The document discusses optimization techniques used in pharmaceutical formulation and processing. It describes how optimization aims to find the best formulation and processing conditions by systematically varying factors and levels. Various experimental designs like factorial designs and response surface methodology are used to optimize multiple variables. Optimization helps develop formulations that meet requirements while allowing efficient mass production.
Investigational medical product dossierSachinFartade
Investigational medical product dossier is document made to apply for clinical trial application in European Union. European Medical Agency is regulatory body for drug approval in European Union.
REGULATIONS FOR COMBINATION PRODUCTS AND MEDICAL DEVICESArunpandiyan59
This document provides an overview of regulations for combination products and medical devices in the United States and India. It discusses what combination products are, examples of combination products, and the roles of the US FDA Office of Combination Products in classifying and assigning combination products for review. It also summarizes the regulatory requirements for medical devices in the US, including establishment registration, medical device listing, premarket notification, premarket approval, and quality system regulations. The latest developments in medical device regulation in India are also briefly outlined.
1) The document describes various rate controlled drug delivery systems including preprogrammed, activation-modulated, and feedback-regulated systems.
2) Activation-modulated systems use physical, chemical, or biochemical processes to activate drug release, such as osmotic pressure, pH changes, or enzymes. Feedback-regulated systems sense biochemical triggers in the body to control drug release.
3) Specific examples discussed include pH-activated coatings that protect drugs in the stomach and release them in the intestines, as well as enzyme-activated systems that degrade polymers to release drugs and glucose-responsive membranes that control insulin release.
This document provides an overview of gastroretentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS). It discusses appropriate candidate drugs, advantages and limitations of GRDDS. The document outlines various approaches to gastric retention including high density systems, floating systems, swelling systems, and mucoadhesive systems. Evaluation methods for GRDDS are also summarized, including in vitro tests to assess buoyancy, floating time, swelling, and dissolution behavior. The goal of GRDDS is to prolong gastric retention time of drugs and enable sustained release at the target site in the stomach.
This document discusses several methods for analyzing drug release from formulations, including similarity factors F1 and F2, Higuchi and Korsmeyer-Peppas models, linearity concept of significance, standard deviation, chi-square test, student-t test, and ANOVA test. It provides definitions and applications of these methods. Similarity factors F1 and F2 are used to compare dissolution profiles and determine if they are similar. The Higuchi and Korsmeyer-Peppas models can be used to describe drug release kinetics from matrix systems. Linearity, standard deviation, chi-square, t-test and ANOVA are statistical tests used to determine the significance and accuracy of results.
formulation and evaluation of delivery system of protein and peptide.pptxKishor Singha
the presention gives idea about various formulation and evaluation of various delivery system based on the delivery routes for protein and peptide drug delivery in the body.
it provide a brief note on the drug excipient interaction and various technique to find it which is a part of preformulation studies. it gives help to mpharm(pharmaceutics) students. i.
Investigational medical product dossierSachinFartade
Investigational medical product dossier is document made to apply for clinical trial application in European Union. European Medical Agency is regulatory body for drug approval in European Union.
REGULATIONS FOR COMBINATION PRODUCTS AND MEDICAL DEVICESArunpandiyan59
This document provides an overview of regulations for combination products and medical devices in the United States and India. It discusses what combination products are, examples of combination products, and the roles of the US FDA Office of Combination Products in classifying and assigning combination products for review. It also summarizes the regulatory requirements for medical devices in the US, including establishment registration, medical device listing, premarket notification, premarket approval, and quality system regulations. The latest developments in medical device regulation in India are also briefly outlined.
1) The document describes various rate controlled drug delivery systems including preprogrammed, activation-modulated, and feedback-regulated systems.
2) Activation-modulated systems use physical, chemical, or biochemical processes to activate drug release, such as osmotic pressure, pH changes, or enzymes. Feedback-regulated systems sense biochemical triggers in the body to control drug release.
3) Specific examples discussed include pH-activated coatings that protect drugs in the stomach and release them in the intestines, as well as enzyme-activated systems that degrade polymers to release drugs and glucose-responsive membranes that control insulin release.
This document provides an overview of gastroretentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS). It discusses appropriate candidate drugs, advantages and limitations of GRDDS. The document outlines various approaches to gastric retention including high density systems, floating systems, swelling systems, and mucoadhesive systems. Evaluation methods for GRDDS are also summarized, including in vitro tests to assess buoyancy, floating time, swelling, and dissolution behavior. The goal of GRDDS is to prolong gastric retention time of drugs and enable sustained release at the target site in the stomach.
This document discusses several methods for analyzing drug release from formulations, including similarity factors F1 and F2, Higuchi and Korsmeyer-Peppas models, linearity concept of significance, standard deviation, chi-square test, student-t test, and ANOVA test. It provides definitions and applications of these methods. Similarity factors F1 and F2 are used to compare dissolution profiles and determine if they are similar. The Higuchi and Korsmeyer-Peppas models can be used to describe drug release kinetics from matrix systems. Linearity, standard deviation, chi-square, t-test and ANOVA are statistical tests used to determine the significance and accuracy of results.
formulation and evaluation of delivery system of protein and peptide.pptxKishor Singha
the presention gives idea about various formulation and evaluation of various delivery system based on the delivery routes for protein and peptide drug delivery in the body.
it provide a brief note on the drug excipient interaction and various technique to find it which is a part of preformulation studies. it gives help to mpharm(pharmaceutics) students. i.
Post marketing surveilance, outsourcing BA and BE to CROJahnabi Sarmah
This document discusses post-marketing surveillance, outsourcing bioavailability and bioequivalence studies to contract research organizations. It provides an introduction to post-marketing surveillance, describing its role in monitoring drug safety after market approval. A brief history is given of pivotal drug safety issues that led to the establishment of formal post-marketing surveillance systems. Common sources of post-marketing information are also outlined. The document defines outsourcing, bioavailability, bioequivalence, and contract research organizations. It explains how outsourcing is used to reduce costs and improve efficiency through utilizing external partners for certain studies and services.
This document defines combination products and medical devices and discusses their classification and regulatory requirements. Combination products involve two or more regulated products combined in a single package. Medical devices are instruments or articles used for diagnosis, prevention, monitoring or treatment of disease. The document outlines the classification of medical devices into Classes I-III based on risk and the regulatory pathways of 510(k), reclassification, product development protocol, de novo review, and premarket approval.
