nouveau
Geometric shapes, highly ornamented, symmetry
Use of beige, cream, silver, black, chrome, yellow and red
Represented luxury and glamour

http://www.historyofpainters.com/artdeco.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco
19
Pop Art
(1955 – 1980)
Reaction to fine art
Use of culturally relevant, common objects
Reaction to abstract art
Meant to be ironic
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_art
20
What do the trends in the art movements say about what was
important in society over time?

21
How technology changed art
22
Pigments
Modern pigments were important to art as well as to fashion and
auto industry
Worked independently on developing more advanced
technologies for better pigments
Modern paints are lightfast because of the car industry
Timeline of pigments:
http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/intro/history.html
http://www.winsornewton.com/about-us/our-history/history-of-
pigments/
23
Photography
Aristotle and Euclid (~300 BCE) understood basic principles of
optics

Alhazen (965-1040) – “Father of modern optics” – 1st to reflect
an image onto a screen
http://giscreatio.blogspot.com/2012/03/o-tempo-e-os-tempos-na-
fotografia-por.html
24
Alhazen described and used early form of camera – “camera
obscura”
1814 – Niepce (pictured) – 1st photographic image – 8 hours of
exposure, faded quickly
http://www.onthisdeity.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/3.jpg
http://0.tqn.com/d/inventors/1/0/m/3/1/Camera_obscura.jpg
25
1837 – daguerreotype – 1st fixed, permanent image on silver
plates, only 30 minutes exposure
http://www.artistsandalchemists.com/images/uploads/content/lin
coln_daguerreotype.jpg

26
First 35mm camera
(1913-1914)
http://inventors.about.com/od/pstartinventions/a/Photography.ht
m
27
1st Digital Camera (1975)
Kodak developed the 1st digital camera
28
Digital storage
1990 - Eastman Kodak markets CD as a digital storage device

1999 – First patent for USB flash drive
No need to develop film
Huge storage capacity for all types of media
29
Cloud technology
Reduces need for hard storage
Allows access anytime, anywhere
Allows for easy sharing
30
Motion Pictures
Merging of storytelling and art

31
1st talking picture
1926 – Don Juan
1927 – The Jazz Singer
32
Television
1927 – Philo Farnsworth – 1st to transmit a television signal
1936 – 1st public transmission in London
1948 – 1st television network program in the US - Texaco Star
Theater with Milton Berle
1948 – Cable television
1953 – First color broadcast
33

Television’s impact
34
Told us how to think
Told us what to like
Told us how to behave
Shaped family life
Shaped gender roles
Shaped attitudes about race/ethnicity
Where are we today?
Movies, tv shows, music are all portable
Entertainment is immediate and personalized

35
How has technology changed art?
How is this related to society?
36
The meaning of art hasn’t changed
Greater range of media
More accessible to the masses
More accessible to a global audience
Democratizing for both artists and audience
More people can participate through digital tools (publishing

software)
37
Art museum apps
https://www.google.com/search?q=app+for+art+history+smithso
nian&client=firefox-a&hs=vpw&rls=org.mozilla:en-
US:official&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=GpYAUrLaJqjk
4APHyYHYDA&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAQ&biw=1366&bih=645#ba
v=on.2,or.r_qf.&fp=284a79cc826a3748&q=app+for+art+museu
m&rls=org.mozilla:en-
US%3Aofficial&sa=1&tbm=isch&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=W
Q03iIpRE7D2ZM%3A%3B6hWaLeV19jpidM%3Bhttp%253A%2
52F%252Fwww.tednguyenusa.com%252Fwp-
content%252Fuploads%252F2012%252F10%252FScreen-Shot-
2012-10-22-at-9.17.27-
PM.png%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.tednguyenusa.com%
252Fmobile-apps-for-museums-connecting-us-with-art-or-
disrupting-the-arts-experience%252F%3B549%3B289
Example: http://americanart.si.edu/collections/search/
38
Technology and Entertainment - Storytelling
Week 7

1
What is “Entertainment”
entertainment [ˌɛntəˈteɪnmənt]
n
1. the act or art of entertaining or state of being entertained
2. an act, production, etc., that entertains; diversion; amusement
Source: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/entertainment
2
What are some forms of entertainment?

3
4
5
Think about it:
In each form of entertainment, what are the technologies that
allowed each form to advance?

