A bacteriophage population is introduced to a bacterial colony that .pdf

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A bacteriophage population is introduced to a bacterial colony that is in stationary phase with rapidly depleting nutrients. Appraise the following scenarios and select which one would favor long-term survival of the bacteriophage. A. The bacteriophages infect the remaining viable cells and integrate their genetic material into the host cell genome thereby preserving their genome. B. The bacteriophages do not infect the bacterial cells since they are dying; they remain inert outside of the cells. C. The bacteriophages infect the bacterial cells and go through all stages of development apart from release, thus keeping the progeny phage from entering an inhospitable environment. Solution Answer : C. The bacteriophages infect the bacterial cells and go through all stages of development apart from release, thus keeping the progeny phage from entering an inhospitable environment..

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Provide and discuss examples of sequential, conditional, and iterative operations, from everyday life. How do the ways we state these operations in everyday life differ from ways we state these operations them in pseudocode? Solution 1) Sequential Operations are operations that carried out one after the other. Conditional operations are Operations that are carried out based on certain criteria. Iterative Operations are Operations that are carried out Repeatedly. Examples of them in daily Life 1) Sequential Operations are like waking up, Getting ready and going to School. 2) Conditional Operations are like if it is Weekend we do not need to go to school else if it is a weekday then we have to go to school. 3) Iterative Operations are Operations like if we like a food item we will eat until we feel it is heavy. Difference between them from Pseudo Code 1) Sequential are Operations that are carried out timely in daily life but some may not be initialized always whereas in PseudoCode we have to initialize everything. 2) Conditional also needs initialization whereas in daily life we need not initialize. 3) Iterative are Operations that where a sequential flow is followed and in daily life they can start anytime.

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(1)Through antibiotic resistance, bacteria will resist the action of antibiotic and there are different ways through which bacteria will become antibiotic resistance. Conjugation: Here the resistant bacteria will transfer genetic material responsible for antibiotic resistance to another bacterium by forming direct contact with them through sex pilus. Transduction: The resistance traits of one bacterium will get packed into the head portion of the virus (bacteriophage) and the release phage progeny from these antibiotic resistant bacteria will infect susceptible bacteria and transfer the antibiotic resistance genes to them. Transformation: Here bacteria capable of undergoing transformation will take up short fragments of naked DNA responsible for antibiotic resistance from the surrounding environment by direct uptake. By undergoing genetic mutation: By undergoing genetic mutations, the bacteria will produce chemicals which will eliminate the action of antibiotics and in some cases the target will be modified to escape from antibiotic action. (2) The genetic code is universal and bacterial cell will try to translate the gene to produce the protein, but the proteins will not similar to human proteins because Bacteria are lacking splicing mechanism it cannot splice out the introns from exons and thus it will try to transcribe and translate the gene with both introns and exons giving different proteins. In addition to this the proteins produced by bacteria will be different form human cells because, bacteria used 70S ribosomes and the translation it does is different from the human ribosome and another thing is codon usage is different in bacteria and we will have different genomic tRNA pool and the post-translation modification present in human cells is missing in bacteria. (3) Not all bacteria present in environment can be culturable, what you can see through microscope will far outweigh the number of colonies that grow on a Petri plate and this shows that you cannot culture all the bacteria. Through sophisticated microscopic techniques you can identify the unculturable bacteria and through molecular techniques, such as metagenomic sequencing will help you to get more details about this. Solution (1)Through antibiotic resistance, bacteria will resist the action of antibiotic and there are different ways through which bacteria will become antibiotic resistance. Conjugation: Here the resistant bacteria will transfer genetic material responsible for antibiotic resistance to another bacterium by forming direct contact with them through sex pilus. Transduction: The resistance traits of one bacterium will get packed into the head portion of the virus (bacteriophage) and the release phage progeny from these antibiotic resistant bacteria will infect susceptible bacteria and transfer the antibiotic resistance genes to them. Transformation: Here bacteria capable of undergoing transformation will take up short fragments of naked DNA responsible for antibio.