Consolidation, effect of friction, distribution of forces, compaction profileZahid1392
This document defines key terms related to powder compaction such as compression, consolidation, and compaction. It describes consolidation as an increase in mechanical strength from particle interactions. The consolidation process involves cold welding and fusion bonding. Factors that affect consolidation include material properties, surface area, contaminants, and inter-surface distances. It also discusses forces involved in compaction such as frictional, distributional, radial, and ejectional forces. Frictional forces arise from particle-particle and die wall contacts. Distributional forces balance axial forces applied to the powder mass. Compaction profiles result from measuring radial pressure against axial pressure.
M.pharm (Pharmaceutics) modern pharmacy unit-5 Study of consolidation parameters; Diffusion parameters, Dissolution
parameters and Pharmacokinetic parameters, Heckel plots, Similarity factors – f2
and f1, Higuchi and Peppas plot, Linearity Concept of significance, Standard
deviation , Chi square test, students T-test , ANOVA test
The document discusses drug product performance evaluation through in vitro dissolution testing. It provides details on factors that influence drug dissolution like drug substance properties, formulation composition, manufacturing process, and dissolution test conditions. The key goals of in vitro drug product testing are to characterize drug potency and release rate from oral dosage forms, provide information for formulation development, and ensure quality, comparability and stability over time. Common tests include disintegration testing and dissolution testing using apparatus specified in pharmacopeias to simulate gastrointestinal conditions. The results of in vitro testing aid product development and assessment of shelf-life and quality.
Theories of dispersion, pharmaceutical dispersion (Emulsion and suspension).pptxDipeshGamare
In this presentation Theories of dispersion, pharmaceutical dispersion (Emulsion and suspension) with their mechanism, methods of preparation and stability studies are mentioned.
Outsourcing bioavailability (BA) and bioequivalence (BE) studies to contract research organizations (CROs) is common practice to reduce costs and improve efficiency. When selecting a CRO, companies should thoroughly assess the CRO's clinical trial, bioanalytical, pharmacokinetic, and timeline capabilities. Additionally, companies should qualify proposed clinical sites and bioanalytical laboratories and ensure the CRO can provide final reports and data to regulatory agencies like the FDA as required. Proper CRO selection involves due diligence, competitive bidding, and clearly defining deliverables and report requirements.
Validation (intro, scope, merits, ich, who guidelines)PRAJAKTASAWANT33
This document summarizes a presentation on validation given by Prajakta Sawant, a first year M.Pharm student at Alard College of Pharmacy in Pune, India. The presentation covered the need for validation, types of validation including process, cleaning, equipment and analytical method validation. It discussed validation concepts such as the validation master plan, documentation, and ICH and WHO guidelines. The goal of validation is to ensure consistent production of pharmaceuticals meeting quality standards.
REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS OF EU, MHRA, TGA AND RoW COUNTRIESDhruvi Panchal
The document summarizes the key regulatory requirements for medicines in the European Union (EU), the UK's Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), Australia's Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), and countries around the world (RoW). It discusses the roles of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in the EU for scientific evaluation and marketing authorization of medicines. It also outlines licensing requirements, clinical trials oversight, safety monitoring, and other regulatory processes in the EU, UK, Australia and various other countries.
This document discusses various mathematical models used to study consolidation parameters and drug release from pharmaceutical formulations, including the Heckel, Higuchi, Korsmeyer-Peppas, and similarity factor (F1 and F2) models. It provides details on interpreting Heckel plots, limitations of the models, and their applications in understanding drug release mechanisms and comparing dissolution profiles. The summary concludes that these models are important tools for predicting drug release behavior from different drug delivery systems.
The document summarizes key aspects of cGMP (current good manufacturing practices) and industrial management for pharmaceutical manufacturing. It discusses how cGMP regulations ensure drug quality and safety by establishing minimum requirements for facilities, equipment, and manufacturing processes. The document also outlines several important considerations for industrial management, including plant layout and organization, production planning and control, inventory management, quality management, and cost control. The overall goal is to integrate all functions for efficient and compliant pharmaceutical production.
Regarding the objectives of the act , drug approval that includes both the branded drug and the generic drug approval, new drug exclusivity, about the challenging patent exclusivity, patent term extension and patent litigation under the act ,and the benefits of branded manufacturers will be discussed here .
This document provides an overview of various consolidation and dissolution parameters that are important in pharmaceutical technology. It discusses topics like the effect of agitation, dissolution medium, pH, surface tension, and temperature on dissolution rate. It also covers pharmacokinetic parameters like Cmax, tmax, and AUC. Statistical tests for comparing dissolution profiles are explained, including similarity factors F1 and F2, and plots like Higuchi and Peppas. Parameters of significance tests like standard deviation, chi-square, student's t-test, and ANOVA are defined.
This document provides an overview of pharmaceutical validation and calibration processes. It discusses the objectives of validation which include reducing regulatory risks and defects. The scope of validation covers analytical, facilities, manufacturing, product design, cleaning, instrumentation, utilities, materials and equipment. A validation master plan outlines the validation strategy and includes qualification methods, personnel responsibilities, schedules, documentation and change control. Similarly, a calibration master plan ensures equipment is routinely calibrated against reference standards to ensure proper performance and measurement traceability.
This document discusses various types of documentation required in the pharmaceutical industry, including master formula records (MFR), drug master files (DMF), and generic drug development. It defines MFRs as approved master documents that describe the full manufacturing process for a specific batch size. It provides details on the content required for MFRs based on guidelines from WHO, Health Canada, and the US CFR. It also discusses the purpose and types of DMFs submitted to the FDA, including Type 1 for manufacturing facilities, Type 2 for drug substances/products, and others. Finally, it briefly mentions the Hatch-Waxman Act as it relates to generic drug development.
Current Goods Manufacturing Practice & Industrial ManagementLukman N Kerur
This document provides an overview of CGMP (Current Good Manufacturing Practice) and industrial management. It discusses key aspects of CGMP such as plant layout, services, equipment, production organization, materials management, handling and transportation, inventory management, production planning and control, sales forecasting, budgeting, quality management, and industrial relationships. The objectives of CGMP are to ensure product quality and consistency in manufacturing. Key elements outlined include facilities and equipment requirements, quality control of materials, production systems, and regulatory compliance.
