1. A DNA molecule contains two strands of poly deoxyribonucleotide s.pdf
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1. A DNA molecule contains two strands of poly deoxyribonucleotide strands twisted together to form a double helix. The two strands are antiparallel, i.e., one strand runs in the 5’ to 3’ direction while the other in 3’ to 5’ direction. The sugar-phosphate backbone is found on the exterior of this helix and the bases are branching towards the center. RNA, in the majority cases, consists of one strand (polymer of ribonucleotides) of nucleic acids linked together by 3\',5\'-phosphodiester bonds. 2. The mRNA molecules which are transcribed from genes of the total genome and have the base sequence complementary to DNA, carry DNA,s genetic information\'s for the assembly of amino acids into the polypeptide chains, to the cytoplasmic sites of protein synthesis, the ribosomes. to which they become associated to participate in codon-anticodon interaction with tRNA, are called informational or messenger RNAs (mRNA) . Solution 1. A DNA molecule contains two strands of poly deoxyribonucleotide strands twisted together to form a double helix. The two strands are antiparallel, i.e., one strand runs in the 5’ to 3’ direction while the other in 3’ to 5’ direction. The sugar-phosphate backbone is found on the exterior of this helix and the bases are branching towards the center. RNA, in the majority cases, consists of one strand (polymer of ribonucleotides) of nucleic acids linked together by 3\',5\'-phosphodiester bonds. 2. The mRNA molecules which are transcribed from genes of the total genome and have the base sequence complementary to DNA, carry DNA,s genetic information\'s for the assembly of amino acids into the polypeptide chains, to the cytoplasmic sites of protein synthesis, the ribosomes. to which they become associated to participate in codon-anticodon interaction with tRNA, are called informational or messenger RNAs (mRNA) ..
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Dna Replication - Biochemistry Lecture
Genetic information, stored in the chromosomes and transmitted to daughter cells through DNA replication, is expressed through transcription to RNA and translation into proteins (polypeptide chains). The pathway of protein synthesis is called translation because the “language” of the nucleotide sequence on the mRNA is translated into the “language” of an amino acid sequence. The process of translation requires a genetic code, through which the information contained in the nucleic acid sequence is expressed to produce a specific sequence of amino acids. Any alteration in the nucleic acid sequence may result in an incorrect amino acid being inserted into the polypeptide chain, potentially causing disease or even death of the organism.
RNA- STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes. RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, and, along with proteins and carbohydrates, constitute the four major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life. Like DNA, RNA is assembled as a chain of nucleotides, but unlike DNA it is more often found in nature as a single-strand folded onto itself, rather than a paired double-strand.
RNA: Nature, type and Structure
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DNA is a molecule that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all living organisms.It consists of two long strands that coil around each other to form a double helix structure.The four nucleotides that make up DNA are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C).Adenine pairs with thymine, and guanine pairs with cytosine in DNA.RNA (Ribonucleic Acid):
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Dna Replication - Biochemistry Lecture
Genetic information, stored in the chromosomes and transmitted to daughter cells through DNA replication, is expressed through transcription to RNA and translation into proteins (polypeptide chains). The pathway of protein synthesis is called translation because the “language” of the nucleotide sequence on the mRNA is translated into the “language” of an amino acid sequence. The process of translation requires a genetic code, through which the information contained in the nucleic acid sequence is expressed to produce a specific sequence of amino acids. Any alteration in the nucleic acid sequence may result in an incorrect amino acid being inserted into the polypeptide chain, potentially causing disease or even death of the organism.
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Nucleic acids and nucleotides are fundamental to the continuity of life. They carry genetic blueprints, facilitate the synthesis of proteins, and play critical roles in cellular metabolism and communication. Understanding their structure and function is essential for fields such as genetics, biochemistry, and molecular biology, and has applications in medicine, biotechnology, and evolutionary biology.
Provide an in depth description of biological information transfer (.pdf
Provide an in depth description of biological information transfer (what is the chemistry
underlying each information transfer event, which nucleotide sequences are involved etc.)
Solution
The genetic information is stored in Deoxyribonucleic acid,DNA. DNA contains the information
needed to build an individual. Genetic information is transferred from DNA and converted to
protein.RNA molecules work as messengers.Proteins are the biological workers.Information of
the DNA is copied to a RNA molecule in transcription.RNA directs the protein synthesis in a
translation.Protein’s 3D structure determines it’s function.Information transfer only in one
direction.
The biological information flows from DNA to RNA,and from there to proteins.It is ultimately
the DNA that controls every function of the cell through protein synthesis.As a carrier of genetic
information,DNA in a cell must be duplicated (replicated),maintained and passed dawn
accurately to the daughter cells.
DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid,which is found in chromosomes, contains inherited
information,they are made up of nucleotides,and are what make up genes. A nucleotide is
composed of a sugar (deoxyribose),a phosphate group,and a base.There are 4 bases found in
DNA, Adenine (A),Thymine (T),Guanine (G),and Cytosine (C).Adenine and guanine are double
ring bases while thymine and cytosine are single ring bases.Nucleotides are joined to each other
by covalent bonds between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the 3\' carbon atom of the
deoxyribose (sugar) of the next nucleotide.Each DNA molecule is unique because the order of
nucleotides is unique. The order of nucleotides determines the order of amino acids in a
protein.RNA is a nucleic acid composed of nucleotides and consists of one strand of
nucleotides.There are three different types of RNA- Ribosomal,Messenger,and
Transfer.Ribosomal RNA is the RNA molecules found in ribosomes. The large subunit RNA
contains the enzymatic activity that makes the peptide bonds between amino acids. Messenger
RNA is what controls the order of amino acids in a protein and determines which gene it codes
for.Transfer RNA brings amino acids to ribosomes.The transfer RNA has two recognition sites-
one recognizes an amino acid and the other recognizes one codon.The transfer RNA brings the
the correct amino acid to the ribosome.
Transcription is the process by which the information contained in a section of DNA is replicated
in the form of a newly assembled piece of messenger RNA (mRNA).Enzymes facilitating the
process include RNA polymerase and transcription factors.In eukaryotic cells the primary
transcript is pre-mRNA. Pre-mRNA must be processed for translation to proceed.Processing
includes the addition of a 5\' cap and a poly-A tail to the pre-mRNA chain,followed by
splicing.Alternative splicing occurs when appropriate, increasing the diversity of the proteins
that any single mRNA can produce.The product of the entire transcription process is a mature
mRNA ch.
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DnaAORC This protein is responsible for initiation of DNA replicat.pdf
DnaA/ORC: This protein is responsible for initiation of DNA replication. When DNA replication
is temperature sensitive, it affects the function of Dna A/ ORC. It cannot bind to the N-terminus
and thus DNA replication is immediately stopped. So with the increase in temperature, there is
quick stop of the DNA replication.
SSB/RPA: This is the protein complex which acts on the single stranded DNA complex. In the
presences on non-permissible temperatures, this protein complex will quick stop the process of
DNA replication. Thus replication fork is not formed since it requires presence of one of the
proteins from the complex. It can be said that since the process is of so high order, quick stop
mutation takes please due to non- permissible temperature.
DnaB/Mcm: this protein complex is responsible for separating the DNA strand. With the
increase in temperature, the protein cannot separate the DNA strands. Thus DNA replication
stops immediately. Thus it is a quick stop type mutanation.
DNA ligase: there 3 major functions of DNA ligase 1) It seals the repairs in the DNA 2) Joins
the recombinant fragment and 3) it joins Okazaki fragment. When there is temperature sensitive
mutants, DNA ligase will follow the process of slow stop mutants. It is because DNA replication
has taken place only sealing part is left. So DNA replication will be completed but Okazaki
fragments will not be joined.
Solution
DnaA/ORC: This protein is responsible for initiation of DNA replication. When DNA replication
is temperature sensitive, it affects the function of Dna A/ ORC. It cannot bind to the N-terminus
and thus DNA replication is immediately stopped. So with the increase in temperature, there is
quick stop of the DNA replication.
SSB/RPA: This is the protein complex which acts on the single stranded DNA complex. In the
presences on non-permissible temperatures, this protein complex will quick stop the process of
DNA replication. Thus replication fork is not formed since it requires presence of one of the
proteins from the complex. It can be said that since the process is of so high order, quick stop
mutation takes please due to non- permissible temperature.
DnaB/Mcm: this protein complex is responsible for separating the DNA strand. With the
increase in temperature, the protein cannot separate the DNA strands. Thus DNA replication
stops immediately. Thus it is a quick stop type mutanation.
DNA ligase: there 3 major functions of DNA ligase 1) It seals the repairs in the DNA 2) Joins
the recombinant fragment and 3) it joins Okazaki fragment. When there is temperature sensitive
mutants, DNA ligase will follow the process of slow stop mutants. It is because DNA replication
has taken place only sealing part is left. So DNA replication will be completed but Okazaki
fragments will not be joined..
Answer(19)Mary’s parents are normal, therefore her brother must.pdf
Answer:
(19)
Mary’s parents are normal, therefore her brother must have got the disease allele from his mother
who is a carrier of the disease.
Parents
XY (Mary’s father) x XhX (Mary’s mother)
XhY (Mary’s brother)
For a carrier female, with each pregnancy there is a one in two (50%) chance her sons will
inherit the disease allele and a one in two (50%) chance her daughters will be carriers.
(a) Therefore Mary has 50% chance or ½ chance of being a carrier
(b) (c) and (d)
For a carrier female, with each pregnancy there is a one in two (50%) chance her sons will
inherit the disease allele and a one in two (50%) chance her daughters will be carriers.
Among mary’s sons, one will be a carrier and another will be hemophiliac
Among mary’s daughters, one will be a carrier and another will be normal
(e) the carrier daughter can transmit the disease to her son’s
Solution
Answer:
(19)
Mary’s parents are normal, therefore her brother must have got the disease allele from his mother
who is a carrier of the disease.
Parents
XY (Mary’s father) x XhX (Mary’s mother)
XhY (Mary’s brother)
For a carrier female, with each pregnancy there is a one in two (50%) chance her sons will
inherit the disease allele and a one in two (50%) chance her daughters will be carriers.
(a) Therefore Mary has 50% chance or ½ chance of being a carrier
(b) (c) and (d)
For a carrier female, with each pregnancy there is a one in two (50%) chance her sons will
inherit the disease allele and a one in two (50%) chance her daughters will be carriers.
