This document summarizes a digital cinema projection system developed by Eastman Kodak Company that uses three JVC QXGA LCD panels. Some key points:
- The system provides 12,000 lumens brightness, 2,000:1 contrast ratio, and 3 megapixel resolution.
- It uses an unconventional intermediate imaging optical configuration with imaging relays and a V-prism for color combining, allowing simpler projection lenses than other digital cinema systems.
- Wire grid polarizers are used, which provide high contrast under high heat loads and minimize stress birefringence issues. Polarization compensation is also employed.
- Measured performance meets digital cinema standards for brightness, resolution and
Discrete cosine transform (DCT) is a widely used tool in image and video compression applications. Recently, the high-throughput DCT designs have been adopted to fit the requirements of real-time application.
Operating the shifting and addition in parallel, an error-compensated adder-tree (ECAT) is proposed to deal with the truncation errors and to achieve low-error and high-throughput discrete cosine transform (DCT) design. Instead of the 12 bits used in previous works, 9-bit distributed arithmetic. DA-based DCT core with an error-compensated adder-tree (ECAT). The proposed ECAT operates shifting and addition in parallel by unrolling all the words required to be computed. Furthermore, the error-compensated circuit alleviates the truncation error for high accuracy design. Based on low-error ECAT, the DA-precision in this work is chosen to be 9 bits instead of the traditional 12 bits. Therefore, the hardware cost is reduced, and the speed is improved using the proposed ECAT.
ENERGY EFFICIENT SMALL CELL NETWORKS USING DYNAMIC CLUSTERINGIJARIDEA Journal
Abstract— Clustering approach that fuses, past established area based measurements, the impacts of the time-differing BS stack. Grouping empowers intra-bunch coordination among the base stations with the end goal of streamlining the downlink execution by means of load adjusting. Because of between group impedance, the bunches need to rival each other to settle on choices on enhancing the vitality proficiency by means of a dynamic decision of rest and dynamic states.
Keywords— Energy Efficiency, Small Cell Networks.
Optic Flow
Brightness Constancy Constraints
Aperture Problem
Regularization and Smoothness Constraints
Lucas-Kanade algorithm
Focus of Expansion (FOE)
Discrete Optimization for Optical Flow
Large Displacement Optical Flow: Descriptor Matching
DeepFlow: Large displ. optical flow with deep matching
EpicFlow: Edge-Preserving Interpolation of Correspondences for Optical Flow
Optical Flow with Piecewise Parametric Model
Flow Fields: Dense Correspondence Fields for Accurate Large Displacement Optical Flow Estimation
Full Flow: Optical Flow Estimation By Global Optimization over Regular Grids
FlowNet: Learning Optical Flow with Convol. Networks
Deep Discrete Flow
Optical Flow Estimation using a Spatial Pyramid Network
A Large Dataset to Train ConvNets for Disparity, Optical Flow, and Scene Flow Estimation
DeMoN: Depth and Motion Network for Learning Monocular Stereo
Unsupervised Learning of Depth and Ego-Motion from Video
Appendix A: A Database and Evaluation Methodology for Optical Flow
Appendix B: Learning and optimization
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Discrete cosine transform (DCT) is a widely used tool in image and video compression applications. Recently, the high-throughput DCT designs have been adopted to fit the requirements of real-time application.
Operating the shifting and addition in parallel, an error-compensated adder-tree (ECAT) is proposed to deal with the truncation errors and to achieve low-error and high-throughput discrete cosine transform (DCT) design. Instead of the 12 bits used in previous works, 9-bit distributed arithmetic. DA-based DCT core with an error-compensated adder-tree (ECAT). The proposed ECAT operates shifting and addition in parallel by unrolling all the words required to be computed. Furthermore, the error-compensated circuit alleviates the truncation error for high accuracy design. Based on low-error ECAT, the DA-precision in this work is chosen to be 9 bits instead of the traditional 12 bits. Therefore, the hardware cost is reduced, and the speed is improved using the proposed ECAT.
ENERGY EFFICIENT SMALL CELL NETWORKS USING DYNAMIC CLUSTERINGIJARIDEA Journal
Abstract— Clustering approach that fuses, past established area based measurements, the impacts of the time-differing BS stack. Grouping empowers intra-bunch coordination among the base stations with the end goal of streamlining the downlink execution by means of load adjusting. Because of between group impedance, the bunches need to rival each other to settle on choices on enhancing the vitality proficiency by means of a dynamic decision of rest and dynamic states.