The document discusses the physics of tablet compression. It describes the processes of compaction, consolidation and compression that tablets undergo in their production. It outlines the main stages of compression including particle rearrangement, deformation, fragmentation and bonding. It also discusses the forces involved and common compaction profiles and equations used to describe the process, including the Heckel and Kawakita equations. The document provides an overview of the key concepts and stages in understanding the physics behind tablet production through compression.
Ich guidelines Seminar ( Efficacy & Multidisciplinary)VivekWagh13
The International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) brings together regulators and industry representatives from the European Union, Japan, and the United States to discuss scientific and technical aspects of pharmaceutical product registration. The goal of ICH is to promote international harmonization of technical requirements through the development of common guidelines. ICH guidelines cover various topics including quality, safety, efficacy, and multidisciplinary issues. The guidelines provide recommendations on nonclinical studies, clinical trial design and analysis, and the format and content of registration documents to harmonize the technical requirements for pharmaceuticals across ICH regions.
Optimization techniques are used to improve pharmaceutical formulations and processing methods. The primary goal may not be absolute optimization but rather an effective compromise that produces the best formulation given certain restrictions. Optimization involves systematically varying factors like concentration, temperature, and polymer grade to determine their effects on responses such as dissolution time, hardness, and reproducibility. Statistical experimental designs are commonly used for optimization and include factorial, response surface, and block designs. These designs help establish relationships between independent variables and dependent responses to find the ideal formulation parameters.
Optimization techniques are used to improve pharmaceutical formulations by systematically varying factors and measuring responses. Statistical experimental designs are important tools for optimization that involve planning experiments to determine relationships between factors and responses. Common statistical designs include factorial designs, which examine multiple factors simultaneously, and response surface designs that model those relationships to find optimal conditions. The goal of optimization is to develop the best formulation possible given restrictions, with the primary objective being to improve quality, efficacy or reduce costs rather than absolutely optimize.
Post marketing surveilance, outsourcing BA and BE to CROJahnabi Sarmah
This document discusses post-marketing surveillance, outsourcing bioavailability and bioequivalence studies to contract research organizations. It provides an introduction to post-marketing surveillance, describing its role in monitoring drug safety after market approval. A brief history is given of pivotal drug safety issues that led to the establishment of formal post-marketing surveillance systems. Common sources of post-marketing information are also outlined. The document defines outsourcing, bioavailability, bioequivalence, and contract research organizations. It explains how outsourcing is used to reduce costs and improve efficiency through utilizing external partners for certain studies and services.
This document defines combination products and medical devices and discusses their classification and regulatory requirements. Combination products involve two or more regulated products combined in a single package. Medical devices are instruments or articles used for diagnosis, prevention, monitoring or treatment of disease. The document outlines the classification of medical devices into Classes I-III based on risk and the regulatory pathways of 510(k), reclassification, product development protocol, de novo review, and premarket approval.
Consolidation, effect of friction, distribution of forces, compaction profileZahid1392
This document defines key terms related to powder compaction such as compression, consolidation, and compaction. It describes consolidation as an increase in mechanical strength from particle interactions. The consolidation process involves cold welding and fusion bonding. Factors that affect consolidation include material properties, surface area, contaminants, and inter-surface distances. It also discusses forces involved in compaction such as frictional, distributional, radial, and ejectional forces. Frictional forces arise from particle-particle and die wall contacts. Distributional forces balance axial forces applied to the powder mass. Compaction profiles result from measuring radial pressure against axial pressure.
M.pharm (Pharmaceutics) modern pharmacy unit-5 Study of consolidation parameters; Diffusion parameters, Dissolution
parameters and Pharmacokinetic parameters, Heckel plots, Similarity factors – f2
and f1, Higuchi and Peppas plot, Linearity Concept of significance, Standard
deviation , Chi square test, students T-test , ANOVA test
The document discusses drug product performance evaluation through in vitro dissolution testing. It provides details on factors that influence drug dissolution like drug substance properties, formulation composition, manufacturing process, and dissolution test conditions. The key goals of in vitro drug product testing are to characterize drug potency and release rate from oral dosage forms, provide information for formulation development, and ensure quality, comparability and stability over time. Common tests include disintegration testing and dissolution testing using apparatus specified in pharmacopeias to simulate gastrointestinal conditions. The results of in vitro testing aid product development and assessment of shelf-life and quality.
Theories of dispersion, pharmaceutical dispersion (Emulsion and suspension).pptxDipeshGamare
In this presentation Theories of dispersion, pharmaceutical dispersion (Emulsion and suspension) with their mechanism, methods of preparation and stability studies are mentioned.
Outsourcing bioavailability (BA) and bioequivalence (BE) studies to contract research organizations (CROs) is common practice to reduce costs and improve efficiency. When selecting a CRO, companies should thoroughly assess the CRO's clinical trial, bioanalytical, pharmacokinetic, and timeline capabilities. Additionally, companies should qualify proposed clinical sites and bioanalytical laboratories and ensure the CRO can provide final reports and data to regulatory agencies like the FDA as required. Proper CRO selection involves due diligence, competitive bidding, and clearly defining deliverables and report requirements.
Validation (intro, scope, merits, ich, who guidelines)PRAJAKTASAWANT33
This document summarizes a presentation on validation given by Prajakta Sawant, a first year M.Pharm student at Alard College of Pharmacy in Pune, India. The presentation covered the need for validation, types of validation including process, cleaning, equipment and analytical method validation. It discussed validation concepts such as the validation master plan, documentation, and ICH and WHO guidelines. The goal of validation is to ensure consistent production of pharmaceuticals meeting quality standards.
REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS OF EU, MHRA, TGA AND RoW COUNTRIESDhruvi Panchal
The document summarizes the key regulatory requirements for medicines in the European Union (EU), the UK's Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), Australia's Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), and countries around the world (RoW). It discusses the roles of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in the EU for scientific evaluation and marketing authorization of medicines. It also outlines licensing requirements, clinical trials oversight, safety monitoring, and other regulatory processes in the EU, UK, Australia and various other countries.