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1. Choose the best answer for each statment/question. a.) Which statement describes the difference between the normal neuron protein PrPC and the pathogenic version PrPSc In a persistent infection, the host cell is continually releasing new viral particles slowly. In a latent infection, there are periods of time where the virus is not replicating and creating new viral particles. b.) One hypothesis that has been proposed to explain the development of viruses suggests that viruses were beneficial because they allowed for rapid gene transfer, especially in prokaryotic cells, and therefore increased genetic diversity. If most bacteriophages were temperate, then this could have increased horizontal gene transfer between prokaryotic cells and potentially could have increased fitness. With respect to this hypothesis, why would it matter whether the bacteriophages were temperate or virulent? Temperate phages don\'t immediately kill their hosts. c.) One hypothesis that has been proposed to explain the development of viruses suggests that viruses were beneficial because they allowed for rapid gene transfer, especially in prokaryotic cells, and therefore increased genetic diversity. Why is this hypothesis stronger with respect to prokaryotic cells than if large, complex eukaryotic organisms had been involved? In eukaryotic organisms with sexual reproduction, great genetic diversity can be accomplished through crossing over and independent assortment in meiosis. d.) Why do some bacteriophages, like X174, using rolling circle replication instead of the bidirectional replication?Persistent infections always lead to cell lysis, while latent infections never lead to cell lysis.In a latent infection, the host cell is continually releasing new viral particles slowly. In a persistent infection, there are periods of time where the virus is not replicating and creating new viral particles.Persistent infections can cause transformation of the host cell, which can lead to the development of cancer. Latent infections do not cause transformation. In a persistent infection, the host cell is continually releasing new viral particles slowly. In a latent infection, there are periods of time where the virus is not replicating and creating new viral particles. b.) One hypothesis that has been proposed to explain the development of viruses suggests that viruses were beneficial because they allowed for rapid gene transfer, especially in prokaryotic cells, and therefore increased genetic diversity. If most bacteriophages were temperate, then this could have increased horizontal gene transfer between prokaryotic cells and potentially could have increased fitness. With respect to this hypothesis, why would it matter whether the bacteriophages were temperate or virulent?Temperate phages are capable of lysogeny and their genetic material can be integrated into the host genome, causing damage rather than increasing fitness.Virulent phages are capable of lysogeny and their genetic.

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Compare and contrast the development of a WBS in traditional project.pdf

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B. You are an evolutionary biologist in a heated argument with a creation scientist who makes the statement—\"Mathematically, it is inconceivable that anything as complex as a protein, let alone a living cell or a human, could spring up by chance\". 1. Make a supporting statement for chance. 2. Now play the other side and respond to the supporting statement as you think a creation scientist would respond.? Solution You are an evolutionary biologist in a heated argument with a creation scientist who makes the statement— \"Mathematically, it is inconceivable that anything as complex as a protein, let alone a living cell or a human, could spring up by chance\". 1. Make a supporting statement for chance. Chance: It plays a part in evolution (for example, random mutations in a gene pool can give rise to few new traits), but evolution does not depend ONLY on chance in creating new organisms, proteins or any other entities. This is quite opposite to natural selection. Natural selection is the principal which is known for the mechanism of evolution. By chance some mutation caused in the gene pool and it gave to new acceptable traits. If they found adjustable to the environment, they continues as a new species. The \"undesirable\" (nonadaptive) ones will be thus elimated from that gene pool. As long as the forces of selection stay constant, natural selection pushes the evolution in only one direction and produce new desired structures. Thus chance plays a part in evolution. Nature plays a major role in this. Fossil studies support this theory/ process. Where we can see many intermediate or failed species in between major species. Archaeopteryx, a link between reptiles and birds, extinctinted soon is a good example of intermediate species. Haldane and Oparin proposed a theory of the origin of life on Earth through the transformation, during the gradual chemical evolution of particles that contain carbon in the primordial soup shows an example of Evolution. 2. Now play the other side and respond to the supporting statement as you think a creation scientist would respond? As a creation scientist i do not agree with science and evolution part, all this is created by God and thus it follows biblical roots. All that it is in the nature is creation of God, all of a sudden it appeared on the earth. According to us GOD created all species like birds,animals etc., later he wanted to create a genius brained animal, so he created humans. And God creation according to us all this is due to CHOICE not because of CHANCE.Thus it involved logical and systematic process..