Keywords— Energy Efficiency, Small Cell Networks.
Optic Flow
Brightness Constancy Constraints
Aperture Problem
Regularization and Smoothness Constraints
Lucas-Kanade algorithm
Focus of Expansion (FOE)
Discrete Optimization for Optical Flow
Large Displacement Optical Flow: Descriptor Matching
DeepFlow: Large displ. optical flow with deep matching
EpicFlow: Edge-Preserving Interpolation of Correspondences for Optical Flow
Optical Flow with Piecewise Parametric Model
Flow Fields: Dense Correspondence Fields for Accurate Large Displacement Optical Flow Estimation
Full Flow: Optical Flow Estimation By Global Optimization over Regular Grids
FlowNet: Learning Optical Flow with Convol. Networks
Deep Discrete Flow
Optical Flow Estimation using a Spatial Pyramid Network
A Large Dataset to Train ConvNets for Disparity, Optical Flow, and Scene Flow Estimation
DeMoN: Depth and Motion Network for Learning Monocular Stereo
Unsupervised Learning of Depth and Ego-Motion from Video
Appendix A: A Database and Evaluation Methodology for Optical Flow
Appendix B: Learning and optimization
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Received Power performance in downlink architecture of Radio-over-Fiber Trans...IOSR Journals
Abstract : The In this paper, we studied the RoF system and analyzed the received power performance in downlink architecture of RoF system. The RoF system employs a Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM) and a phase shifter to externally generate an optical single sideband (OSSB) signal since the OSSB signal is tolerable for power degradation due to a chromatic fiber-dispersion effect. The received power performance is analyzed by calculating a factor called Power Penalty. It is shown that Power penalty is increased exponentially as the differential delay increased with the distance due to chromatic dispersion with the change in laser linewidth (𝛾𝑅𝐹) from 10MHz to 1000MHz. The results are calculated for various transmission distances (𝐿𝐹𝐼𝐵𝐸𝑅) 1km to 40km for optical distances. The frequency of laser taken is 30-GHz RF carrier (𝑓𝑅𝐹) and wavelength 1550-nm laser (λ) with zero line width, fiber dispersion parameter (D) 17 ps/nm·km.
Keywords: Chromatic dispersion, DEMZM, Laser line width, Power penalty and Received power.
Multiband Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna for WLAN Applicationtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Energy-Efficient Image Transmission over OFDM Channel Using Huffman Codingijsrd.com
In this paper, Energy efficient image transmission using Huffman coding over OFDM channel has been proposed, which combines wavelet-based image decomposition and Huffman coding. Wavelet image transform provides data decomposition in multiple levels of resolution, so the image can be divided into packets with different priorities. The consumed energy when DWT is applied is clearly lower compared to the case without DWT. Using Huffman coding scheme, compress the low frequency band. In the proposed scheme, lower-resolution version of the compressed image obtained via discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is used. And show that the proposed strategy (DWT with Huffman coding)is more energy efficient than previous work (DWT without Huffman coding).In addition show that error rate(BER) is low compared to existing system(DWT without Huffman coding).
How to Become a Qualified Emergency LocksmithRowena Jauod
Learn how to become a qualified emergency locksmith in Melbourne. Know where to go and what to achieve when you become certified.
http://www.amlock.com.au/
Received Power performance in downlink architecture of Radio-over-Fiber Trans...IOSR Journals
Abstract : The In this paper, we studied the RoF system and analyzed the received power performance in downlink architecture of RoF system. The RoF system employs a Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM) and a phase shifter to externally generate an optical single sideband (OSSB) signal since the OSSB signal is tolerable for power degradation due to a chromatic fiber-dispersion effect. The received power performance is analyzed by calculating a factor called Power Penalty. It is shown that Power penalty is increased exponentially as the differential delay increased with the distance due to chromatic dispersion with the change in laser linewidth (𝛾𝑅𝐹) from 10MHz to 1000MHz. The results are calculated for various transmission distances (𝐿𝐹𝐼𝐵𝐸𝑅) 1km to 40km for optical distances. The frequency of laser taken is 30-GHz RF carrier (𝑓𝑅𝐹) and wavelength 1550-nm laser (λ) with zero line width, fiber dispersion parameter (D) 17 ps/nm·km.
Keywords: Chromatic dispersion, DEMZM, Laser line width, Power penalty and Received power.
