1. An important contribution of Fiedler\'s research on the contingency model of leadership is that it: a. uses weights which are determined in an arbitrary manner in order to determine situation favorability. b. goes beyond the notion of leadership styles to try to show how styles fit a situation. c. recommends medium least preferred coworker leaders as they are more effective in many situations. d. is clear about how the model will work over time. 2. Which of the following characteristics was explored by the studies evaluating the characteristics of the leader-member exchange relationship? a. Income b. Educational qualification c. Value agreement d. Recruitment process 3. Which of the following is a characteristic of entrepreneurial leaders? a. They are concerned with innovation and creativity. b. They are interested in maintaining the status quo. c. They avoid taking risks and are unwilling to stretch themselves. d. They tend to be dependent on their followers. 4. An important aspect of leadership is: a. dictating changes required in an organization. b. maintaining a passive relationship with followers. c. maintaining the status quo and not creating change. d. influencing others to come together around a common vision. 5. It becomes easier for people to see their own opportunities for leadership when they: a. start seeing leaders as individuals who are above others. b. understand that the concept of leadership cannot continue to develop. c. stop equating leadership with greatness and public visibility. d. comprehend that leadership involves maintaining the status quo. 6. Erica, a team manager, was known for heading projects with diligence and conscientiousness. However, she was insensitive and excessively ambitious. She did not take feedback in a constructive manner. As a result, this prevented her from moving forward in terms of her career since she had problems communicating with her team members and motivating them. In the context of the given scenario, which of the following phenomenon does Erica experience? a. Communication apprehension b. Fear-based motivation c. Paradigm change d. Derailment Name: Class: Date: Quiz 1: Chp 1-3 (Fall 2015) 2 7. Which of the following statements is true of the contingency approach to leadership? a. A leadership style that works in one situation will work in all situations. b. These approaches seek to investigate traits that can improve performance in all situations. c. The needs, maturity, and cohesiveness of followers have been identified as a key contingency. d. These approaches hold that behavior that is effective in some circumstances is effective under all conditions. 8. Stage two in the development of the individualized leadership theory explored the _____ in more detail. a. vertical dyad linkage model b. partnership building c. leader–member exchange d. entrepreneurship model 9. Which of the following statements is true of leaders who work collaboratively? a. They learn to keep the lines of commu.

1. 1. An important contribution of Fiedler's research on the contingency model of leadership is that
it: a. uses weights which are determined in an arbitrary manner in order to determine situation
favorability. b. goes beyond the notion of leadership styles to try to show how styles fit a
situation. c. recommends medium least preferred coworker leaders as they are more effective in
many situations. d. is clear about how the model will work over time. 2. Which of the following
characteristics was explored by the studies evaluating the characteristics of the leader-member
exchange relationship? a. Income b. Educational qualification c. Value agreement d. Recruitment
process 3. Which of the following is a characteristic of entrepreneurial leaders? a. They are
concerned with innovation and creativity. b. They are interested in maintaining the status quo. c.
They avoid taking risks and are unwilling to stretch themselves. d. They tend to be dependent on
their followers. 4. An important aspect of leadership is: a. dictating changes required in an
organization. b. maintaining a passive relationship with followers. c. maintaining the status quo
and not creating change. d. influencing others to come together around a common vision. 5. It
becomes easier for people to see their own opportunities for leadership when they: a. start seeing
leaders as individuals who are above others. b. understand that the concept of leadership cannot
continue to develop. c. stop equating leadership with greatness and public visibility. d.
comprehend that leadership involves maintaining the status quo. 6. Erica, a team manager, was
known for heading projects with diligence and conscientiousness. However, she was insensitive
and excessively ambitious. She did not take feedback in a constructive manner. As a result, this
prevented her from moving forward in terms of her career since she had problems
communicating with her team members and motivating them. In the context of the given
scenario, which of the following phenomenon does Erica experience? a. Communication
apprehension b. Fear-based motivation c. Paradigm change d. Derailment Name: Class: Date:
Quiz 1: Chp 1-3 (Fall 2015) 2 7. Which of the following statements is true of the contingency
approach to leadership? a. A leadership style that works in one situation will work in all
situations. b. These approaches seek to investigate traits that can improve performance in all
situations. c. The needs, maturity, and cohesiveness of followers have been identified as a key
contingency. d. These approaches hold that behavior that is effective in some circumstances is
effective under all conditions. 8. Stage two in the development of the individualized leadership
theory explored the _____ in more detail. a. vertical dyad linkage model b. partnership building
c. leader–member exchange d. entrepreneurship model 9. Which of the following statements is
true of leaders who work collaboratively? a. They learn to keep the lines of communication open.