Storytelling
6
Origins of storytelling
Probably dates back to the beginning of langua ge (50,000 -
70,000 years ago)
Two forms – artistic and verbal
Storytellers - good memory, creative imaginations, dynamic
presentation style
Gained respect and status
7
Lascaux Caves
15,000 – 13,000 BCE
Artistic storytelling
http://bigfishpresentations.com/2012/02/28/a-very-brief-history-
of-storytelling/
8

Verbal storytelling
Oldest recorded story from Sumeria
700 BCE
“Epic of Gilgamesh” - King of Uruk (Iraq)
First “book”
Tablet Image source:
http://andyrossagency.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/gilgamesh-
target.jpg
Gilgamesh Image Source:
http://www.actorssceneunseen.com/gilgameshcd.aspx
9
Verbal storytelling
500 BCE – Aesop’s Fables
200 BCE – fables written down for the first time
Kept alive through storytelling
http://bigfishpresentations.com/2012/02/28/a-very-brief-history-
of-storytelling/
Imagesource: http://appfinder.lisisoft.com/app/the-boy-who-
cried-wolf-ibigtoy.html
10

Transmitting stories to modern times
What technologies were important?
3300 BCE - Written language developed in Sumeria –
“Cuneiform”
105 AD - Paper invented in China
1456 – Movable printing press
http://floatlearning.com/2012/03/a-brief-history-of-publishing/
11
Religious texts
1 - http://carm.org/when-was-bible-written-and-who-wrote-it
2-http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Bible/Quran.htm
12
-1445–-425
Old Testament: written in parts between 1445 BCE to 425 BCE
(approximate)1
1st century

New Testament: written mostly in the 2nd half of the 1st
century1
610 AD
Qur’an: recitation began in 610 AD; written form 650 AD2
Ancient text meets modern technology
Dead Sea Scrolls: http://dss.collections.imj.org.il/dss_video
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/07/100727-who-
wrote-dead-sea-scrolls-bible-science-tv/
http://www.theilluminerdy.com/2012/08/
13
Evolution of printed materials
1690 –first English-American newspaper published

14
Self-publication
1776 – Thomas Paine wrote and published “Commo n Sense”
Sold 100,000 copies in 3 months
Best selling 18th c. publication
Ignited the American Revolution
15
Magazines
Magazines target particular audiences (e.g., trade, consumer)
1663 – 1st magazine published in Germany
1899 – National Geographic
1922 – Reader’s Digest
1899-1967 – Magazines proliferate
http://www.uncp.edu/home/acurtis/Courses/ResourcesForCourse
s/MagazinesHistory.html
16

1st e-book
1949 – 1st patented electronic book by Angela Ruiz –
schoolteacher in Spain
1960’s Brown University – online texts and online discussions
1971 – Michael Hart credited with inventing the first true “e-
book”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-book
http://www.gutenbergnews.org/20110908/michael-hart-1947-
2011/michael-hart-rocket-book/
17
An aside….
What else happened in 1971?
Ted Hoff
…Intel introduced the first microprocessor
18

Moore’s Law
The number of transistors that can fit on a microchip will
double every two years.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Tr
ansistor_Count_and_Moore%27s_Law_-_2011.svg/667px-
Transistor_Count_and_Moore%27s_Law_-_2011.svg.png
19
…and the world changed forever
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sJQ_o48K_6Y
Think of what wouldn’t be possible in entertainment and other
areas without the microprocessor.
20
1st e-reader
1998 – Rocket e-Book
2006 – Sony Reader
2007 – Amazon Kindle – blended strategy to sell eBooks via
Amazon
2009 – B&N Nook
2010 – iPad – 1st successful tablet computer

2011 – Android tablets
2011 – Amazon eBook sales exceeded paperback sales
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tablet_computers
21
And by 2015…
‹#›
Social media & Web 2.0
How is this related to storytelling?
23
Self-publishing
Everyone is now a storyteller!
Blogging is a worldwide phenomenon

In the United States, 32 million bloggers (2021)
http://snitchim.com/how-many-blogs-are-there/
https://firstsiteguide.com/blogging-stats/
Image: https://firstsiteguide.com/wp-
content/uploads/2020/11/The-global-number-of-blogs.png
24
Over 2.7 billion active Facebook users (2021)
Over 1.1 billion TikTok users (2021)
Over 293 million Snapchat users (2021)
Over 206 million active Twitter accounts (2021)
Almost 1.7 million self-published titles in the U.S. (2018)
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/17/facebook-user-
numbers_n_3292316.html
25