Among mary’s sons, one will be a carrier and another will be hemophiliac
Among mary’s daughters, one will be a carrier and another will be normal
(e) the carrier daughter can transmit the disease to her son’s.
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Nucleic acids are macromolecules that store genetic information and enable protein production. Nucleic acids include DNA and RNA. These molecules are composed of long strands of nucleotides. Nucleotides are composed of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group.
Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides.pptx, genetics,biotechnology, molecular biology...
Nucleic acids and nucleotides are fundamental to the continuity of life. They carry genetic blueprints, facilitate the synthesis of proteins, and play critical roles in cellular metabolism and communication. Understanding their structure and function is essential for fields such as genetics, biochemistry, and molecular biology, and has applications in medicine, biotechnology, and evolutionary biology.
Provide an in depth description of biological information transfer (.pdf
Provide an in depth description of biological information transfer (what is the chemistry
underlying each information transfer event, which nucleotide sequences are involved etc.)
Solution
The genetic information is stored in Deoxyribonucleic acid,DNA. DNA contains the information
needed to build an individual. Genetic information is transferred from DNA and converted to
protein.RNA molecules work as messengers.Proteins are the biological workers.Information of
the DNA is copied to a RNA molecule in transcription.RNA directs the protein synthesis in a
translation.Protein’s 3D structure determines it’s function.Information transfer only in one
direction.
The biological information flows from DNA to RNA,and from there to proteins.It is ultimately
the DNA that controls every function of the cell through protein synthesis.As a carrier of genetic
information,DNA in a cell must be duplicated (replicated),maintained and passed dawn
accurately to the daughter cells.
DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid,which is found in chromosomes, contains inherited
information,they are made up of nucleotides,and are what make up genes. A nucleotide is
composed of a sugar (deoxyribose),a phosphate group,and a base.There are 4 bases found in
DNA, Adenine (A),Thymine (T),Guanine (G),and Cytosine (C).Adenine and guanine are double
ring bases while thymine and cytosine are single ring bases.Nucleotides are joined to each other
by covalent bonds between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the 3\' carbon atom of the
deoxyribose (sugar) of the next nucleotide.Each DNA molecule is unique because the order of
nucleotides is unique. The order of nucleotides determines the order of amino acids in a
protein.RNA is a nucleic acid composed of nucleotides and consists of one strand of
nucleotides.There are three different types of RNA- Ribosomal,Messenger,and
Transfer.Ribosomal RNA is the RNA molecules found in ribosomes. The large subunit RNA
contains the enzymatic activity that makes the peptide bonds between amino acids. Messenger
RNA is what controls the order of amino acids in a protein and determines which gene it codes
for.Transfer RNA brings amino acids to ribosomes.The transfer RNA has two recognition sites-
one recognizes an amino acid and the other recognizes one codon.The transfer RNA brings the
the correct amino acid to the ribosome.
Transcription is the process by which the information contained in a section of DNA is replicated
in the form of a newly assembled piece of messenger RNA (mRNA).Enzymes facilitating the
process include RNA polymerase and transcription factors.In eukaryotic cells the primary
transcript is pre-mRNA. Pre-mRNA must be processed for translation to proceed.Processing
includes the addition of a 5\' cap and a poly-A tail to the pre-mRNA chain,followed by
splicing.Alternative splicing occurs when appropriate, increasing the diversity of the proteins
that any single mRNA can produce.The product of the entire transcription process is a mature
mRNA ch.
nucleic acid unit-5 biochemistry and clinical pathology, D.Pharm 2nd year- .pptx
Nucleic acids unit-5 D.Pharm 2nd year, biochemistry and clinical pathology.
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Components of nucleosides and nucleotides with examples
Structure of DNA (Watson and Crick model), RNA and their functions
2 introduction to cell biology
As a sub-discipline of biology, cell biology is concerned with the study of the structure and function of cells. As such, it can explain the structure of different types of cells, types of cell components, the metabolic processes of a cell, cell life cycle and signaling pathways to name a few.
Here, we shall look at some of the major areas of cell biology including some of the tools used.
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DnaAORC This protein is responsible for initiation of DNA replicat.pdf
DnaA/ORC: This protein is responsible for initiation of DNA replication. When DNA replication
is temperature sensitive, it affects the function of Dna A/ ORC. It cannot bind to the N-terminus
and thus DNA replication is immediately stopped. So with the increase in temperature, there is
quick stop of the DNA replication.
SSB/RPA: This is the protein complex which acts on the single stranded DNA complex. In the
presences on non-permissible temperatures, this protein complex will quick stop the process of
DNA replication. Thus replication fork is not formed since it requires presence of one of the
proteins from the complex. It can be said that since the process is of so high order, quick stop
mutation takes please due to non- permissible temperature.
DnaB/Mcm: this protein complex is responsible for separating the DNA strand. With the
increase in temperature, the protein cannot separate the DNA strands. Thus DNA replication
stops immediately. Thus it is a quick stop type mutanation.
DNA ligase: there 3 major functions of DNA ligase 1) It seals the repairs in the DNA 2) Joins
the recombinant fragment and 3) it joins Okazaki fragment. When there is temperature sensitive
mutants, DNA ligase will follow the process of slow stop mutants. It is because DNA replication
has taken place only sealing part is left. So DNA replication will be completed but Okazaki
fragments will not be joined.