This document discusses various mathematical models used to study consolidation parameters and drug release from pharmaceutical formulations, including the Heckel, Higuchi, Korsmeyer-Peppas, and similarity factor (F1 and F2) models. It provides details on interpreting Heckel plots, limitations of the models, and their applications in understanding drug release mechanisms and comparing dissolution profiles. The summary concludes that these models are important tools for predicting drug release behavior from different drug delivery systems.
The document summarizes key aspects of cGMP (current good manufacturing practices) and industrial management for pharmaceutical manufacturing. It discusses how cGMP regulations ensure drug quality and safety by establishing minimum requirements for facilities, equipment, and manufacturing processes. The document also outlines several important considerations for industrial management, including plant layout and organization, production planning and control, inventory management, quality management, and cost control. The overall goal is to integrate all functions for efficient and compliant pharmaceutical production.
Regarding the objectives of the act , drug approval that includes both the branded drug and the generic drug approval, new drug exclusivity, about the challenging patent exclusivity, patent term extension and patent litigation under the act ,and the benefits of branded manufacturers will be discussed here .
This document provides an overview of various consolidation and dissolution parameters that are important in pharmaceutical technology. It discusses topics like the effect of agitation, dissolution medium, pH, surface tension, and temperature on dissolution rate. It also covers pharmacokinetic parameters like Cmax, tmax, and AUC. Statistical tests for comparing dissolution profiles are explained, including similarity factors F1 and F2, and plots like Higuchi and Peppas. Parameters of significance tests like standard deviation, chi-square, student's t-test, and ANOVA are defined.
This document provides an overview of pharmaceutical validation and calibration processes. It discusses the objectives of validation which include reducing regulatory risks and defects. The scope of validation covers analytical, facilities, manufacturing, product design, cleaning, instrumentation, utilities, materials and equipment. A validation master plan outlines the validation strategy and includes qualification methods, personnel responsibilities, schedules, documentation and change control. Similarly, a calibration master plan ensures equipment is routinely calibrated against reference standards to ensure proper performance and measurement traceability.
This document discusses various types of documentation required in the pharmaceutical industry, including master formula records (MFR), drug master files (DMF), and generic drug development. It defines MFRs as approved master documents that describe the full manufacturing process for a specific batch size. It provides details on the content required for MFRs based on guidelines from WHO, Health Canada, and the US CFR. It also discusses the purpose and types of DMFs submitted to the FDA, including Type 1 for manufacturing facilities, Type 2 for drug substances/products, and others. Finally, it briefly mentions the Hatch-Waxman Act as it relates to generic drug development.
Current Goods Manufacturing Practice & Industrial ManagementLukman N Kerur
This document provides an overview of CGMP (Current Good Manufacturing Practice) and industrial management. It discusses key aspects of CGMP such as plant layout, services, equipment, production organization, materials management, handling and transportation, inventory management, production planning and control, sales forecasting, budgeting, quality management, and industrial relationships. The objectives of CGMP are to ensure product quality and consistency in manufacturing. Key elements outlined include facilities and equipment requirements, quality control of materials, production systems, and regulatory compliance.
The document discusses the physics of tablet compression. It describes the processes of compaction, consolidation and compression that tablets undergo in their production. It outlines the main stages of compression including particle rearrangement, deformation, fragmentation and bonding. It also discusses the forces involved and common compaction profiles and equations used to describe the process, including the Heckel and Kawakita equations. The document provides an overview of the key concepts and stages in understanding the physics behind tablet production through compression.
Ich guidelines Seminar ( Efficacy & Multidisciplinary)VivekWagh13
The International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) brings together regulators and industry representatives from the European Union, Japan, and the United States to discuss scientific and technical aspects of pharmaceutical product registration. The goal of ICH is to promote international harmonization of technical requirements through the development of common guidelines. ICH guidelines cover various topics including quality, safety, efficacy, and multidisciplinary issues. The guidelines provide recommendations on nonclinical studies, clinical trial design and analysis, and the format and content of registration documents to harmonize the technical requirements for pharmaceuticals across ICH regions.
Optimization techniques are used to improve pharmaceutical formulations and processing methods. The primary goal may not be absolute optimization but rather an effective compromise that produces the best formulation given certain restrictions. Optimization involves systematically varying factors like concentration, temperature, and polymer grade to determine their effects on responses such as dissolution time, hardness, and reproducibility. Statistical experimental designs are commonly used for optimization and include factorial, response surface, and block designs. These designs help establish relationships between independent variables and dependent responses to find the ideal formulation parameters.
Optimization techniques are used to improve pharmaceutical formulations by systematically varying factors and measuring responses. Statistical experimental designs are important tools for optimization that involve planning experiments to determine relationships between factors and responses. Common statistical designs include factorial designs, which examine multiple factors simultaneously, and response surface designs that model those relationships to find optimal conditions. The goal of optimization is to develop the best formulation possible given restrictions, with the primary objective being to improve quality, efficacy or reduce costs rather than absolutely optimize.
This document discusses various optimization techniques used in pharmaceutical development. It begins with defining optimization and providing an outline of topics to be covered, including key terms, parameters, experimental designs, applied methods, and references. Experimental designs discussed include factorial, response surface, central composite, Box-Behnken, Plackett-Burman, and Taguchi designs. Applied optimization methods include classic optimization techniques using calculus as well as statistical methods like EVOP. The objective of pharmaceutical optimization is to develop the optimal formulation while reducing costs through fewer experiments.
Optimizationinpharmaceuticsprocessing SIDDANNA M BALAPGOLSiddanna Balapgol
Optimization techniques are used to improve pharmaceutical formulations and processing methods. The goal is to make the formulation or process as effective as possible given existing constraints. Modern optimization uses systematic experimental design (DoE) to understand the effects of multiple variables and their interactions on a response. Key aspects of optimization include identifying independent variables that can be modified, dependent response variables to measure effects, and using statistical techniques like factorial designs to efficiently gather information on variable effects and optimize the system. Optimization aims to find the best settings for variables to achieve a desired response.
Optimization technique is a rational approach for selecting the excipients, their concentrations and process conditions for obtaining the best possible product satisfying the quality characteristics.
Optimization is an act, process or methodology of making design, system or decisions as fully perfect, functional or as effective as possible.
This document discusses various optimization techniques used in pharmaceutical formulation and processing. It begins with introducing concepts of optimization and defining optimization parameters such as independent and dependent variables. It then describes different experimental design approaches including classical optimization, statistical design of experiments, and various optimization methods like evolutionary operations, simplex method, and Lagrangian method. Specific examples are provided to illustrate full factorial design and simplex optimization approach.
