د. رافد هادي حميد

1. Screening of Bioactive Compounds of Ricinus communis Using
GC-MS and FTIR and Evaluation of its Antibacterial and
Antifungal Activity
Haider Mashkoor Hussein1
, Rafid Hadi Hameed2
, Imad Hadi Hameed3
1
Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Hillah City, Iraq, 2
Ministry of Public
Health, Maysan Health Department, Mesan Governorate, Iraq, 3
Biomedical Science Department,
University of Babylon, College of Nursing, Hillah City, Iraq
ABSTRACT
The objectives of this study were detection of the secondary metabolite products and evaluation
antibacterial and antifungal activity. Bioactives are chemical compounds often referred to as secondary
metabolites. Sixteen bioactive compounds were identified in the methanolic extract of Ricinus communis.
The identification of bioactive chemical compounds is based on the peak area, retention time molecular
weight and molecular formula. GC-MS analysis of Ricinus communis revealed the existence of the1,2,3,4-
Butanetetrol, [S-(R*,R*)]-, Ribitol, 3-Ethoxy-1,2-propanediol, DL-Arabinose, p-Dioxane-2,3-diol,
D-Limonene, Dodecanoic acid, 3-hydroxy-, Methyl 6-oxoheptanoate, Dithiocarbamate, S-methyl-,
N-(2-methyl-3-oxobutyl)-, (5β)Pregnane-3,20β-diol,14α,18α-[4-methyl-3-oxo-(1-oxa-4- , 3-(N,N-
Dimethllaurylammonio)propanesulfonate, Cetene, Gibberellic acid, Geranyl isovalerate, Phenol,4-(1,1,3,3-
tetramethylbutyl)-, Picrotoxinin, and α-N-Normethadol. The FTIR analysis of Ricinus communis leaves
proved the presence of alkanes, and alkyl halide, Amine, Aldehyde, and Alkane which shows major peaks
at 781.17, 875.68, 923.90, 1018.41, 1240.23, 1319.31, 1361.74, 1361.74, 2357.01, 2850.79 and 2920.23.
Clinical pathogens were selected for antibacterial activity namely, Pseudomonas eurogenosa, Klebsiella
pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Proteus mirabili. Ricinus communis has maximum
zone against Klebsiella pneumonia (5.000±0.19)
Keywords: Ricinus communis, GC-MS, Bioactive, Natural compounds.
Corresponding author:
Haider Mashkoor Hussein
Department of Biology, College of Science, University
of Al-Qadisiyah, Hillah city, Iraq; Phone number:
009647810068077;
E-mail: Haider.Mashkoor.H.@qu.edu.iq
INTRODUCTION
The medicinal use of natural products compounds
that are derived from natural sources such as plants,
animals or microorganisms precedes recorded human
history probably by thousands of years1
. Ricinus
communis, is a species of flowering plant which belongs
to the family Euphorbiaceae. Castor is indigenous to the
southeastern Mediterranean Basin, Eastern Africa, and
India, but is widespread throughout tropical regions (and
widely grown elsewhere as an ornamental plant). Herbal
products and secondary metabolites formed by plants
have shown great potential in treating human diseases
such as cancer, coronary heart diseases, diabetes and
infectious diseases.Antihistamine and anti-inflammatory
properties were found in ethanolic extract of Ricinus
communis roots2-5
. This plant is widely available in India
to obtain Castor oil which is used as a coolant and also to
cure indigestion, this plant was chosen to be screened for
antimicrobial properties because of its ready availability
and promise as a medicinal plant. Various drug resistant
forms of these bacteria have been isolated. Since the
treatment of drug resistant pathogens has proved to be a
very difficult task, it is important to develop new drugs
that act on these resistant varieties. The castor oil has
DOI Number: 10.5958/0976-5506.2018.00488.6

2. 464 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, May 2018, Vol. 9, No. 5
many industrial uses 6-10
. It is used in the manufacture
of printing ink, linoleum and oilcloth. Owing to their
strong bactericidal action, sodium ricionoleate and
sulphoricinoleate are important ingredients in toothpaste
formulations. Sulphonated castor oil (Turkey oil) is
used in cotton dyeing and printing and also in the
leather industry. Hydrogenated castor oil is used in the
manufacture of ointment bases, waxes, polishes carbon
paper and candles.The aims of our research were analysis
of the secondary metabolite products and determination
of antibacterial and antifungal activity
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Collection and Preparation of Plant Material
In this research, Ricinus communis leaves were dried
at room temperature for fifteen days and the fine powder
was then packed in airtight container 11-19
to avoid the
effect of humidity and then stored at room temperature.