Solution
DnaA/ORC: This protein is responsible for initiation of DNA replication. When DNA replication
is temperature sensitive, it affects the function of Dna A/ ORC. It cannot bind to the N-terminus
and thus DNA replication is immediately stopped. So with the increase in temperature, there is
quick stop of the DNA replication.
SSB/RPA: This is the protein complex which acts on the single stranded DNA complex. In the
presences on non-permissible temperatures, this protein complex will quick stop the process of
DNA replication. Thus replication fork is not formed since it requires presence of one of the
proteins from the complex. It can be said that since the process is of so high order, quick stop
mutation takes please due to non- permissible temperature.
DnaB/Mcm: this protein complex is responsible for separating the DNA strand. With the
increase in temperature, the protein cannot separate the DNA strands. Thus DNA replication
stops immediately. Thus it is a quick stop type mutanation.
DNA ligase: there 3 major functions of DNA ligase 1) It seals the repairs in the DNA 2) Joins
the recombinant fragment and 3) it joins Okazaki fragment. When there is temperature sensitive
mutants, DNA ligase will follow the process of slow stop mutants. It is because DNA replication
has taken place only sealing part is left. So DNA replication will be completed but Okazaki
fragments will not be joined..
Answer(19)Mary’s parents are normal, therefore her brother must.pdf
Answer:
(19)
Mary’s parents are normal, therefore her brother must have got the disease allele from his mother
who is a carrier of the disease.
Parents
XY (Mary’s father) x XhX (Mary’s mother)
XhY (Mary’s brother)
For a carrier female, with each pregnancy there is a one in two (50%) chance her sons will
inherit the disease allele and a one in two (50%) chance her daughters will be carriers.
(a) Therefore Mary has 50% chance or ½ chance of being a carrier
(b) (c) and (d)
For a carrier female, with each pregnancy there is a one in two (50%) chance her sons will
inherit the disease allele and a one in two (50%) chance her daughters will be carriers.
Among mary’s sons, one will be a carrier and another will be hemophiliac
Among mary’s daughters, one will be a carrier and another will be normal
(e) the carrier daughter can transmit the disease to her son’s
Solution
Answer:
(19)
Mary’s parents are normal, therefore her brother must have got the disease allele from his mother
who is a carrier of the disease.
Parents
XY (Mary’s father) x XhX (Mary’s mother)
XhY (Mary’s brother)
For a carrier female, with each pregnancy there is a one in two (50%) chance her sons will
inherit the disease allele and a one in two (50%) chance her daughters will be carriers.
(a) Therefore Mary has 50% chance or ½ chance of being a carrier
(b) (c) and (d)
For a carrier female, with each pregnancy there is a one in two (50%) chance her sons will
inherit the disease allele and a one in two (50%) chance her daughters will be carriers.
Among mary’s sons, one will be a carrier and another will be hemophiliac
Among mary’s daughters, one will be a carrier and another will be normal
(e) the carrier daughter can transmit the disease to her son’s.
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Answer :
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Q2. The melon of Dolphins are used for the focusing of sound pulses.
Q4. Coral reef accounts for the largest pecentage of the oceans primary
Solution
Answer :
Q1. Red mangroove is the last mangroove to colonise on the shore line
Q2. The melon of Dolphins are used for the focusing of sound pulses.
Q4. Coral reef accounts for the largest pecentage of the oceans primary.
An Arrhenius acid produces H+ ions insolutionA Bronsted-Lowry acid.pdf
An Arrhenius acid produces H+ ions insolution
A Bronsted-Lowry acid is a protoon donor.
A Lewis base is an eelectron pair donor.
Water could behave as an Arrhenius acid, Bronsted-Lowryacid, and a Lewis base.
Water acting as an arrhenius acid: Water acts as asArrhenius acid as it is capable of producing
protons insolution.
H2O (l) H+ (aq) + OH-(aq)
Water acting as a Bronsted-Lowry acid: Water acts as aBronsted-Lowry acid as it can donate H+
to a base.
H2O (l) + NH3 (aq) NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
Water acting as a Lewis base: Water acts as a Lewis baseas it can donate the lone pair of
electrons present on the Oxygenatom.
Al+3 (aq) + H2O (l) Al(H2O)6+3 (aq)
Solution
An Arrhenius acid produces H+ ions insolution
A Bronsted-Lowry acid is a protoon donor.
A Lewis base is an eelectron pair donor.
Water could behave as an Arrhenius acid, Bronsted-Lowryacid, and a Lewis base.
Water acting as an arrhenius acid: Water acts as asArrhenius acid as it is capable of producing
protons insolution.
H2O (l) H+ (aq) + OH-(aq)
Water acting as a Bronsted-Lowry acid: Water acts as aBronsted-Lowry acid as it can donate H+
to a base.
H2O (l) + NH3 (aq) NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
Water acting as a Lewis base: Water acts as a Lewis baseas it can donate the lone pair of
electrons present on the Oxygenatom.
Al+3 (aq) + H2O (l) Al(H2O)6+3 (aq).