Multiband Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna for WLAN Applicationtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Energy-Efficient Image Transmission over OFDM Channel Using Huffman Codingijsrd.com
In this paper, Energy efficient image transmission using Huffman coding over OFDM channel has been proposed, which combines wavelet-based image decomposition and Huffman coding. Wavelet image transform provides data decomposition in multiple levels of resolution, so the image can be divided into packets with different priorities. The consumed energy when DWT is applied is clearly lower compared to the case without DWT. Using Huffman coding scheme, compress the low frequency band. In the proposed scheme, lower-resolution version of the compressed image obtained via discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is used. And show that the proposed strategy (DWT with Huffman coding)is more energy efficient than previous work (DWT without Huffman coding).In addition show that error rate(BER) is low compared to existing system(DWT without Huffman coding).
How to Become a Qualified Emergency LocksmithRowena Jauod
Learn how to become a qualified emergency locksmith in Melbourne. Know where to go and what to achieve when you become certified.
http://www.amlock.com.au/
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF PARALLEL TRANSMISSION VISIBLE LIGHT COMMUNICATION S...ijma
In this paper, we deal with parallel-transmission visible light communication (PT-VLC) systems using
Colour-Shift Keying (CSK). We construct a prototype of PT-VLC systems utilizing a Liquid Crystal Display
(LCD) as a transmitter and an Image Sensor (IS) as a receiver. We also propose a new colour estimation
algorithm for CSK and integrate the algorithm into the prototype. We show effectiveness of the system by
evaluating Bit Error Rate (BER) performance, Frame Error Rate (FER) performance, and throughput
performance. We also adopt a Turbo code for error correction and show its effectiveness in the proposed
VLC system.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF PARALLEL TRANSMISSION VISIBLE LIGHT COMMUNICATION S...ijma
In this paper, we deal with parallel-transmission visible light communication (PT-VLC) systems using Colour-Shift Keying (CSK). We construct a prototype of PT-VLC systems utilizing a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) as a transmitter and an Image Sensor (IS) as a receiver. We also propose a new colour estimation algorithm for CSK and integrate the algorithm into the prototype. We show effectiveness of the system by evaluating Bit Error Rate (BER) performance, Frame Error Rate (FER) performance, and throughput performance. We also adopt a Turbo code for error correction and show its effectiveness in the proposed VLC system.
Outsourcing the Design & Manufacturing of Projection Engines for 3D Metrology...Giplink Digital
Lumaxis provides projection engines that it designs into 3D metrology solutions, focusing primarily on automated optical inspection systems. Lumaxis gives manufacturers serving the electronics market an industry-leading combination of resolution, speed, precision, reliability, and design flexibility.
Source: https://www.lumaxis.net/2018/01/outsourcing-design-manufacturing-projection-engines-3d-metrology-systems/
A glossary of data-video terms,and how they relate to Dukane's products.
Bill McIntosh
Authorized Dukane Consultant
Phone :843-442-8888
Email :WKMcIntosh@Comcast.net
You can find information on all of Dukane products here
http://www.slideshare.net/WKMcIntoshIII/documents
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http://www.slideshare.net/WKMcIntoshIII/videos.
Here is the main the main Dukane website
www.dukane.com/av
2. 12.1 / A. Kurtz
2.1 Color Splitting
A key aspect of this design is that the imaging relays magnify the
LCDs at 2X, such that imaging light is F/2.3 at the LCDs and
F/4.6 at the prism. As a result, the design and fabrication of the
projection lenses, the anamorphic attachment lens, and the
combining prism are all eased. This system, as shown in Fig. 2,
preferably uses a V-prism (shown in detail in Figure 3) rather than
the standard X-prism for combining the three-color beams [5].
While X-prisms are compact, they can introduce significant
convergence errors, centerline diffraction, and color shading,
particularly at speeds as fast as F/2.3. Moreover, the X-prism, is
mechanically over-constrained, and thus subject to mechanically
induced stress birefringence. By comparison, the V-prism
provides a simple construction that is easily coated and can be
assembled with stress free interfaces. The resulting V-prisms,
which are fabricated with coating and substrate materials capable
of handling a high heat load, have minimal mechanical or thermal
stress birefringence, such that the combined color beams are very
uniform. Indeed, the V-prisms work well enough that they can be
used both for color separation and color re-combination. The
projector provides a large color gamut, which exceeds that of
typical video systems, and at least meets the standards being
proposed for digital cinema.