b. They wield their authority rather than using influence. c. They encourage internal competition
and aggressiveness. d. They hoard power rather than share it. 10. Which of the following is a
difference between leader behavior toward out-group members and in-group members? a.

2. Leaders assign interesting assignments to out-group subordinates, whereas leaders assign
primarily routine jobs to in-group subordinates and monitor their work closely. b. Leaders
usually impose their views on out-group subordinates, whereas leaders sometimes defer to in-
group subordinates' opinions. c. Leaders give specific directives for how to accomplish tasks
and attain goals to in-group subordinates whereas leaders trust out-group subordinates to use
their own approaches in solving problems. d. Leaders listen to suggestions and ideas given by in-
group subordinates, whereas little interest is shown in comments and suggestions given by out-
group subordinates. 11. The belief that leaders were born with certain natural abilities of power
and influence characterizes the _____ of leadership. a. Great Man theories b. trait theories c.
behavior theories d. contingency theories 12. Which of the following statements is true of
individualized leadership? a. It holds that leadership is a series of dyads or a series of two-person
interactions. b. It assumes that a leader adopts a general leadership style that is used with all
group members. c. It is based on the notion that leaders should not develop relationships with
subordinates. d. It is against the concept of exchange, what each party gives to and receives from
the other. Name: Class: Date: Quiz 1: Chp 1-3 (Fall 2015) 3 13. The third phase of research in
the development of the individualized leadership theory: a. evaluated characteristics of the
leader-member exchange relationship by exploring communication frequency and value
agreement. b. focused on whether leaders could develop positive relationships with a large
number of followers. c. argues for the importance of the dyad formed by a leader with each
member of the group. d. included the awareness of a relationship between a leader and each
individual rather than between a leader and a group of followers. 14. Linda heads the
proofreading team of Ink Heart Pvt. Ltd., a publishing firm. She wants to align her followers
toward the main objectives of the organization. Which of the following strategies should be
applied by Linda? a. Organize a structure to accomplish the plan. b. Staff an organizational
structure with employees. c. Direct employees and monitor implementation of plans. d.
Communicate the vision and develop a shared culture. 15. According to the path-goal theory of
leadership, which of the following leadership styles stresses high-quality performance and
improvement over current performance? a. Participative leadership b. Directive leadership c.
Achievement-oriented leadership d. Supportive leadership 16. Which of the following is an
example of people-oriented leader behavior? a. Planning use of resources b. Setting performance
expectations c. Evaluating performance d. Displaying trust 17. Which of the following
statements is a stereotype about leaders? a. Leaders are different and above others. b. All leaders
are sometimes followers as well. c. Leaders should not commit to something outside their own
self-interest. d. Leaders need not know how to follow or set an example for others. 18. Which of
the following statements is true of the art and science of leadership? a. Leadership is a science
because many leadership skills and qualities cannot be learned from a textbook. b. Most people

3. can learn to be good leaders no matter their innate characteristics. c. Many people have never
tried to be a leader because it requires executive coaching. d. Leadership is an art because a
growing body of knowledge and objective facts describes the leadership process. Name: Class:
Date: Quiz 1: Chp 1-3 (Fall 2015) 4 19. According to the situational theory of leadership, a
leader with a(n) _____ provides both task instruction and personal support, explains decisions,
and gives followers a chance to ask questions and gain clarity about work tasks. a. supporting
leadership style b. directing leadership style c. entrusting leadership style d. coaching leadership
style 20. According to the Vroom-Jago contingency model of leadership, if subordinates have a
high level of expertise in relation to a problem, _____. a. the leader should not allow the group to
make the decision alone. b. the leader has to be actively involved in decision making. c. more
responsibility for the decision can be delegated to them. d. subordinates will have low
commitment to the decision. 21. Which of the following statements is true of individualized
leadership? a. It adopts a general leadership style that is used with all group members. b. It looks
at the specific relationship between a leader and each individual follower. c. It holds that leaders
have particular traits that distinguish them from non-leaders. d. It conceptualizes leadership as a
single great individual who put everything together and influence others to follow along. 22.