B. You are an evolutionary biologist in a heated argument with a cre.pdf

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Assume Hashtable is a simple array of size 8, with indices 0..7. Numeric keys are mapped by a Hashfunction that gives the mod(8,n) value for any key “n” yielding the Hashtable index for that key (0..7). A Hashtable entry is null unless a key exists with that index as its hashed index; if so, the Hashtable entry points to the first node of a linked list of keys with that hash index. The last node on this linked list has a null reference for the next referenced node. Assume the occurrence of a linked list node is represented by the object “Node” and its “Data” and “NextRef” attributes. Create pseudocode for the \"Remove\" operation. Solution Removal of a Node from a Singly Linked List To complete deletion of firstNode in the list we have to change Head pointing to NextRef of firstNode. Pseudocode: firstNode = Head Head = firstNode->NextRef free firstNode Complexity: Time Complexity: O(1) Space Complexity: O(1) Sourcecode: int delNodeData(int num) { struct Node *prev_ptr, *node; node=Head; while(cur_ptr != NULL) { if(cur_ptr->Data == num) { if(cur_ptr==Head) { Head=cur_ptr->NextRef; free(node); return 0; } else { prev_ptr->NextRef=node->NextRef; free(node); return 0; } } else { prev_ptr=node; node=node->NextRef; } } printf(\"\ Element %d is not found in the List\", num); return 1; } Deleting Last Node in the Singly Linked List Traverse to Last Node in the List using two pointers namely prevNode and node. Once node reaches the last Node in the list point NextRef in prevNode to NULL and free the node. Pseudocode: node = head forever: if node->NextRef == NULL break prevNode = node node = node->NextRef prevNode->NextRef = NULL free Node Complexity: Time Complexity: O(n) Space Complexity: O(1) Deleting Node from position \'p\' in the List To delete a Node at the position \'p\' we have to first traverse the list until we reach the position \'p\'. For this case have to maintain two pointers namely prevNode and Node. Since Singly Linked Lists are uni-directional we have to maintain the information about previous Node in prevNode. Once we reach the position \'p\' we have to modify prevNode NextRef pointing to Node NextRef and free Node. Pseudocode: curNode = head curPos = 1 forever: if curPos == P || Node == NULL break prevNode = node node = node->NextRef curPos++ if noode != NULL: prevNode->NextRef = node->NextRef free curNode Complexity: Time Complexity: O(n) worst case Space Complexity: O(3) Sourcecode: int delNodeLoc(int loc) { struct Node *prev_ptr, *node; int i; node=Head; if(loc > (length()) || loc <= 0) { printf(\"\ Deletion of Node at given location is not possible\ \"); } else { // If the location is starting of the list if (loc == 1) { Head=node->NextRef; free(node); return 0; } else { for(i=1;iNextRef; } prev_ptr->NextRef=node->NextRef; free(node); } } return 1; }.

Assume Hashtable is a simple array of size 8, with indices 0..7. Num.pdf

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Amon the following, which has the lowest levels of dissolved iron? a. Atlantic Ocean b. Indian Ocean c. Pacific Ocean d. The temperate regions of all oceans Solution The correct option is Pacific ocean because of the low dust sedimentation and iron is readily soluble in low oxygen regions and the continental margins. It was believed that iron remained in the localized areas but didn\'t contribute to the overall iron content of the ocean. As it is explained by Nielsen, as soon as the iron-rich fluids hit the seawater with high oxygen content, the iron gets dumped out and is not contributed to the overall amount of the dissolved iron..