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Ans. One of the main disadvantage is chromatic aberrasion. A more likely cost of trichromacy
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Solution
Ans. One of the main disadvantage is chromatic aberrasion. A more likely cost of trichromacy
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A coordination problem occurs in situations where there is no Nash E.pdf
A coordination problem occurs in situations where there is no Nash Equilibrium or there is more
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Option (B), Option (D) and option (E) is correct answer.
Solution
A coordination problem occurs in situations where there is no Nash Equilibrium or there is more
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Option (B), Option (D) and option (E) is correct answer..
1. When an integrated F plasmid leaves the chromosome it may take so.pdf
1. When an integrated F plasmid leaves the chromosome it may take some chromosomal genes
from one side of the integration site and it results in F\' cells. Integration of F plasmid into the
host chromosome results in Hfr (High frequency of recombination) cells
2. Genetic transfer in Archaea is by means of horizontal gene transfer where genes can be
transfered from one to other similar to bacteria conjugation or transduction.
3. Methanogenesis is the formation of methane by the methanogens. Methanogenesis actually
complete the decomposition process. The semi-final products of decomposition like carbon
dioxide, small organics and hydrogen are completely removed. If methanogenesis does not
happen, it leads to accumulation of carbon in anaerobic envrionment. Methanogens belong to
group archaea.
4. To resist high temperatures in the environment, bacteria convert all its unsaturated fatty acids
in the membrane to saturated fatty acids. It prevents the denaturation of enzymes and proteins in
the cell.
5. Methanogenesis takes place in Anaerobic condition because oxygen inhibits the growth of
methanogens.
Solution
1. When an integrated F plasmid leaves the chromosome it may take some chromosomal genes
from one side of the integration site and it results in F\' cells. Integration of F plasmid into the
host chromosome results in Hfr (High frequency of recombination) cells
2. Genetic transfer in Archaea is by means of horizontal gene transfer where genes can be
transfered from one to other similar to bacteria conjugation or transduction.
3. Methanogenesis is the formation of methane by the methanogens. Methanogenesis actually
complete the decomposition process. The semi-final products of decomposition like carbon
dioxide, small organics and hydrogen are completely removed. If methanogenesis does not
happen, it leads to accumulation of carbon in anaerobic envrionment. Methanogens belong to
group archaea.
4. To resist high temperatures in the environment, bacteria convert all its unsaturated fatty acids
in the membrane to saturated fatty acids. It prevents the denaturation of enzymes and proteins in
the cell.
5. Methanogenesis takes place in Anaerobic condition because oxygen inhibits the growth of
methanogens..
Ethyl 4-aminobenzoate is a basic organic compound. In basic and neut.pdf
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Solution
Ethyl 4-aminobenzoate is a basic organic compound. In basic and neutral solutions, it will be
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charged salt species. As with normal salts, this is water-soluble. So; 1.0 M HCl: soluble 1.0 M
NaOH and Water: insoluble..
draw a sphere and use raytracing on the sphere in OpenGL glut. .pdf
/* draw a sphere and use raytracing on the sphere in OpenGL glut. */
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#define screen_width 750
#define screen_height 750
#define true 1
#define false 0
#define perpendicular 0
int gridXsize = 20;
int gridZsize = 20;
float plane[] = {0.0, 1.0, 0.0, -50.0,};
float sphere[] = {250.0, 270.0, -100.0, 100.0};
float eye[] = {0.0, 400.0, 550.0};
float light[] = {250.0, 550.0, -200.0};
float dot(float *u, float *v)
{
return u[0]*v[0] + u[1]*v[1] + u[2]*v[2];
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{
float norm = sqrt(abs(dot(u,u)));
for (int i =0; i <3; i++)
{
u[i] = u[i]/norm;
}
}
float plane_intersect(float *u, float *pO)
{
float normt[3] = {plane[0], plane[1], plane[2]};
float s;
if (dot(u,normt) == 0)
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s = (plane[3]-(dot(pO,normt)))/(dot(u,normt));
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float sphere_intersect(float *u, float *pO)
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float deltaP[3] = {sphere[0]-pO[0],sphere[1]-pO[1],sphere[2]-pO[2]};
float deltLen = sqrt(abs(dot(deltaP,deltaP)));
float t=0;
float answer;
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{
answer = -10;
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t =-1*dot(u,deltaP)- sqrt(det) ;
if (t>0)
{
answer = t;
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else
{
answer = -10;
}
}
return answer;
}
void find_reflect(float *u, float s, float *pO)
{
float n[3] = {pO[0]+s *u[0]-sphere[0],pO[1]+s *u[1]-sphere[1],pO[2]+s *u[2]- sphere[2]};
float l[3] = {s *u[0],s *u[1],s *u[2]};
u[0] =(2*dot(l,n)*n[0])-l[0];
u[1] = (2*dot(l,n)*n[1])-l[1];
u[2] = (2*dot(l,n)*n[2])-l[2];
}
float find_shade(float *u,float s, float *pO)