Managers and leaders are different because: a. managers promote nonconformity while leaders
promote conformity. b. managers maximize opportunities while leaders minimize risk for sure
results. c. managers invest in people while leaders invest in goods. d. managers maintain stability
while leaders promote change. 23. Leader support and _____ are the two underlying dimensions
of employee-centered leadership behavior. a. goal emphasis b. efficiency achievement c.
interaction facilitation d. work facilitation 24. _____ refers to a tendency to see the positive side
of things and expect that things will turn out well. a. Integrity b. Honesty c. Drive d. Optimism
Name: Class: Date: Quiz 1: Chp 1-3 (Fall 2015) 5 25. Many people have never tried to be a
leader because: a. they do not have leadership skills. b. they lack the personality traits necessary
for leadership. c. they have no understanding of what leaders actually do. d. leadership requires
executive coaching. 26. In the context of using substitutes for leadership, which of the following
factors tends to substitute for leader task orientation? a. Love-based motivation b. Socialization
c. Formalized rules d. Creative and ill-defined tasks 27. Which of the following is an example of
initiating structure behavior of leaders? a. Showing appreciation b. Directing tasks c. Seeking
input from subordinates d. Listening carefully to problems 28. Which of the following statements
is true of self-confidence? a. It includes being arrogant and prideful. b. It causes one to become
jaded and pessimistic. c. It involves managing competing points of view. d. It includes knowing
and trusting in oneself. 29. Which of the following statements is true of people involved in the
leadership relationship? a. They share a passive relationship. b. They seek changes dictated by
leaders. c. They intentionally desire significant changes. d. They use coercion to bring about

4. change. 30. Wilma supervises the mutual funds team of Verdana Pvt. Ltd. She listens to the
needs and opinions of her subordinates and does not believe in simply giving orders. She
understands and accepts others when they do not share a certain mindset. She readily admits her
mistakes and doubts. Which of the following qualities of Wilma is depicted in this scenario? a.
Conformist qualities b. Controlling qualities c. Management qualities d. Leadership qualities
Name: Class: Date: Quiz 1: Chp 1-3 (Fall 2015) 6 31. Which of the following is a characteristic
of operational leaders? a. They don’t have the strong position power of the collaborative role. b.
They provide guidance and support to other people and departments in the organization. c. They
need high self-confidence and tend to be assertive. d. They are responsible for developing broad
organizational capabilities. 32. According to Fiedler's contingency theory of leadership, which
of the following statements is true of task-oriented leaders? a. They are more effective in a
situations where they have little authority over subordinates and cannot evaluate their work or
reward them. b. They are more effective in situations of moderate favorability. c. They are more
effective in favorable situations because the task is not clear to everybody. d. They are more
effective when a situation is highly unfavorable because a great deal of structure and task
direction is needed. 33. Which of the following statements is true of entrepreneurial leaders? a.
They stay away from risks and are unwilling to stretch themselves. b. They refrain from taking
up new opportunities. c. They are concerned with maintaining the status quo. d. They tend to be
persistent, independent, and action oriented. 34. According to the path-goal theory of leadership,
when a subordinate is unchallenged by a task, a(n) _____ is used to set higher goals. a.
supportive leadership behavior b. empowering leadership behavior c. directive leadership
behavior d. achievement-oriented leadership behavior 35. Which of the following is a
characteristic of old paradigm leaders? a. They are facilitators. b. They are humble. c. They are
collaborators. d. They are diversity avoiders. 36. According to Fiedler’s contingency model of
leadership, if a leader uses negative concepts to describe the least preferred coworker, he or she
is considered a _____. a. task-oriented leader b. "high-high" leader c. people-oriented leader d.
