1 acne vulgaris
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1. Acne vulgaris is a disorder of the pilosebaceous follicles caused by increased sebum production, hormones like androgens, bacteria (P. acne), and stress. 2. Genetics plays a key role - if one or both parents had acne, their children are more likely to develop it as well. 3. Symptoms include lesions on the face, shoulders, and back consisting of blackheads, whiteheads, inflammatory papules, nodules and cysts.
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Acne vulgaris is a common inflammatory skin condition caused by changes in sebum production, keratinization of hair follicles, and bacterial colonization by Cutibacterium acnes. It presents with noninflammatory lesions like closed comedones and blackheads, as well as inflammatory papules, pustules, nodules and cysts, most commonly on the face, chest and back. Treatment involves topical and oral medications like retinoids, antibiotics and isotretinoin to reduce inflammation, bacteria and sebum production.
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Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous units that generally manifests during adolescence with lesions such as comedones, papules, pustules, nodules and cysts. The key factors involved in its pathogenesis include increased sebum production due to hormonal factors, sebaceous gland hyperplasia and seborrhea, altered keratinization within the hair follicle, and colonization of the follicle by the bacteria Propionibacterium acnes which triggers inflammation. Together, these factors can lead to the formation of microcomedones, the precursors to further inflammatory lesions.
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This document summarizes information about erysipelas, an acute bacterial skin infection caused mainly by group A streptococci. It presents as a raised, sharply demarcated red patch with a fiery red color and vesicles at the advancing border. Symptoms include pain, burning and tenderness. Treatment involves initial parenteral antibiotics such as penicillin or cefazolin, followed by oral antibiotics to prevent complications. Recurrence is common without long-term prophylactic antibiotics in susceptible individuals, which can lead to permanent skin thickening. The lower legs, face and ears are most commonly affected.
scabies.pptx
Scabies is a contagious skin infection caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei mite. It is common in areas with poverty and overcrowding. Scabies causes intense itching and a pimple-like rash, usually involving the hands, wrists, elbows, and genitals. Complications can include impetigo and secondary infections if left untreated. Scabies is diagnosed by identifying mites, eggs, or feces in skin scrapings under a microscope and is treated with topical scabicides applied to all areas of the body and clothing. Prevention requires treating all contacts, bathing, laundering clothing and bedding, and maintaining good hygiene and sanitation
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Acne vulgaris, commonly known as acne, is a skin condition that causes areas of scaly red skin, blackheads, whiteheads, pimples, and sometimes cysts and scarring. It is caused by changes in the skin's sebaceous glands during puberty due to increases in hormones like testosterone. Left untreated, it can cause psychological effects like low self-esteem and depression, as well as permanent scarring. Treatment is recommended when acne bothers the individual or there is a risk of scarring to prevent long-term effects.
acne.ppt pharmacotherapy for treating acne
Acne is a chronic skin disease that occurs when hair follicles become plugged with oil and dead skin cells. It usually appears on the face, forehead, chest, and back and is most common in teenagers. The main types of acne lesions include non-inflammatory lesions like comedones and inflammatory lesions such as papules, pustules, nodules, and cysts. Treatment involves topical and oral medications depending on the severity of lesions and may include topical retinoids, benzoyl peroxide, antibiotics, and oral antibiotics or isotretinoin for more severe cases.
Acne vulgaris
This document provides information about acne vulgaris (common acne) including its pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management. It begins by describing acne as an inflammation of pilosebaceous units that commonly appears on the face, trunk and back as comedones, papules, pustules, nodules or cysts. It then discusses acne's typical onset during puberty, genetic factors, and contributing factors like stress or occlusive clothing. The document outlines the progression from microcomedone to inflammatory lesions and different clinical subtypes. It concludes by describing general management approaches including topical and oral antibiotics as well as retinoids, and comparing acne to similar conditions.