Joe Sabia: The technology of storytelling
http://www.ted.com/talks/joe_sabia_the_technology_of_storytel
ling.html (3:33)
26
What do you think?
How has society been changed by the evolution of storytelling?
27
MBA Program – MGT675 Rubric
2019-2020
Business Administration Department
P a g e 1 | 5

College of Administrative and Financial Sciences
Evaluation Sheet- Project- MGT675
Student
Name
Supervisor Name
Student ID Evaluator Name
CRN
Evaluation Date
Project
Title
Student’s Total Marks / 100

https://cas.seu.edu.sa/cas/login?service=https://lms.seu.edu.sa/w
ebapps/bb-auth-provider-cas-
BBLEARN/execute/casLogin?cmd=login&authProviderId= _105
_1&redirectUrl=https://lms.seu.edu.sa/webapps/portal/frameset.
jsp&sessionIdForLogout=5CD337C3E58DD15ECCAFFCFB223
ACE53
2019-2020
P a g e 2 | 5
Criteria/Section
Weight Items Item Weight
Feedback
Abstract

5
Contents
Excellent
(2.5)
Very
Good
(2)
Good
(1.5)
Poor
(1)
Very
Poor

(0.5)
Score
l to which the different sections of
abstract are in the form of well-developed
paragraphs, which are unified, coherent, concise
and provide logical connections between materials
included?
sections on background, purpose, research design,
major methods, major findings, implications and
directions for future research?
Introduction

and
Literature
Review
20
Contents
Excellent
(5)
Very
Good
(4)
Good
(3)

Poor
(2)
Very
Poor
(1)
Score
Feedback
relevant background on existing knowledge gap
and the importance of bridging that gap?
up to date, relevant and thorough body of
literature on the topic?
review, or comparison of different approaches
which reveals any methodological flaws in research
methods, inconsistencies in theories or findings
which need further study?

unambiguously lead to research question(s),
hypothesis (es), and objective(s)?
BBLEARN/execute/casLogin?cmd=login&authProviderId=_105
ACE53
2019-2020
P a g e 3 | 5
Methodology
Outlook
10

Contents
Excellent
(5)
Very
Good
(4)
Good
(3)
Poor
(2)
Very
Poor
(1)

Score
Feedback
details of what, when, where, and how the
research was performed so that other researcher
can repeat the method for similar studies?
to each objective, hypothesis, or research
question?
Analysis and
Results
10

Contents
Excellent
(2.5)
Very
Good
(2)
Good
(1.5)
Poor
(1)
Very
Poor
(0.5)

Score
Feedback
clear, concise, and presented in a logical order for
each objective, hypothesis, or research question?
pictures and images etc.) are legible, labelled,
described and referred properly in the text?
validity and robustness of the results in
synchronization with the appropriate analytical
techniques used in the study?
adequate enough to sufficiently reveal the
significance of the study?
Discussion

10
Contents
Excellent
(5)
Very
Good
(4)
Good
(3)
Poor
(2)
Very
Poor
(1)

Score
Feedback
sequentially presented in a concise manner for
jsp&sessionIdForLogout=5CD337C3E58DD15 ECCAFFCFB223
ACE53
2019-2020
P a g e 4 | 5
each objective, hypothesis and research question
or statement?
to relevant literature with proper citation?

Conclusions
and
Implications
10
Contents
Excellent
(5)
Very
Good
(4)
Good

(3)
Poor
(2)
Very
Poor
(1)
Score
Feedback
conclusions which are consistent with the results
or development of the argument in the analysis?
acknowledges the limitations and does it provide
reasonable directions for future research?

Novelty/
Originality
10
Contents
Excellent
(10)
Very
Good
(8)
Good
(6)
Poor
(4)
Very

Poor
(2)
Score
Feedback
approach or findings? Also indicate the level to
which the study have significant theoretical &
practical implications?
Soft Copy
Submission
10
Contents
Excellent
(10)

Very
Good
(8)
Good
(6)
Poor
(4)
Very
Poor
(2)
Score
Feedback
complies the approved guidelines?