The document discusses optimization in pharmaceutical formulation and processing. It defines optimization as choosing the best alternative from available options. Optimization in pharmacy involves formulating drug products using the best combination of ingredients and processing parameters. Experimental design techniques are used to optimize multiple variables. Response surface methodology and central composite designs are commonly used to model quadratic relationships between variables. The document outlines different types of experimental designs and their applications in pharmaceutical optimization.
Optimization in pharmaceutics & processingJamia Hamdard
The document discusses various optimization techniques used in pharmaceutical formulation, processing, and manufacturing. It describes techniques like evolutionary operations, simplex methods, and statistical experimental designs that are used to optimize factors in pharmaceutical experiments to develop formulations with desirable responses. The document also provides examples of applying these techniques to optimize different variables like concentration levels, processing parameters, and component ratios.
Chetan dhal-Optimization techniques in pharmaceutics, formulation and processingChetan Dhal
This document provides an overview of optimization techniques used in pharmaceutical formulation and processing. It discusses key optimization parameters like variables (independent and dependent) and problem types (constrained and unconstrained). Classical optimization methods like response surface methodology are described. The document focuses on experimental design techniques like factorial designs (full and fractional), response surface methodology using central composite design and Box-Behnken design, and adding center points. It provides examples of different types of experimental designs and how they are used to optimize pharmaceutical processes and formulations.
OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES IN PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCESprasad_bsreegiri
This document provides an overview of optimization in pharmaceutical formulations and processes. It defines optimization and discusses optimization parameters such as independent and dependent variables. It also describes various optimization methods including classical optimization, statistical design of experiments, evolutionary operations, simplex method, and Lagrangian method. Statistical design of experiments involves factorial designs, response surface designs, and other experimental designs. The overall goal of optimization is to develop a formulation or process that meets requirements in a cost-effective and efficient manner.
Concept of optimization, optimization parameters and factorial designManikant Prasad Shah
Optimization involves systematically designing experiments to improve formulations by accounting for all influencing factors. Factorial design is a technique used in optimization that involves studying the effect of multiple factors simultaneously. It depends on factors, their levels, and variables. There are two main types of factorial design: full factorial design and fractional factorial design. Full factorial design tests every combination of factors and levels but becomes impractical with more than 5 factors. Fractional factorial design reduces the number of runs needed to study many factors.
OPTIMIZATION IN PHARMACEUTICS,FORMULATION & PROCESSINGJamia Hamdard
Optimization techniques are used in pharmaceutical formulation, processing, and manufacturing to improve quality and efficiency. Statistical experimental design techniques like factorial designs and response surface methodology are commonly used to optimize multiple variables and their interactions. These techniques generate mathematical models to describe the response based on the variables, which can then be analyzed to find the optimum conditions. Common optimization methods include evolutionary operations, simplex lattice, and gradient search algorithms, with the simplex method being widely applied for analytical problems involving a small number of variables.
Optimization in pharmaceutics & processingJamia Hamdard
Optimization techniques are used to develop pharmaceutical formulations that are effective and functional while using resources efficiently. Statistical experimental design techniques help identify the key factors that influence a formulation or process and their optimal levels. Response surface methodology uses designs like central composite designs to understand the relationship between multiple factors and responses and identify optimal conditions. Optimization methods like evolutionary operations and simplex lattice testing are applied to iteratively improve formulations or processes through small, statistically analyzed changes until no further improvement is possible.
This document discusses various optimization techniques used in pharmaceutical formulation and processing. It begins with an introduction to optimization and defines key terms like independent and dependent variables. It then covers classical optimization techniques like factorial designs and response surface methodology. Statistical experimental designs like full and fractional factorial designs are explained. Finally, various applied optimization methods are outlined, including evolutionary operations, simplex method, Lagrangian method, and search method. Optimization is presented as an important process in pharmaceutical development to efficiently develop formulations and processes.
computer aided formulation developmentSUJITHA MARY
The document discusses optimization techniques used in computer aided formulation development. It defines optimization as choosing the best alternative while considering all influencing factors. Optimization techniques help minimize experimental trials, reduce costs and save time compared to traditional trial and error methods. The document describes various experimental design approaches like factorial designs, response surface methodology and mixture designs that are used to optimize formulations. It also discusses simultaneous techniques like evolutionary operations and simplex method as well as sequential techniques like mathematical modeling and search methods. Optimization is important for developing formulations with desired performance and ensuring reproducible, large-scale manufacturing.
optimization in pharmaceutical formulationsShaik Naaz
This document discusses optimization in pharmaceutical formulations. It defines optimization as finding the best way to use resources while considering all influencing factors. The objective is to produce the best formulation within constraints. Optimization parameters include factors, levels, and responses. Common optimization methods described are classical optimization using calculus, statistical experimental designs, evolutionary operations, simplex methods, and search methods. The document concludes that properly designed experiments and analysis can lead to optimal products and shed light on how variables affect properties.
This document discusses optimization techniques used in pharmaceutical development. It defines optimization as making a formulation or process perfect by finding the best use of resources while considering all influencing factors. It describes independent and dependent variables, different optimization methods like evolutionary operation, simplex method, and statistical experimental designs including factorial, response surface, and Plackett-Burman designs. The advantages of optimization include determining important variables, measuring interactions, and allowing extrapolation to find the best product. Optimization has applications in formulation development, dissolution testing, tablet coating, and capsule preparation.
The document discusses optimization techniques for drug formulation development. It states that the traditional approach of changing one variable at a time (COST) is time-consuming, uneconomical, and unable to reveal interactions. It introduces response surface methodology (RSM) as a better approach that uses statistical experimental designs, mathematical models, and graphical analysis to optimize formulations with fewer experiments. RSM allows understanding the effects of independent formulation variables on dependent quality responses to identify the best formulation.
This document discusses factorial design, which is an experimental design technique used for optimization. It involves studying the effects of two or more factors simultaneously. There are two main types: full factorial design, which tests all possible combinations of factors and levels, and fractional factorial design, which reduces the number of runs when there are many factors. Factorial designs allow evaluation of both main effects and interaction effects. They are useful for formulation development and method optimization in chromatography. Software is used to analyze the results of factorial experiments.