democratic leader Name: Class: Date: Quiz 1: Chp 1-3 (Fall 2015) 7 37. Which of the following
is an important aspect that should be kept in mind by active leaders? a. Uniform thinking should
be encouraged among employees. b. Decision making should be avoided if adequate information
is not available. c. Setbacks have to be managed with a pessimistic mindset. d. Competing points
of view have to be managed, with some people left unsatisfied. 38. Which of the following
statements is true of entrepreneurship? a. Entrepreneurship advocates dependence as the key to
effective leadership. b. Leaders with entrepreneurial traits are dependent on others for making
decisions. c. Entrepreneurship involves maintaining the status quo for established organizations.
d. Leaders with entrepreneurial traits exist within established organizations. 39. Which of the
following statements is true of honesty? a. It refers to high motivation that creates a high effort

5. level by a leader. b. It implies an openness that followers welcome. c. It helps leaders interpret
situations in more conservative ways. d. It includes a complete set of skills and characteristics to
handle any problem. 40. Which of the following is a characteristic of advisory leaders? a. They
possess the ability to influence others through communication, knowledge, and personal
persuasion. b. They are responsible for accomplishing specific business results rather than
developing broad organizational capabilities. c. They lack exceptionally high level of integrity
and honesty. d. They typically do not have the strong position power of the collaborative role.
41. According to Fiedler’s contingency model of leadership, position power is low when the
leader has: a. the power to plan and direct the work of subordinates. b. the power to reward or
punish the work of subordinates. c. little authority to create ill-defined tasks. d. little authority
over subordinates and cannot evaluate their work. 42. Charismatic leadership is a part of the
_____ of leadership. a. influence theories b. behavioral theories c. trait theories d. contingency
theories Name: Class: Date: Quiz 1: Chp 1-3 (Fall 2015) 8 43. Steve leads the administrative
department of Mayo Pvt. Ltd. He encourages people to perform to their maximum potential by
providing support and regular feedback. He ensures that the opinions of his team members are
considered before a decision is taken. He does not believe in rigidity and inviolate procedures. In
the context of the given scenario, Steve holds that: a. wealthy employees should be given more
power. b. people at the bottom of the organizational hierarchy should have no power. c. human
capital is more important than financial capital. d. tangible assets form the financial basis of
today's economy. 44. Which of the following statements is true of uniformity in organizations?
a. It is encouraged in the new paradigm of leadership. b. People with similar job skills are placed
in separate departments. c. Homogenous groups find it challenging to communicate with one
another. d. Uniform thinking can be a disaster in a multinational and diverse world. 45. Which of
the following is an example of task-oriented leader behavior? a. Giving time and encouragement
b. Showing acceptance and compassion c. Acknowledging accomplishments d. Checking the
progress and quality of work 46. Daniel, a management professor, wants to explain why a new
paradigm leader is a facilitator rather than being a controller. Which of the following is the
correct reason? a. The most important element of an organization's revenues is becoming the
number of working hours. b. The financial basis of today's economy is becoming information
rather than tangible assets. c. The old assumptions of sharing power and getting all employees
involved are no longer valid. d. The success of an organization in today's world depends on the
wealth of its owners. 47. Which of the following is a difference between Fiedler’s contingency
theory of leadership and the path-goal theory of leadership? a. The Fiedler theory discusses
leader style, followers and situation, and the rewards to meet followers' needs, whereas the path-
goal theory discusses leadership style and group task performance. b. The Fiedler theory made
the assumption that new leaders could take over as situations change, whereas in the path-goal

6. theory, leaders change their behaviors to match the situation. c. The Fiedler theory enables
leaders to diagnose both leadership style and organizational situation, whereas the path-goal
theory focuses on the characteristics of followers as the most important element of the situation.
d. The Fiedler theory states that a leader can adopt the four leader styles of directing, coaching,
supporting, and entrusting, whereas the path-goal theory measures leadership style with the least
preferred coworker scale. Name: Class: Date: Quiz 1: Chp 1-3 (Fall 2015) 9 48. Which of the
following is an underlying dimension of job-centered leadership behavior? a. Leader support b.