Acne.pptx
Acne vulgaris, also known as acne, is a long-term skin disease caused by dead skin cells and oil from the skin clogging hair follicles. It primarily affects areas with many oil glands like the face and back. The main features include blackheads, whiteheads, pimples, oily skin, and possible scarring. Acne is caused by increased oil production, clogged hair follicles, the bacteria C. acnes, and inflammation. It is worsened by hormones during puberty and certain diets. Treatments aim to reduce inflammation, kill C. acnes, and normalize skin cell shedding and oil production to prevent further clogging and breakouts.
Child with skin disorder
Children's skin problems span nearly two decades from birth through adolescence. Several common pediatric skin conditions will be discussed including: diaper dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, warts, and acne.
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Migraine is a type of headache characterized by throbbing or pulsating pain that is often one-sided and associated with nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light, sound, and smells. The exact cause is unknown but migraines often run in families and can be triggered by factors like hormonal changes, missed meals, bright lights, loud noises, and certain foods. Migraines are classified based on symptoms and can include visual disturbances before the headache or prolonged headaches lasting days. Treatment involves avoiding triggers, using over-the-counter pain relievers and anti-nausea medications during attacks, and preventative medications like beta-blockers or antidepressants for frequent migraines.
1 hypertension
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure), including its definition, types, causes, pathogenesis, clinical features, investigations, and management. There are two main types of hypertension: essential (primary) hypertension, which has no identifiable cause, and secondary hypertension, which is caused by other conditions such as kidney disease or adrenal gland tumors. The causes and pathogenesis of essential hypertension are multifactorial and involve genetic, dietary, vascular, and renal factors. Clinical features are often asymptomatic but can include headaches, vision changes, and fatigue. Management involves lifestyle changes like diet and exercise as well as drug therapy with diuretics, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, or combinations thereof.
3 eczema
Eczema refers to a family of skin conditions that cause swelling, irritation, and itchiness. The exact cause is unknown but believed to be linked to an overactive immune response. It is commonly found in families with a history of allergies or asthma. While there is no cure, most people can effectively manage their disease through medical treatment and avoiding irritants. Treatment depends on the specific type of eczema and may include topical steroids, avoiding allergens, using emollients, antibiotics, or antifungals.
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Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
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These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
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Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
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Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
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Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
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1 acne vulgaris
- 2. Acne vulgaris Def: Acne vulgaris is a disorder of the pilosebaceous follicles found in the face and upper trunk. At puberty, androgens increase the production of sebum from enlarged sebaceous glands that become blocked and infected with Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) causing an inflammatory reaction
- 3. Acne vulgaris Causes: Increased sebum secretion Hormones (endrogens) Increased keratinisation Bacteria Stress Familial
- 4. Acne vulgaris Pathophysiology The pathogenesis of acne vulgaris is multifactorial. The key factor is genetics.If both parents had acne, 3 of 4 children will have acne. If 1 parent had acne, then 1 of 4 of the children will have acne. However, similar to other genetic conditions, not every family will have the same pattern, with acne vulgaris sometimes skipping generations. What is inherited is the propensity for follicular epidermal hyperproliferation with subsequent plugging of the follicle. Additional aggravating factors include excess sebum, the presence and activity of Propionibacterium acnes, and inflammation.
- 5. Acne vulgaris Clinical feature: Lesions are limited to the face, shoulder, upper chest and back. Seborrhoea is often present Open comedones or close comedones[blackheads & white heads] and keratin deeper in the pilosebaceous ducts are always evident. Inflammatory papules, nodules and cyst occur.
- 6. Acne vulgaris Investigation: Swab test Serum testosterone LH FSH Pelvic ultrasound
- 7. Acne vulgaris Management: A)Local measures- Regular washing with soap and water Antibacterial skin cleanser B)Systemic measures- Antibiotics- Oxytetracycline 250 mg 6 hrly for 3 months to 2-3 yrs. Isotretinoin[retinol synthetic, vit. A(inhibit sebum secretion )] in severe acne Hormone- combined antiandrogen(Cyproterone acetate) or estrogen pill C)Physical measures- cyst may be incised and drained under L/A.