The document discusses quality by design (QbD) in pharmaceutical development. It defines QbD and describes its objectives to achieve quality products through a systematic approach involving predefined targets and process understanding. The key aspects of QbD include defining target product and quality profiles, identifying critical quality attributes and material/process parameters through risk assessment, establishing a design space, and implementing a control strategy with life cycle management. Various tools used in QbD such as design of experiments are also outlined.
Computers have played an increasingly important role in pharmaceutical research and development since the 1960s. In the 1960s, computational chemistry was still primarily conducted in academia. Programs were shared through repositories like the Quantum Chemistry Program Exchange. In the 1970s, pharmaceutical companies like Lilly and Merck began adopting computational techniques. The 1980s saw further growth with advances in computing power from technologies like mainframe computers and personal computers. Statistical modeling and optimization techniques became more widely used in the 1990s to aid drug discovery and development. Population modeling also emerged as a tool to understand variability in drug exposure and response.
This document discusses the physics and process of tablet compression. It defines compression as the reduction of bulk volume by removing air through applied pressure. Compaction is compression combined with consolidation of solid and gas phases when force is applied. The key steps in tablet compression are transitional repacking, deformation, fragmentation, bonding, deformation of the solid body, and ejection. Tablet compression physics includes the transmission and distribution of forces, the effect of pressure on powder volume, and interparticle adhesion and cohesion forces.
This document describes the formulation and characterization of nebivolol floating microspheres for gastroretentive drug delivery. Nebivolol is classified as a class II drug with poor solubility and high permeability. Microspheres were prepared using polymers like ethyl cellulose and HPMC via emulsion solvent diffusion method. The microspheres were characterized for particle size, entrapment efficiency, in vitro drug release and buoyancy studies. The results showed the microspheres had prolonged drug release and remained buoyant for over 12 hours, indicating their potential as a gastroretentive drug delivery system.
This document provides information on various molecular pharmaceutics delivery systems including microspheres, niosomes, aquasomes, phytoomes, and electrosomes. It discusses the definition, structure, preparation methods, and applications of microspheres and niosomes. Microspheres are small spherical particles used for sustained drug release that can be produced from natural or synthetic polymers. Niosomes are non-ionic surfactant vesicles similar to liposomes that provide more stability and are used to deliver both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. The document reviews various preparation techniques for these delivery systems.
The document discusses various types of dossiers used in the pharmaceutical industry for regulatory submissions, including Investigation Medicinal Product Dossiers (IMPDs). An IMPD contains information about an investigational drug and is used to support clinical trials. It provides a standardized format for non-clinical and clinical data and should accompany all applications for clinical trials. Other dossiers discussed include Common Technical Documents (CTDs) and country-specific registration dossiers submitted for marketing approval. Effective management of dossier information is important for drug development and regulatory processes.
This document discusses niosomes, which are non-ionic surfactant-based vesicles used for drug delivery. Niosomes have a bilayer structure composed of cholesterol and non-ionic surfactants enclosing an aqueous core. Various preparation methods are described, including ether injection, film hydration, sonication, heating and extrusion. Key factors affecting niosome stability and methods for evaluating niosome characteristics such as size, drug content, entrapment efficiency and in vitro drug release are also summarized. Niosomes provide advantages over other drug carriers such as targeted drug delivery and improved oral bioavailability.
This document discusses gastroretentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS), which are designed to remain in the stomach for an extended period of time in order to allow drugs to be released over a prolonged period. It outlines the need for GRDDS, including for drugs that act locally in the stomach, have a narrow absorption window, or degrade in the colon. Approaches for gastric retention discussed include floating drug delivery systems, mucoadhesive systems, swellable systems, and high density systems. The document also reviews evaluation methods for these different approaches and provides examples of commercial gastroretentive formulations.
This document discusses various optimization techniques used in pharmaceutical formulation and processing. It begins by defining optimization and describing how it is applied in the pharmaceutical industry through experimentation and controlling variables. It then covers specific optimization parameters, classic optimization techniques like response surface methodology, and statistical experimental designs. Finally, it discusses modern applied optimization methods like evolutionary operations, simplex method, and Lagrangian method. It provides examples of how these techniques are used and concludes with the role of computers in optimization and some applications.
The document discusses the regulatory requirements for approval of various drugs and therapies in the United States. It covers the approval process for active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), biologics, novel drugs, and new drug applications (NDAs). APIs must be approved through a Drug Master File (DMF) submitted to the FDA, which provides confidential details about manufacturing. Biologics and blood products require registration with the FDA. Novel drugs undergo clinical trials to demonstrate safety and efficacy. The FDA aims to expedite approval of breakthrough therapies through pathways like Fast Track, Breakthrough Therapy Designation, Accelerated Approval, and Priority Review.
This document provides an overview of gastroretentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS). It discusses the advantages of GRDDS in increasing gastric residence time and absorption of drugs. The key gastroretentive technologies described are floating drug delivery systems that remain buoyant in the stomach, swellable systems that swell and increase in size after administration, and bioadhesive systems that adhere to the stomach wall. Factors affecting GRDDS performance and common evaluation methods are also summarized, including dissolution testing, floating time determination, and water uptake measurement. The document concludes with limitations of GRDDS for certain drug candidates and delivery conditions.
This document discusses gastroretentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS), which aim to prolong the gastric residence time of drugs to allow for increased drug absorption in the stomach or upper gastrointestinal tract. It provides information on appropriate drug candidates for GRDDS, factors affecting gastric retention, advantages and disadvantages of GRDDS, and various approaches to GRDDS design including floating systems, high density systems, swelling systems, and bioadhesive systems. The document also discusses gastric physiology and emptying relevant to GRDDS performance.
This document discusses outsourcing bioavailability and bioequivalence studies to contract research organizations (CROs). It defines key terms like bioavailability, bioequivalence, and CROs. It outlines reasons for outsourcing like reducing costs and improving efficient resources. It describes assessing CRO capabilities in clinical work, bioanalytics, pharmacokinetics, and timelines. It discusses qualifying CROs through due diligence, clinical and bioanalytical site visits, and assessing final report contents and processes like protocol development, clinical conduct, and bioanalytical work. The document provides an overview of outsourcing clinical research to CROs.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations Traumasoft LLC
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Mercurius is named after the roman god mercurius, the god of trade and science. The planet mercurius is named after the same god. Mercurius is sometimes called hydrargyrum, means ‘watery silver’. Its shine and colour are very similar to silver, but mercury is a fluid at room temperatures. The name quick silver is a translation of hydrargyrum, where the word quick describes its tendency to scatter away in all directions.