Although this system requires a large number of optical
components compared to more conventional designs, the optics
themselves are not exotic, and there are significant design and
manufacturing advantages that are gained. It is believed that this
design approach can be scaled and extended downwards
(particularly for LCD based systems) on a competitive basis into
some (particularly high contrast) lower end markets.
3. Polarization Optics
The market requirements for digital cinema, which require both
high screen brightness (5000-18,000+
lumens) and high frame
sequential contrast (2,000+
:1), burden the polarization optics to
operate at high speed under abusively high light loads. In the case
of the LCDs, where incident power densities can exceed 6 W/cm2
,
it is critical to mount the devices with minimal stress, while
providing careful control of the package temperature. Likewise,
the polarizers must be very robust, while providing high contrast
with fast optical beams.
The projector is equipped with three JVC DILA QXGA displays,
as they are high resolution, large diagonal, VAN mode devices
that can satisfy the requirements for digital cinema. To further
satisfy these requirements, the projector utilizes visible
wavelength wire grid polarizers, which have been developed by
Moxtek Inc. of Orem UT [6]. The system was initially conceived
using wire grid polarizers, because of their superior contrast, wide
angular response, broadband visible wavelength response, and
innate robustness (particularly relative to thermal loading), as
compared to alternate technologies such as the MacNielle prism.
Moxtek has continuously improved these devices, providing both
protective coatings and improved flatness for imaging
applications [7]. Moreover, improvements to wire grid polarizers
are possible, for example to enhance blue contrast or to increase
reflected and transmitted contrast, by decreasing the wire pitch or
with multi-layer structures [8] (see Figure 4).
3.1 Modulation Optics and Wire Grid Polarizers
Since visible wavelength wire grid polarizers became available
from Moxtek, a variety of projection system designs [9-14] have
been proposed, including single chip, two chip, and three chip
configurations. As a three-chip system, the projector is provided
with a modulation optical sub-system for each color channel,
which is designed around a wire grid polarization beamsplitter.
The wire grid polarization beamsplitter, which has a transmitted
contrast >1,000:1 at F/2.3, is a key enabling technology in this
design.
As shown in Figure 5, this system uses a modulation optical
system that includes a wire grid polarization beamsplitter, a pre-
polarizer and a polarization analyzer. To attain the high contrast
required for digital cinema, an assembly of at least two polarizers
is required. It has been shown that the modulation optical system
of Fig. 5 is capable of very high projected contrast (>40,000:1),
when tested with a mirror and waveplate (instead of with an
LCD). To mitigate against thermal loading concerns, all three
polarizers are preferably wire grid devices.
The wire grid polarization beamsplitter is a fairly unobtrusive
component, relative to its’ impact on the optical system. However,
design choices can be made to further reduce any impact. For
example, to avoid the aberrations that result from transmission
through a tilted plate, the wire grid polarization beamsplitter is
preferably used in reflection into the imaging system. Likewise, to
attain the target system contrast levels, de-polarization effects
from the wire grid polarizers should be minimized. Most
• SID 04 DIGEST2
Figure 5 : The modulation optical system [13, 15].
Figure 4 : A multi-layer wire grid polarizer [8].
Figure 3 : The V-prism Combiner
3. 12.1 / A. Kurtz
importantly, the wire grid polarization beam splitter is best
oriented with the sub-wavelength wires facing the LCD [12, 13],
as de-polarization from thermal stress induced birefringence is
minimized. Otherwise, system contrast can be reduced by as
much as ~10X.
Due to their wide angular response, particularly as compared to
the traditional MacNielle prism, wire grid polarizers have been
perceived as not contributing any skew ray de-polarization effects.
Indeed, the wire grid polarization beamsplitter can be considered
to be partially self compensating [15], when it is used in both
transmission and reflection, such as in the modulation optical
system of Fig. 5. In particular, this is because the wire grid
polarization beamsplitter can be classified as an E-type polarizer
in transmission (transmits the extraordinary ray) and O-type
polarizer in reflection (reflects the ordinary ray). In actuality, wire
grid polarizers still can cause small skew ray de-polarization
effects [15], which can become important as LCOS projection
systems strive for ever higher levels of contrast and brightness
performance.