{
float answer;
float lightVec[3] = {light[0]-(pO[0]+s *u[0]), light[1]-(pO[1]+s *u[1]), light[2]-(pO[2]+s
*u[2])};
float n[3] = {pO[0]+s *u[0]-sphere[0],pO[1]+s *u[1]-sphere[1],pO[2]+s *u[2]-sphere[2]};
answer = -1*dot(lightVec,n)/(sqrt(abs(dot(lightVec,lightVec)))*sqrt(abs(dot(n,n))));
return answer;
}
void init()
{
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity();
gluOrtho2D(0,screen_width,0,screen_height);
}
void display()
{
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT| GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
glLoadIdentity();
for (int i=0; i < screen_width; i++)
{
for (int j=0; j < screen_height; j++)
{
float ray[3] = {1*(eye[0]-i),-1*(eye[1]-j),1*eye[2]};
float point[3] = {i,j,0};
norm(ray);
int plotted = false;
while (!plotted)
{
float s_plane = plane_intersect(ray, point);
float s_sphere = sphere_intersect(ray, point);
if (s_plane <= 0 && s_sphere <=0)
{
glColor3f(0,0,0);
glBegin(GL_POINTS);
glVertex3f(i,j,0);
glEnd();
plotted = true;
}
else if (s_sphere >= 0 && (s_plane <=0 || s_sphere <= s_plane))
{
find_reflect(ray, s_sphere, point);
}
else if (s_plane >=0 && (s_sphere <=0 ||s_plane <= s_sphere))
{
float shade = find_shade(ray, s_plane, point);
float xx = s_plane*ray[0] + eye[0];
float z = s_plane*ray[2] + eye[2];
if (abs((int)xx/gridXsize)%2 == abs((int)z/gridZsize)%2)
{
glColor3f(shade,0,0);
}
else
{
glColor3f(shade,shade,shade);
}
glBegin(GL_POINTS);
glVertex3f(i,j,0);
glEnd();
plotted = true;
}
}
}
}
glFlush();
}
int main(.
SnO2 (ore) is initially washed and dressed. then .pdf
SnO2 (ore) is initially washed and dressed. then it is treated with red hot
coke/coall(acts as reducing agent) SnO2(s) + C(s)---------> Sn(molten) +CO(g) thus obtained
molten Sn is cooled to Pure solid form
Solution
SnO2 (ore) is initially washed and dressed. then it is treated with red hot
coke/coall(acts as reducing agent) SnO2(s) + C(s)---------> Sn(molten) +CO(g) thus obtained
molten Sn is cooled to Pure solid form.
d) Valine Note its side chain doesnt contain a.pdf
d) Valine Note: its side chain doesn\'t contain acidic H such as those in NH or
COOH group. Thus, pH value doesn\'t affect the charge since no protonation or deprotonation
happens.
Solution
d) Valine Note: its side chain doesn\'t contain acidic H such as those in NH or
COOH group. Thus, pH value doesn\'t affect the charge since no protonation or deprotonation
happens..
Amphiprotic. The preferred term is amphoteric. A .pdf
Amphiprotic. The preferred term is amphoteric. A compound that is amphoteric can
behave as either an acid or a base. These are most commonly explained when using the
Bronsted-Lowry theory of acids and bases. Sorry. NONE of these are amphoteric (or
amphiprotic). In order to behave as a Bronsted-Lowry acid it must donate a proton. That
narrows it down to HCl and HSO4-. In order to behave as a base it must accept a proton. A, D
and E can all accept protons. HCl is a strong acid and dissociates to form H+ and Cl-. There is
no tendency to gain a proton. HSO4- is a weak acid and can donate a proton, but it won\'t accept
a proton to make H2SO4 because H2SO4 is a strong acid and completely dissociates. Even if
one of the choices had been HSO3- we would still have a problem. It would be tempting to say
that HSO3- could gain a proton to make the weak acid H2SO3. The problem is that H2SO3 does
not exist in aqueous solution. It is a fictitious acid, much like H2CO3 which also cannot exist in
aqueous solution. The bottom line is that NONE of these are amphoteric. ========= Follow
up ========== See! HPV got suckered. Sorry, you can\'t possibly form H2SO4 and OH-.
H2SO4 is a strong acid and completely dissociates to form H+ and HSO4-. The H+ will combine
with OH- to make water, and you\'re right back where you started. No. HSO4- is NOT
amphoteric in aqueous solution. ======= More follow up ========== \"Would it matter
about the physical state?\" No. For the substance to gain a proton, it will be in aqueous solution.
As soon as HCl interacts with water it will dissociate to form H+ and Cl-.
=============================== You may see that HSO4- is listed as an amphoteric
substance, but only because whoever wrote that didn\'t think it through.
Solution
Amphiprotic. The preferred term is amphoteric. A compound that is amphoteric can
behave as either an acid or a base. These are most commonly explained when using the
Bronsted-Lowry theory of acids and bases. Sorry. NONE of these are amphoteric (or
amphiprotic). In order to behave as a Bronsted-Lowry acid it must donate a proton. That
narrows it down to HCl and HSO4-. In order to behave as a base it must accept a proton. A, D
and E can all accept protons. HCl is a strong acid and dissociates to form H+ and Cl-. There is
no tendency to gain a proton. HSO4- is a weak acid and can donate a proton, but it won\'t accept
a proton to make H2SO4 because H2SO4 is a strong acid and completely dissociates. Even if
one of the choices had been HSO3- we would still have a problem. It would be tempting to say
that HSO3- could gain a proton to make the weak acid H2SO3. The problem is that H2SO3 does
not exist in aqueous solution. It is a fictitious acid, much like H2CO3 which also cannot exist in
aqueous solution. The bottom line is that NONE of these are amphoteric. ========= Follow
up ========== See! HPV got suckered. Sorry, you can\'t possibly form H2SO4 and OH-.