The droplets have a tendency to conglomerate to one big mass, but on being shaken they fall apart into countless little droplets again. It is used to ignite explosives, like mercury fulminate, the explosive character is one of its general themes.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
3. INTRODUCTION :
The term Optimize is defined as “to make perfect”. It is used in
pharmacy relative to formulation and processing. It is involved in
formulating drug products in various forms.
It is the process of finding the best way of using the existing resources
while taking in to the account of all the factors that influences decisions in
any experiment.
In development projects, one generally experiments by a series of logical
steps, carefully controlling the variables & changing one at a time, until
a satisfactory system is obtained
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5. Primary objective may not be optimize absolutely but to compromise effectively &
thereby produce the best formulation under a given set of restrictions .
Reduces the
cost
Save Time
Safety and
Reduces error
Reproducibility
Innovation and
efficacy
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6. Concept of Optimization
• Optimization is defined as “The process of finding the best values for the variables
of a particular problem to minimize or maximize an objective function.”
Concept of optimization
Black box
Controllable Input Response Out
Uncontrollable Inputs
(Different Machines and different operators) 21-06-2023
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7. It is used in pharmacy relative formulation and processing
It is involved in formulating drug products in various forms.
Final product not only meets the requirements from the bioavailability but also
from the practical mass production criteria.
It helps the pharmaceutical scientist to understand theoretical formulation and
the target processing parameters which ranges for each excipients & processing
factors.
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9. Unconstrained
In unconstrained optimization problems there are no restrictions.
For a given pharmaceutical system one might wish to make the hardest tablet
possible.
The making of the hardest tablet is the unconstrained optimization problem.
Constrained
The constrained problem involved in it, is to make the hardest tablet possible,
but it must disintegrate in less than 20 minutes.
Problem types
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10. Variable types
Independent Variable
The independent variables are the formulation and process variables,
which are directly under the control of the formulator.
Dependent Variable
The dependent variables are the responses or the characteristics of the in-
process material or the resulting drug delivery system. These are a direct
result or any change in the formulation or process.
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12. • If greater the variables in a given system, then greater will be the
complicated job of optimization.
• But regardless of the number of variables, there will be relationship
between a given response and independent variables.
• Once we know this relationship for a given response, then will able to
define a response surface
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13. TERMS USED:
FACTOR: It is an assigned variable such as concentration
,Temperature etc..,
Quantitative: Numerical factor assigned to it
Ex; Concentration- 1%, 2%,3% etc..
Qualitative: Which are not numerical
Ex; Polymer grade, humidity condition.
LEVELS: Levels of a factor are the values or designations assigned to
the factor
FACTOR LEVELS
Temperature 30oc
Concentration 1%, 2%
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14. RESPONSE: It is an outcome of the experiment.
It is the effect to evaluate.
Ex: Disintegration time etc..,
EFFECT: It is the change in response caused by varying the
levels. It gives the relationship between various factors &
levels
INTERACTION: It gives the overall effect of two or more
variables
Ex: Combined effect of lubricant and glidant on hardness of
the tablet.
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15. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS:
A blueprint of the procedure that enables the researcher to test his
hypothesis by reaching valid conclusions about relationships between
independent and dependent variables.
It refers to the conceptual framework within which the experiment
is conducted.
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17. Completely randomized Designs:
These designs compares the values of a
response variable based on different levels
of that primary factor.
The levels of the primary factor are
randomly assigned to the experimental
designs.
For example ,if there are 3 levels of the
primary factor with each level to be run 2
times then there are 6 factorial possible run
sequences. 21-06-2023
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18. Randomized block designs:
For this there is one factor or variable that is of primary interest.
To control non-significant factors(nuisance factor), an important technique
called blocking can be used to reduce or eliminate the contribution of these
factors to experimental error.
General rule- block what is possible & randomize what is not possible.
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19. Factorial Design(FD):
Factorial experiment is an experiment whose design consist of
two or more factor each with different possible values or “levels”.
Factorial design applied in optimization techniques.
Types of FD:
TWO TYPES-
Full Factorial Design.
Fractional Factorial Design.
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20. Factorial Design Testing:
In chromatographic condition responses can be
Efficiency
Retention factor
Asymmetry
Retention time
Resolution
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22. Advantages:
It’s easier to study the combined effect of two or more factors
simultaneously and analyze their interrelationships.
Has a wide range of factor combination are used.
Drawback:
Wasting of time and experimental material.
Increase in factor size leads to increase in block size which increase the
chance of error.
It’s complex when several factors are involved simultaneously.
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23. Full Factorial Design:
A design in which every setting of every factor appears with setting of every
other factor is full FD.
Simplest design to create, but extremely inefficient.
If there is x factor, each at y level, a full FD has yx.
Number of Runs(N) N=y˟
Where, y= number of levels; x= number of factors.
ex: 2³=8
3factors, 2 levels each
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24. It depends on INDEPENDENT VARIABLES for development of new
formulation.
It also depends LEVELS as well as CODING.
can be Quantitative (numerical number) or they are Qualitative.
Factorial design: 2², 2³, 3²,3³
2²FD=2 Factors, 2 levels=4 runs
2³FD=3 Factors, 2 levels=8 runs
3²FD=2 Factors, 3 levels=9 runs
3³FD=3 Factors, 3 levels=27 runs
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25. Two Levels Full FD:
2 factors: X₁ and X₂
2 levels: Low and High
Coding: (-1), (+1)
Three Levels Full FD:
In three level FD,
3 factors: X₁, X₂ and X₃
3 levels are use,
Low(-1)
Intermediate(0)
High(+1) 21-06-2023
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26. Fractional Factorial Design:
In full FD, as a number of factor or level increases , the number
of experiment required exceeds to unmanageable levels.
In such cases, the number of experiment can be reduced
systematically and resulting design is called as fractional
FD(FFD).
Applied if number of factor are more than 5.
Levels combinations are chosen to provide sufficient
information to determine the factor effect. 21-06-2023
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28. Homogenous fractional:
Useful when large number of factors must be screened efficiently & all
variables have the same number of levels.