Interaction facilitation c. Conflict minimization d. Goal emphasis 49. Attempts to achieve
collaboration, empowerment, and diversity can succeed only if: a. leaders follow the principles
and practices of the industrial era. b. managers want to treat people the way they treat machines
or the bottom line. c. leaders intentionally practice and apply new paradigm principles. d. leaders
hire people who think and work alike. 50. Melanie has been promoted as the operations head of
Apex Inc. She aims to lead the organization in an effective manner. Which of the following
should be implemented by Melanie to achieve her aim? a. Focus on getting the most results out
of people so that production goals are achieved. b. Ensure that employees are part of a
community and feel that they are contributing to something worthwhile. c. Maintain a
relationship based on position and formal authority and not on personal influence and trust. d.
Maintain a degree of stability, predictability, and order through a culture of efficiency. 51. Which
of the following is an important characteristic of organizations during Leadership Era 3? a. High-
performance culture b. Functional management c. Cross-functional teams d. Pre-bureaucratic
organization 52. According to the trait approach to leadership, which of the following is
categorized as a social characteristic of leaders? a. Optimism b. Knowledge c. Cooperativeness
d. Humility 53. Which of the following is a quality of managers? a. They create vision and
strategy instead of planning and budgeting. b. They use personal influence instead of the power
of their position. c. They invest in people instead of investing in goods. d. They have expert
minds rather than open minds. 54. Executive coaches: a. help leaders develop emotional distance
from their followers. b. encourage leaders to confront their flaws that inhibit effective leadership.
c. intentionally value stability over change. d. help people through the transition to an old
paradigm of effective leadership. Name: Class: Date: Quiz 1: Chp 1-3 (Fall 2015) 10 55.
According to the situational theory of leadership, a leader with a(n) _____ provides little
direction or support because complete responsibility for decisions and their implementation is
turned over to followers. a. entrusting leadership style b. coaching leadership style c. directing
leadership style d. engaging leadership style 56. Which of the following statements is true of the
Vroom-Jago contingency model of leadership? a. It made the assumption that new leaders could
take over as situations change. b. It states that the leader’s responsibility is to increase
subordinates’ motivation to attain personal and organizational goals. c. It discusses the extent to

7. which the leader’s style is relationship-oriented or task oriented. d. It tells the leader precisely the
correct amount of participation by subordinates to use in making a particular decision. 57.
According to the Leadership Grid, _____ occurs when primary emphasis is given to people
rather than to work outputs. a. team management b. authority-compliance management c.
middle-of-the-road management d. country club management 58. Which of the following is a
personal quality of leaders? a. Emotional distance b. Humility c. Conformity d. Insight into
organization 59. According to the path-goal theory of leadership, the personal characteristics of
followers, which is a situational contingency, includes factors such as _____. a. the degree of
task structure b. the work group c. motivation d. formality 60. According to Fiedler’s
contingency theory of leadership, in situations of intermediate favorability, a relationshiporiented
leader: a. supervises jobs that are clearly defined. b. defines task structure and establishes
authority over subordinates. c. may be moderately well liked and have some power. d. may
maintain poor leader-member relations. Name: Class: Date: Quiz 1: Chp 1-3 (Fall 2015) 11 61.
In the context of the path-goal theory of leadership, which of the following statements is true of
supportive leadership? a. It involves setting clear and challenging goals for subordinates. b. It
involves consulting with subordinates about decisions. c. It involves telling subordinates exactly
what they are supposed to do. d. It involves showing concern for subordinates' well-being and
personal needs. 62. According to the Vroom-Jago contingency model of leadership, which of the
following activities refers to delegation in decision making? a. A leader permits the group to
make a decision within prescribed limits. b. A leader presents a problem to the group in a
meeting. c. A leader makes a decision alone and announces it to the group. d. A leader presents a
problem to the group members, gets their suggestions, and then makes the decision. 63.
According to the least preferred coworker (LPC) scale of Fiedler’s model of leadership styles, if
the leader describes the least preferred coworker using positive concepts, the leader: a. is
relationship-oriented. b. is task-oriented c. places greater value on tasks. d. is an extrovert. 64.