Excellent
Very
Good
Good
Poor
Very
Poor
ACE53
2019-2020
P a g e 5 | 5

Presentation
Delivery
15
Contents
(7.5)
(6.5)
(5.5)
(4.5)
(3.5)
Score Feedback
The Presenter

material in a clear and structured manner,
demonstrated time management and was able to
handle the queries.
The Presentation
& comprehensive with appropriate use of
examples, and techniques etc.
TOTAL GRADE
/100
ACE53
RESEARCH PROJECT
PROPOSAL
On
INSERT PROJECT TITLE HERE
By[Your Full Name Here]
Enrolment No. xxxxxxx [Insert Degree
Name]

[Insert Department Name] [Insert Name
of College]
[Insert Course Code: xxxxx] [Insert
Branch Name]
Date of Submission: DD MM 20YY
_______________
__________________
Student signature Supervisor
Signature
Supervisor Name:
Dr. Xxx Xxxxxxx Xxxxx1.
BackgroundPlease write here a short background of the study.
Preferably it should be a half page or to the maximum of one
page description only. Be short and crisp. Background
information identifies and describes the history and natur e of a
well-defined research problem with reference to the existing
literature. Background information should indicate the root of
the problem being studied, its scope, and the extent to which
previous studies have successfully investigated the problem,
noting, in particular, where gaps exist that your study attempts
to address. Please refer to the approved thesis template or
consult your supervisor in case you require further clarification
of the contents of any of the heading within the proposal
template.2. Statement of the problem
Write here a short statement of your research problem. A
research problem, in general, refers to some difficulty which a
researcher experiences in the context of either a theoretical or
practical situation and wants to obtain a solution for the same.
A statement of the problem is used in research work as a claim

that outlines the problem addressed by a study.
A good research problem should address an existing gap in
knowledge in the field and lead to further research. The proble m
statement will look different depending on whether you’re
dealing with a practical real-world problem or a theoretical
scientific issue. But all problem statements follow a similar
process.
3. Literature Review
A literature review surveys scholarly articles, books and other
sources relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or
theory, and by so doing, providing a description, summary, and
critical evaluation of these works. Literature reviews are
designed to provide an overview of sources you have explored
while researching a particular topic and to demonstrate to your
readers how your research fits into the larger field of study.
Please refer to the approved thesis template in case you require
further clarification of its content. Write here only a short
description of major studies done in your field. Need not to be
lengthy. Just a one page description will suffice.
4. Project Objectives
Please state the objectives of your project here. You need to
only specify the objectives here. The objectives should be
specific statements that define measurable outcomes, e.g. what
steps will be taken to achieve the desired outcome. A project
objective describes the desired results of a project, which often
includes a tangible item. An objective is specific and
measurable, and must meet time, budget, and quality
constraints.
5. Target Population (Sampling Technique and Sample Size)
The target population is the total group of individuals from
which the sample might be drawn. A sample is the group of
people who take part in the investigation. The target population
is the total group of individuals from which the sample might be
drawn. A sample is the group of people who take part in the
investigation. The people who take part are referred to as
“participants”.

Please provide a description of your target population. Also
indicate your expected sample size as well as what type of
sampling will be used and why.
6. Data Collection Approach
Data collection is a process of collecting information from all
the relevant sources to find answers to the research problem,
test the hypothesis and evaluate the outcomes. Data collection
methods can be divided into two categories: secondary methods
of data collection and primary methods of data collection. You
need to write here the types of data you will be using and also
how you collected those sources of data.
7. Data Analysis
Provide a short description of how you will analyze the
collected data. What are all the statistical tools you will be
using for analysis and also mention the expected use of
different types of statistical soft wares that will be used for
interpreting the data. Example, data will be presented using
table, figures, graphs, pie & charts. All results will be logically
arranged so as to correspond to each research objectives
indicated in the report. Illustrations will provide a simple
summation of data in a clear & concise manner.
8. Potential Scope of the Project
You need to mention here how the outcome of your study will
be useful to different kinds of readers. For example how the
outcome will be used by other researchers For example, you
need to mention here how your study outcome will be used by
other researchers and also how it can be used by managers,
practitioners, companies or other stakeholders. Please be short
and crisp.
9. Project Implementation Plan
Indicate in the form of a Gantt chart, the expected project start
date, the duration of some important phases/activities and also
indicate the tentative project end date and total duration of the

project. Please refer to the approved thesis template in case you
require further clarification of its content.
Time Frame
Activities
Duration
(Days)
( January 2022 to Mid-April 2022 )
Proposal
Literature Review
Data collection
Report writing
Submission of final
Report
References
1. Fischlmayr, I. C., & Kollinger, I. (2010). Work-life balance–
a neglected issue among Austrian female expatriates. The
International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(4),
455-487.
2.

Saudi Electronic University
Saudi Electronic University
3

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