H2SO4 is a strong acid and completely dissociates to form H+ a.
at equivalence point, Moles OH- added = moles H+.pdf
at equivalence point, Moles OH- added = moles H+ Molarity NaOH x vol. OH- x
1 OH- per NaOH = moles OH- = moles H+ = Molarity H2SO4 x vol H2SO4 x 2 H+ per
H2SO4 More generally, M1V1E1 = M2V2E2, where E is the equivalence factor, number of H+
per formula unit for acids and number of OH- per unit for bases
Solution
at equivalence point, Moles OH- added = moles H+ Molarity NaOH x vol. OH- x
1 OH- per NaOH = moles OH- = moles H+ = Molarity H2SO4 x vol H2SO4 x 2 H+ per
H2SO4 More generally, M1V1E1 = M2V2E2, where E is the equivalence factor, number of H+
per formula unit for acids and number of OH- per unit for bases.
We Know that Water is a Polar component as .pdf
We Know that: Water is a Polar component as the property ofthe solubility Like
dissolves Like methyl tertiary butyl etherwhich is polar compound is relatively more soluble
inwater when compared to other components in gasoline.
Solution
We Know that: Water is a Polar component as the property ofthe solubility Like
dissolves Like methyl tertiary butyl etherwhich is polar compound is relatively more soluble
inwater when compared to other components in gasoline..
molar mass of C2H5OH = 46.1 gmole moles of C2H5O.pdf
molar mass of C2H5OH = 46.1 g/mole moles of C2H5OH = mass / molar mass =
47.0 / 46.1 = 1.02 mole 1 moles of C2H5OH contains 6.02 x 1023 C2H5OH molecules, thus,
number of C2H5OH molecules = 1.02 x 6.02 x 1023 = 6.14 x 1023 C2H5OH molecules
Solution
molar mass of C2H5OH = 46.1 g/mole moles of C2H5OH = mass / molar mass =
47.0 / 46.1 = 1.02 mole 1 moles of C2H5OH contains 6.02 x 1023 C2H5OH molecules, thus,
number of C2H5OH molecules = 1.02 x 6.02 x 1023 = 6.14 x 1023 C2H5OH molecules.
What property of PN code makes them suitable for use in spread spect.pdf
What property of PN code makes them suitable for use in spread spectrum communication?
Solution
Pseudo random noise is used in some electronic musical instruments, either by itself or as an
input to subtractive synthesis, and in many white noise machines.
In spread-spectrum systems, the receiver correlates a locally generated signal with the received
signal. Such spread-spectrum systems require a set of one or more \"codes\" or \"sequences\"
such that
Like random noise, the local sequence has a very low correlation with any other sequence in the
set, or with the same sequence at a significantly different time offset, or with narrow band
interference, or with thermal noise.
Unlike random noise, it must be easy to generate exactly the same sequence at both the
transmitter and the receiver, so the receiver\'s locally generated sequence has a very high
correlation with the transmitted sequence.
In a direct-sequence spread spectrum system, each bit in the pseudorandom binary sequence is
known as a chip and the inverse of its period as chip rate; comparebit rate and symbol rate.
In a frequency-hopping spread spectrum sequence, each value in the pseudo random sequence is
known as a channel number and the inverse of its period as thehop rate. FCC Part 15 mandates at
least 50 different channels and at least a 2.5 Hz hop rate for narrow band frequency-hopping
systems.
GPS satellites broadcast data at a rate of 50 data bits per second – each satellite modulates its
data with one PN bit stream at 1.023 million chips per second and the same data with another PN
bit stream at 10.23 million chips per second. GPS receivers correlate the received PN bit stream
with a local reference to measure distance. GPS is a receive-only system that uses relative timing
measurements from several satellites (and the known positions of the satellites) to determine
receiver position.
Other range-finding applications involve two-way transmissions. A local station generates a
pseudo random bit sequence and transmits it to the remote location (using any modulation
technique). Some object at the remote location echoes this PN signal back to the location station
– either passively, as in some kinds of radar and sonar systems, or using an active transponder at
the remote location, as in the Apollo Unified S-band system.[4] By correlating a (delayed version
of) the transmitted signal with the received signal, a precise round trip time to the remote
location can be determined and thus the distance..
TLC can be used to help determine the number of components in a mixt.pdf
TLC can be used to help determine the number of components in a mixture, the identity of
compounds, and the purity of a compound. By observing the appearance of a product or the
disappearance of a reactant, it can also be used to monitor the progress of a reaction.
The sample is applied to the layer of adsorbent, near one edge, as a small spot of a solution.
After the solvent has evaporated, the adsorbent-coated sheet is propped more or less vertically in
a closed container, with the edge to which the spot was applied down. The spot on the thin layer
plate must be positioned above the level of the solvent in the container .If it is below the level of
the solvent, the spot will be washed off the plate into the developing solvent. The solvent, which
is in the bottom of the container, creeps up the layer of adsorbent, passes over the spot, and, as it
continues up, effects a separation of the materials in the spot (\"develops\" the chromatogram).