Amon the following, which has the lowest levels of dissolved iron.pdf

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A box contains 10 red balls and 40 black balls. Two balls are drawn .pdf

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As late as 1992, the United States was running budget deficits of nearly $300 billion. During the remainder of the 1990\'s, deficits declined and became surpluses. As the new century began, these surpluses again turned into deficits. •Explain the decline in deficits and subsequent surpluses in the late 1990\'s. •Explain the return to deficit spending since the turn of the century. •Consider the causes of the deficits and surpluses and provide your own insight as to whether these surpluses or deficits have a \"positive\" or \"negative\" effect on our economy Solution As the 1990s came to an end, virtually all financial-market observers and politicians rejoiced that budget deficits were gone and that the U.S. had entered a period of fiscal stability. Politicians on both sides of the aisle viewed the new world of budget surpluses as an opportunity to save Social Security, to cut Federal debt, and to lower taxes. Budget deficits or budget surpluses are neither good nor bad, they are fiscal policy options that can stabilize or de-stabilize an economy. The U.S. economy, under Reagan, Bush, and early Clinton, experienced higher not lower rates of economic growth at a time when budget deficits were at record levels and tax rates were on the decline. Over the past 20 years a period of record budget deficits the stock market increased from 950 to over 11,000, providing ample evidence that budget deficits are not necessarily bad for an economy.On the other hand, budget surpluses are not necessarily good. As the budget surpluses began to expand dramatically in late 1999 and into 2000, the stock market appeared to be reversing the record up-trend of the 1980s and \'90s. One possible reason for the reversal: the growing budget surplus was sapping the savings of the private sector. Consumers were able to maintain their spending only through expanding debt to record level. In the late 90s, the confluence of strong economic growth, decelerating federal government spending, and substantial increases in tax rates (revenues) had the unexpected effect of producing enormous budget surpluses. As unexpected budget surpluses burst on the scene in the late 1990s, most mainstream economists weren’t sensitive to the contractionary impact that surpluses can have on the economy. The reason was simple that none of their economic models ever included the forecast of a substantial surplus. Ronald Reagan’s was the vice president of the USA for eight years and knew firsthand how difficult it was to bring the federal budget deficit down from 6 percent of GDP in 1983 to 2.8 percent in Reagan’s last budget. Bush knew that the many budget deals of the 1980s had been hard fought and always involved higher taxes as part of the deficit reduction, Reagan signed into law 11 major tax increases that raised taxes by $133 billion in 1988 or 2.7 percent of GDP.Bush administration economists believed that an easier monetary policy was the key to stimulating growth. But Federal Reserve Board.

As late as 1992, the United States was running budget deficits of ne.pdf

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Xavier and Yolanda both have classes that end at noon and they agree to meet every day after class. They arrive at the coffee shop independently. Xavier\'s arrival time is X and Yolanda\'s arrival time is Y, where X and Y are measured in minutes after noon. The individual density functions are given. (Xavier arrives sometime after noon and is more likely to arrive promptly than late. Yolanda always arrives by 12:10 PM and is more likely to arrive late than promptly.) After Yolanda arrives, she\'ll wait for up to 20 minutes for Xavier, but he won\'t wait for her. Find the probability that they meet. (Round your answer to three decimal places.) f1(x) = {e^-x if x gt o and o if x Solution.