Mixed level fractional:
Useful when variety of factors needed to be evaluated for main effects and
higher level interactions can be assumed to be negligible.
Ex-objective is to generate a design for one variable A, at 2 levels and
another, X, at three levels , mixed &evaluated.
Box-hunter:
Fractional designs with factors of more than two levels can be specified as
homogenous fractional or mixed level fractional 21-06-2023
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29. Plackett-Burman:
It is a popular class of screening design.
These designs are very efficient screening designs when only
the main effects are of interest.
These are useful for detecting large main effects economically,
assuming all interactions are negligible when compared with
important main effects.
Used to investigate n-1 variables in n experiments, proposing
experimental designs for more than seven factors.
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30. Taguchi:
It is similar to PBDs.
It allows estimation of main effects while minimizing variance.
Latin square:
They are special case of fractional factorial design where there is one treatment
factor of interest and two or more blocking factors
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31. Response surface designs
This model has quadratic form
γ =β0 + β1X1 + β2X2 +….β11X1
2 + β22X2
-Designed for fitting these types of models are known as response surface
designs.
the goal is to minimize defects and maximize yield.
Two most common designs generally used in this response surface modeling
are
Central composite designs
Box-Behnken designs
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32. Box-Wilson Central Composite Design
This type contains an embedded factorial or fractional factorial design with centre
points that is augmented with the group of ‘star points’.
These always contain twice as many star points as there are factors in the design.
The star points represent new extreme value (low & high) for each factor in the
design
To picture central composite design, it must be imagined that there are several
factors that can vary between low and high values.
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33. Central composite designs are of three types:
Circumscribed(CCC) designs - Cube points at the corners of the
unit cube, star points along the axes at or outside the cube and center
point at origin.
Inscribed (CCI) designs - Star points take the value of +1 & -1 and
cube points lie in the interior of the cube.
Faced(CCF) designs - Star points on the faces of the cube.
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34. Generation of a Central Composite Design for Factors
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35. Box-Behnken designs:
Box-Behnken designs use just three levels of each factor.
In this design the treatment combinations are at the midpoints of edges of the
process space and at the center. These designs are rotatable (or near rotatable)
and require 3 levels of each factor.
These designs for three factors with circled point appearing at the origin and
possibly repeated for several runs.
It’s alternative to CCD.
The design should be sufficient to fit a quadratic model , that justify equations
based on square term & products of factors.
Y=b0+b1x1+b2x2+b3x3+b4x1x2+b5x1x3+b6X2X3+b7X1
2 +b8X22+b9X3
2
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37. Contour designs:
Definition:
A Contour plot is a graphical representation of the relationships among three
numeric variables in two dimension.
Two variables are for X and Y axes, and a third variable Z is for contour levels.
A contour plot is a graphical technique for representing a 3 dimensional
surface by plotting constant z slice, called contours, on a 2D format. That is,
given a value for z, lines are drawn by connecting the (x, y) co-ordinates where
that z value occurs.
The contour plot is an alternative to a 3-D surface plot.
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38. This contour plot shows that the surface 3-D representation of Contour plot
is symmetric and peaks in the centre.
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39. The contour plots are formed by,
Vertical axis: Independent Variable 2
Horizontal axis: Independent Variable 1
Lines: Iso-response values.
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40. The dex contour plot is a specialized contour plot used in
the design of experiments. In particular, it is useful for full
and fractional designs.
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41. Application in formulation:
Contour plots helps in visualizing the response surface.
Contour plots are useful for establishing desirable response values and
operating conditions.
This plot shows how a response variable relates to two factors based on
a model equation.
Points that have the same response are connected to produce contour lines
of constant responses.
Such type of plots and experimental designs are used for used optimization
techniques in Pharmaceuticals formulation and processing.
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42. Other applications:
Formulation and Processing
Clinical Chemistry
Medicinal Chemistry
High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Analysis
Formulation of Culture Medium in Virological Studies
Study of Pharmacokinetic Parameters
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44. CLASSICAL OPTIMIZATION:
Classical optimization is done by using the calculus to basic problem to find
the maximum and the minimum of a function.
The curve represents the relationship between the response Y and the single
independent variable X and we can obtain the maximum and the minimum. By
using the calculus the graphical represented can be avoided. If the relationship,
the equation for Y as a function of X is,
Y = f(X)
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45. When the relationship for the response Y is given as the function of two
independent variables, X1 and X2 ,
Y = f(X1, X2)
Graphically, there are contour plots on which the axes represents the two
independent variables, X1 and X2, and contours represents the response Y.
DRAWBACKS:
Limited applications
Problems that are too complex.
They do not involve more than two variables.
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46. Techniques used divided into two types:
Experimentation continues as optimization proceeds.
It is represented by evolutionary operations(EVOP), sequential simplex
methods.
Experimentation is completed before optimization takes place.
It is represented by classic mathematical & search methods.
In later one it is necessary that the relation between any dependent variable
and one or more independent variable is known.
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47. There are two possible approaches for this
Theoretical approach- If theoretical equation is known, no experimentation
is necessary.
Empirical or experimental approach – With single or more independent
variables, formulator experiments at several levels.
Drawback:
Applicable only to the problems that are not too complex.
They do not involve more than two variables.
For more than two variables graphical representation is impossible
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48. The effect on a real system of changing some input(some variable) is
observed directly at the output(one measures some property).
Considering the changes in input and effect on output, the optimization
techniques are categorized into five types:
1. Evolutionary operations
2. Simplex method
3. Lagrangian method
4. Search method
5. Canonical analysis
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49. Chodankar RS, Dev A. Optimisaton techniques: a futuristic approach for
formulating and processing of pharmaceuticals. Indian Journal of
Pharmaceutical and Biological Research. 2016 Apr 1;4(2):32.
Ziaee A, Albadarin AB, Padrela L, Femmer T, O'Reilly E, Walker G. Spray
drying of pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals: Critical parameters and
experimental process optimization approaches. European Journal of
Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2019 Jan 15;127:300-18.
Campisi B, Chicco D, Vojnovic D, Phan-Tan-Luu R. Experimental design for
a pharmaceutical formulation: optimisation and robustness. Journal of
pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. 1998 Oct 1;18(1-2):57-65.
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