When the solvent front has nearly reached nearly the top of the adsorbent, the thin layer plate is
removed from the container.
Solution
TLC can be used to help determine the number of components in a mixture, the identity of
compounds, and the purity of a compound. By observing the appearance of a product or the
disappearance of a reactant, it can also be used to monitor the progress of a reaction.
The sample is applied to the layer of adsorbent, near one edge, as a small spot of a solution.
After the solvent has evaporated, the adsorbent-coated sheet is propped more or less vertically in
a closed container, with the edge to which the spot was applied down. The spot on the thin layer
plate must be positioned above the level of the solvent in the container .If it is below the level of
the solvent, the spot will be washed off the plate into the developing solvent. The solvent, which
is in the bottom of the container, creeps up the layer of adsorbent, passes over the spot, and, as it
continues up, effects a separation of the materials in the spot (\"develops\" the chromatogram).
When the solvent front has nearly reached nearly the top of the adsorbent, the thin layer plate is
removed from the container..
There may have some variables affect the model. So the error term wi.pdf
There may have some variables affect the model. So the error term will reflect a systematic
pattern. Or it is not a correct functional form. So there is a bias.
I would suggest that it can be remedial by using data transformation.
Solution
There may have some variables affect the model. So the error term will reflect a systematic
pattern. Or it is not a correct functional form. So there is a bias.
I would suggest that it can be remedial by using data transformation..
There are four major functional characteristics of skeletal muscle..pdf
There are four major functional characteristics of skeletal muscle.
(i) Contractility- for muscle movement
(ii) Excitability- response to chemical and/or electrical signals.
(iii) Extensibility- the ability to stretch to the normal resting length after contracting
(iv) Elasticity - the ability to return to the original resting length after a muscle has been
stretched.
Solution
There are four major functional characteristics of skeletal muscle.
(i) Contractility- for muscle movement
(ii) Excitability- response to chemical and/or electrical signals.
(iii) Extensibility- the ability to stretch to the normal resting length after contracting
(iv) Elasticity - the ability to return to the original resting length after a muscle has been
stretched..
The distinction is important due to the following reasons.The data.pdf
The distinction is important due to the following reasons.
The data and information are exchangable.
The data is real.
Data may be quantitative or qualitative
Information is a activity data.
To become a data as information ,we need to deposit the data into statements or condition.
Data is uncooked upto the time it is arranged.
Data may be a charecter,text,word,number....etc
i.e joe,smith,84084........
Data comes from the latin word \"datum\".
Data and information are involved binding with each other.
Data is incoherent with out information it means that it is irelevant.
The no of callers for a website by country is example of data.
With the help of formulas we can convert a data into information which can be understood by
humans.
Data can be described in terms of information .
\" DIKW pyramid helps to know the relation ship between data and information\".
Solution
The distinction is important due to the following reasons.
The data and information are exchangable.
The data is real.
Data may be quantitative or qualitative
Information is a activity data.
To become a data as information ,we need to deposit the data into statements or condition.
Data is uncooked upto the time it is arranged.
Data may be a charecter,text,word,number....etc
i.e joe,smith,84084........
Data comes from the latin word \"datum\".
Data and information are involved binding with each other.
Data is incoherent with out information it means that it is irelevant.
The no of callers for a website by country is example of data.
With the help of formulas we can convert a data into information which can be understood by
humans.
Data can be described in terms of information .
\" DIKW pyramid helps to know the relation ship between data and information\"..
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- 1. 1. A DNA molecule contains two strands of poly deoxyribonucleotide strands twisted together to form a double helix. The two strands are antiparallel, i.e., one strand runs in the 5’ to 3’ direction while the other in 3’ to 5’ direction. The sugar-phosphate backbone is found on the exterior of this helix and the bases are branching towards the center. RNA, in the majority cases, consists of one strand (polymer of ribonucleotides) of nucleic acids linked together by 3',5'-phosphodiester bonds. 2. The mRNA molecules which are transcribed from genes of the total genome and have the base sequence complementary to DNA, carry DNA,s genetic information's for the assembly of amino acids into the polypeptide chains, to the cytoplasmic sites of protein synthesis, the ribosomes. to which they become associated to participate in codon-anticodon interaction with tRNA, are called informational or messenger RNAs (mRNA) . Solution 1. A DNA molecule contains two strands of poly deoxyribonucleotide strands twisted together to form a double helix. The two strands are antiparallel, i.e., one strand runs in the 5’ to 3’ direction while the other in 3’ to 5’ direction. The sugar-phosphate backbone is found on the exterior of this helix and the bases are branching towards the center. RNA, in the majority cases, consists of one strand (polymer of ribonucleotides) of nucleic acids linked together by 3',5'-phosphodiester bonds. 2. The mRNA molecules which are transcribed from genes of the total genome and have the base sequence complementary to DNA, carry DNA,s genetic information's for the assembly of amino acids into the polypeptide chains, to the cytoplasmic sites of protein synthesis, the ribosomes. to which they become associated to participate in codon-anticodon interaction with tRNA, are called informational or messenger RNAs (mRNA) .