Xavier and Yolanda both have classes that end at noon and they agree .pdf

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1. Low platelet count is a recessively inherited trait. Reevaluation of the genetic screen indicates that Nikoleta is homozygous dominant normal for a trait that causes low platelet count and her husband is homozygous recessive. If the F1 offspring has normal platelets and beta-thalassemia (15pts). a. What are the parental gametes? (2pts) b. Based on the F1 progeny phenotype given and the parental gametes, write the two possible genotypes. (2 pts) c. What is the gamete frequency if the two genotypes in (b) were crossed with each other? (4pts)? (4pts) d. What is the phenotype frequency for the cross in (c)? SHOW ALL WORK. (7 pts) Solution Both the conditions are recessive. Nikoleta: Homozygous dominant for trait that causes low platelet, and homozygous recessive for beta thalessemia. Genotype is LLbb Husband: Homozygous recessive for low platelet count, and heterozygous dominant for beta- thalessemia. Genotype is llBb The possible gametes produced by these parents: Nikoleta: Lb Husband: lB, lb Possible genotype of the F1 offspring: LlBb or Llbb Since the F1 offspring are given to be affected with beta-talassemai, the F1 offspring genotype should be Llbb. Possible gametes are LB, lb, lB, and lb (if genotype is LlBb) / Lb, lb (if genotype is Llbb). Therefore, the frequency of the gametes is LB = 1, lb = 2, lB =1, and Lb = 2 The following is the phenotype frequency: LLBb, LlBb, LlBb (Normal platelet count and no beta thallasemia) = 3 LLbb, Llbb, Llbb (Normal platelet count and beta thallasemia) = 3 llBb (Low platelet count and no beta thallasemia) = 1 llbb (Low platelet count and beta thallasemia) = 1 Thus phenotypic ratio stands as: Normal platelet count and no beta thallasemia : Normal platelet count and beta thallasemia : Low platelet count and no beta thallasemia : Low platelet count and beta thallasemia = 3 : 3 : 1 : 1.

1. Low platelet count is a recessively inherited trait. Reevaluation.pdf

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1. An important contribution of Fiedler\'s research on the contingency model of leadership is that it: a. uses weights which are determined in an arbitrary manner in order to determine situation favorability. b. goes beyond the notion of leadership styles to try to show how styles fit a situation. c. recommends medium least preferred coworker leaders as they are more effective in many situations. d. is clear about how the model will work over time. 2. Which of the following characteristics was explored by the studies evaluating the characteristics of the leader-member exchange relationship? a. Income b. Educational qualification c. Value agreement d. Recruitment process 3. Which of the following is a characteristic of entrepreneurial leaders? a. They are concerned with innovation and creativity. b. They are interested in maintaining the status quo. c. They avoid taking risks and are unwilling to stretch themselves. d. They tend to be dependent on their followers. 4. An important aspect of leadership is: a. dictating changes required in an organization. b. maintaining a passive relationship with followers. c. maintaining the status quo and not creating change. d. influencing others to come together around a common vision. 5. It becomes easier for people to see their own opportunities for leadership when they: a. start seeing leaders as individuals who are above others. b. understand that the concept of leadership cannot continue to develop. c. stop equating leadership with greatness and public visibility. d. comprehend that leadership involves maintaining the status quo. 6. Erica, a team manager, was known for heading projects with diligence and conscientiousness. However, she was insensitive and excessively ambitious. She did not take feedback in a constructive manner. As a result, this prevented her from moving forward in terms of her career since she had problems communicating with her team members and motivating them. In the context of the given scenario, which of the following phenomenon does Erica experience? a. Communication apprehension b. Fear-based motivation c. Paradigm change d. Derailment Name: Class: Date: Quiz 1: Chp 1-3 (Fall 2015) 2 7. Which of the following statements is true of the contingency approach to leadership? a. A leadership style that works in one situation will work in all situations. b. These approaches seek to investigate traits that can improve performance in all situations. c. The needs, maturity, and cohesiveness of followers have been identified as a key contingency. d. These approaches hold that behavior that is effective in some circumstances is effective under all conditions. 8. Stage two in the development of the individualized leadership theory explored the _____ in more detail. a. vertical dyad linkage model b. partnership building c. leader–member exchange d. entrepreneurship model 9. Which of the following statements is true of leaders who work collaboratively? a. They learn to keep the lines of commu.

1. An important contribution of Fiedlers research on the contingen.pdf

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