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy
(GC-MS) and Fourier Transform Infrared
Spectrophotometer (FTIR) analysis
GC-MS analysis of the ethanol extract of Ricinus
communis was carried out using a (Agilent 7890Aseries,
USA) 20-31
. The powdered sample of Ricinus communis
was treated for FTIR spectroscopy (Shimadzu, IR
Affinity 1, Japan). The sample was run at infrared region
between 400 nm and 4000 nm.
Determination of antimicrobial activity of crude
bioactive compounds of Ricinus communis
Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by measuring
the zone of inhibition against the test microorganisms.
Methanol was used as solvent control. Amphotericin B
and fluconazole were used as reference antifungal agent
32-38
. The tests were carried out in triplicate.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
GC-MS analysis of alkaloid compound clearly
showed the presence of sixteen compounds and the
components corresponding to the peaks were determined
1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol , [S-(R*,R*)]- , Ribitol , 3-Ethoxy-
1,2-propanediol , DL-Arabinose , p-Dioxane-2,3-
diol , D-Limonene , Dodecanoic acid ,3-hydroxy- ,
Methyl 6-oxoheptanoate , Dithiocarbamate , S-methyl-
,N-(2-methyl-3-oxobutyl)- , (5β)Pregnane-3,20β-
diol,14α,18α-[4-methyl-3-oxo-(1-oxa-4- , 3-(N,N-
Dimethllauryl-ammonio) propanesulfonate , Cetene
, Gibberellic acid , Geranyl isovalerate , Phenol,4-
(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)- , Picrotoxinin , and α-N-
Normethadol Table 1. The FTIR analysis of Ricinus
communis leaves proved the presence of alkanes, and
alkyl halide, Amine, Aldehyde, and Alkane which
shows major peaks at 781.17, 875.68, 923.90, 1018.41,
1240.23, 1319.31, 1361.74, 1361.74, 2357.01, 2850.79
and 2920.23 Table 2. In the current study, the anti-
microbial activity of Ricinus communis methanolic
extract was evaluated by determining the zone of
inhibition against five bacteria and fourteen fungi and
yeast. Clinical pathogens were selected for antibacterial
activity namely, Pseudomonas eurogenosa, Klebsiella
pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus,
and Proteus mirabili. Ricinus communis has maximum
zone against Klebsiella pneumonia (5.000±0.19) Table
3. Antifungal activities against Aspergillus niger,
Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus
fumigatus Ricinus communis was very highly active
against Aspergillus flavus (5.898±0.14) Table 4. As an
attempt to discover new lead compounds, plant extracts
are screened by many researchers to detect secondary
metabolites having relevant biological activities,
including antimicrobial activities. In comparison to the
antibiotics used in this study, the plants extracts were
far more active against the test bacterial strains39-45
.
However, further studies are needed, including toxicity
evaluation and purification of active antibacterial
constituents from Ricinus communis extracts looking
toward a pharmaceutical use46-51
.
Table 1. Major phytochemical compounds identified in methanolic extract of Ricinus communis.
Exact Mass
Molecular
Weight
RT (min)Phytochemical compound
Serial
No.
122.0579091223.1501,2,3,4-Butanetetrol , [S-(R*,R*)]-1.
152.0684741523.264Ribitol2.