Management focuses on getting the most results out of people so that: a. followers can be
motivated through purpose rather than rewards or punishments. b. goods and services are
provided to customers in a timely manner. c. the relationship with followers can be based on
personal influence and trust. d. a shared culture and set of core values that can lead to the desired
future state is developed. 65. In the leader-member exchange research study on individualized
leadership, leaders were trained to offer the opportunity for a high-quality relationship to all
group members. According to this concept, which of the following is true of followers? a. The
followers were treated in a positive or a negative way depending on their individual
performances. b. The boon of establishing sharply differentiated in-group and out-group
relationships was established. c. The followers who responded to the offer dramatically improved
their performance. d. The in-group subordinates got better and the out-group subordinates got

8. worse at their work respectively. 66. Which of the following statements is true of talents? a.
Talents include having a complete set of skills and abilities to handle any problem. b. Talents can
be turned into strengths by consciously enhancing them. c. Talents are not mere aspects of one's
potential. d. Talents arise from natural strengths. Name: Class: Date: Quiz 1: Chp 1-3 (Fall 2015)
12 67. According to the path-goal theory of leadership, _____ involves planning, making
schedules, setting performance goals and behavior standards, and stressing adherence to rules
and regulations. a. achievement-oriented leadership b. participative leadership c. directive
leadership d. supportive leadership 68. According to the situational theory of leadership, a leader
with a(n) _____ provides detailed objectives and explicit instructions about how tasks should be
accomplished. a. supporting style b. coaching style c. directing style d. entrusting style 69.
People in organizations rise to the top because they: a. refrain from creating hopes that things
will turn out well. b. have the ability to identify problems. c. can instill in others a sense of hope
for the future. d. are always cautious when interpreting situations. 70. The fundamental
assumption of substitutes- for- leadership researchers is that: a. when a task is highly satisfying
and enjoyable, the leader should show acceptance and compassion as it is not provided by the
task. b. effective leadership is the ability to recognize and provide the support not already
provided by task, group, and organization. c. substitutes for leadership cannot be designed into
organizations in ways to complement existing leadership. d. when a task is highly structured and
routine, the leader should provide clarification of task objectives and responsibilities as it is not
provided by the task. 71. Which of the following statements is true of Fiedler's contingency
theory of leadership? a. Task-oriented leaders do not excel in a favorable situation because a
great deal of structure and task direction is needed. b. Task structure needs to be defined if a
situation is highly favorable to a leader. c. Relationship-oriented leaders are more effective in
situations of moderate favorability. d. Relationship-oriented leaders excel in unfavorable
situations because everyone gets along and the tasks are clear. 72. According to Fiedler’s
contingency model of leadership, which of the following indicates a high degree of task
structure? a. Ill-defined tasks b. Routine tasks c. Creative tasks d. Research tasks Name: Class:
Date: Quiz 1: Chp 1-3 (Fall 2015) 13 73. According to the path-goal theory of leadership, which
of the following situational contingencies consists of the educational level of subordinates and
the quality of relationships among them? a. Human relations skills b. Task structures c. Formal
authority systems d. Work-group characteristics 74. In the context of Fiedler’s contingency
model of leadership, which of the following does leader-member relations refer to? a. It refers to
the extent to which tasks given by the leaders are defined and involve specific procedures. b. It
refers to the group atmosphere and members' attitudes toward and acceptance of the leader. c. It
refers to the extent to which the leader has formal authority over subordinates. d. It refers to the
ability to plan and direct the work of subordinates, evaluate it, and reward or punish them. 75. In

9. Leadership Era 2, _____ of leadership worked because leaders could analyze their situation and
develop careful plans. a. influence theories b. behavior theories c. trait theories d. relational
theories
Solution
1.
b. goes beyond the notion of leadership styles to try to show how styles fit a situation.
According to Fiedler’s research, if an organization wants to achieve group effectiveness then a
match should be established between leader traits and underlying situation.
2.
c. Value agreement
Leader-member relations refer to the degree to which the members like trust and are willing to
follow a leader. Leader-follower relationship may also be influenced by relations-oriented or
value-oriented behaviors.
3.
a. They are concerned with innovation and creativity.
An entrepreneurial leader organizes the efforts of group members to achieve a common goal by
using proactive skills, optimizing risks, and creating innovative ideas to take advantage of an
opportunity.
4.
d. Influencing others to come together around a common vision.
A leader is a person who motivates, direct, influence, and guide and controls the behavior and
activities of the individual in such a way that organizational objectives are achieved.