120.07864431203.3163-Ethoxy-1,2-propanediol3.

3. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, May 2018, Vol. 9, No. 5 465
150.0528231503.362DL-Arabinose4.
120.04225871203.367p-Dioxane-2,3-diol5.
136.12521364.374D-Limonene6.
216.17254452165.782Dodecanoic acid ,3-hydroxy-7.
158.0942951585.679Methyl 6-oxoheptanoate8.
191.0438561915.811Dithiocarbamate , S-methyl-,N-(2-methyl-3-oxobutyl)-9.
489.3090384898.557(5β)Pregnane-3,20β-diol,14α,18α-[4-methyl-3-oxo-(1-oxa-4-10.
335.2494143358.9003-(N,N-Dimethllaurylammonio) propanesulfonate11.
224.25040152249.776Cetene12.
346.14163834610.646Gibberellic acid13.
238.1932823810.915Geranyl isovalerate14.
206.16706620611.109Phenol,4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-15.
292.09468829212.786Picrotoxinin16.
Table 2. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic profile solid analysis of Ricinus communis.
Group
frequency
Functional group
assignment
Type of
Vibration
Bond
Type of
Intensity
Peak (Wave
number
cm-ˡ)
No.
650-1000AlkenesBending=C–HStrong781.171.
650-1000AlkenesBending=C–HStrong875.682.
650-1000AlkenesBending=C–HStrong923.903.
1000-1400alkyl halidesStretchC-FStrong1018.414.
1000-1400alkyl halidesStretchC-FStrong1240.235.
1000-1400alkyl halidesStretchC-FStrong1319.316.
1000-1400alkyl halidesStretchC-FStrong1361.747.
----Unknown2357.018.
2850-3000AlkaneStretchC-HStrong2850.799.
2850-3000AlkaneStretchC-HStrong2920.2310.
Cont... Table 1. Major phytochemical compounds identified in methanolic extract of Ricinus communis.

4. 466 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, May 2018, Vol. 9, No. 5
Table 3. Zone of inhibition (mm) of test bacterial strains to Ricinus communis bioactive compounds and
standard antibiotics.
Bacteria
Plant (Ricinus communis) / Antibiotics
Ricinus communis Streptomycin Rifambin Cefotoxime
Pseudomonas eurogenosa 3.843±0.17 1.082±0.12 0.993±0.11 1.273±0.11
Escherichia coli 3.071±0.16 1.624±0.13 1.006±0.12 1.996±0.13
Klebsiella pneumonia 5.000±0.19 1.881±0.13 1.152±0.12 0.817±0.10
Staphylococcus aureus 3.829±0.17 0.973±0.11 1.937±0.14 0.981±0.11
Proteus mirabilis 2.000±0.14 2.419±0.15 2.005±0.14 1.775±0.12
Table 4. Zone of inhibition (mm) of Aspergillus Spp. test to Ricinus communis bioactive compounds and
standard antibiotics.
/ Plant
Antibiotics
Aspergillus Spp.
Aspergillus niger Aspergillus terreus Aspergillus flavus Aspergillus fumigatus
Plant 3.120±0.12 5.093±0.14 5.898±0.14 4.985±0.13
Amphotericin B 2.775±0.11 4.379±0.13 4.094±0.13 4.073±0.12
Fluconazol 5.001±0.14 3.311±0.11 3.000±0.11 4.850±0.13
Control 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
CONCLUSION
Sixteen chemical constituents have been identified
from methanolic extract of the Ricinus communis by
gas chromatogram mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In
vitro antibacterial and antifungal determination of
Ricinus communis forms a primary platform for further
phytochemical and pharmacological investigation for the
development of new potential antimicrobial compounds.
Financial Disclosure: There is no financial
disclosure.
Conflict of Interest: None to declare.
Ethical Clearance: All experimental protocols
were approved under the Department of Biology, College
of Science, Hillah city, Iraq and all experiments were
carried out in accordance with approved guidelines.
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