3.2 Polarization Compensation
As shown in Fig. 5, this system is equipped with a polarization
compensator, which is nominally located between the LCD and
the wire grid polarization beamsplitter. This compensator can be
designed to provide polarization state correction for the LCD
panel, the wire grid polarization beamsplitter, or for the two in
combination [13, 15]. The compensator, which can be fabricated
from stretched polymer materials, liquid crystal polymers, or
inorganic materials, typically provides a combination of in-plane
(A-plate) and out-of-plane (C-plate) retardances. With respect to
the LCD panel, the in-plane retardance is utilized to correct any
residual birefringence within the device, while the out-of plane
retardance corrects for angular response variations (F#
dependent). Compensation for the wire grid polarizers may also
have both A-plate and C-plate portions, and is largely F#
dependent.
To better appreciate the value of polarization compensation and its
relevance to the modulation optical system of Fig. 5, Figure 6
shows plots of contrast vs. illumination F# under different test
conditions as measured in a bench set-up. Note that low contrast
(~400:1) is achieved when a VAN LCOS panel is used with the
polarizers, but without any polarization compensation (see plot
labeled “uncompensated”). However, when an optimized
compensator is used, the performance improves dramatically
(2,100:1 CR at F/2.3, per plot labeled “compensated”). Contrast
might be expected to increase more dramatically vs. F# than
shown, but the measured contrast depends on the actual display
and compensator, as well as the interaction of the diffracted orders
and the collection aperture (fixed at F/2.3 for this data).
In actual use, the compensator is mounted in close proximity to
the LCOS panel, and is then rotated to optimize the contrast
performance, on the basis of the peak contrast and the contrast
uniformity achieved. While the bench measurements and the
system measurements of contrast don’t correlate exactly, a
measured white light on screen contrast above 2,200:1 at F/2.3 is
typical for this system.
3.3 Wire Grid Polarizers As Compensators
It has also been demonstrated [16] that system contrast can be
improved significantly by means of a small in-plane rotation (see
Fig. 7) of the wire grid polarization beamsplitter. While rotation
of the other wire grid polarizers in the system can also provide
improvements, the gains are much less dramatic than occur with
rotation of the wire grid polarization beamsplitter. As an example,
Figure 6 provides a plot, labeled “WG Polz. Rotation”, in which
an LCOS display was tested for contrast, with wire grid rotation
used for compensation. The resultant contrast is much better than
the uncompensated case. The improvement likely is due to a
combination of effects, involving alignment of the polarizer to the
actual polarization axis of the incident light, and an interaction
with the form birefringent retardance of the sub-wavelength
structure.
Another example is shown in Fig. 6, in which an LCOS panel was
tested in combination with a polarization compensator and wire
grid rotation compensation. The result (see plot labeled “Comp.
with Rotation”) is slightly better than the case with the LCOS
panel used with a compensator alone. In effect, wire grid polarizer
rotation can be used as polarization compensation mechanism
(like an A-plate) for LCD displays, either in combination with
other compensators, or as a replacement for the compensators
(particularly at speeds of F/4 and greater).
4. System Performance and Potential
As shown in Table 1, this prototype system provides the basic
performance necessary for digital cinema projection. However, it
should be understood that the system performance given in Table
1 does not represent the pinnacle of this design.
To begin with, the proposed standards developed by SMPTE and
the studio sponsored Digital Cinema Initiatives Group (DCI) are
advocating a two tier resolution standard, with an initial “2K”
horizontal resolution and a migratory target “4K” resolution. As
SID 04 DIGEST • 3
Modulation CR vs. F#
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
2 4 6 8 10 F#
SequentialContrast
Uncompensated
WG Polz.
Rotation
Compensated
Comp. with
Rotation
Figure 6 : Polarization Contrast vs. F# [15, 16].
Figure 7 : Wire Grid Rotation for Polarization
Compensation [16].
4. 12.1 / A. Kurtz
experimental 4K LCOS panels have been fabricated by JVC, and
then tested in projection [17], the Kodak projector clearly has the
potential to migrate to higher resolutions.
Similarly, the original target >1,000;1 contrast was beyond the
performance of commercial electronic projectors when the project
began, and seemed barely achievable. Subsequently, both this
system and the TI DLP based digital cinema systems have
achieved ~2,000:1 contrast levels. Furthermore, this system, with
improved components, has already demonstrated ~3,000:1
projected white light contrast. Thus, it seems likely that LCOS
based projection will eventually match the 5,000-10,000:1
contrast provided by the traditional film system. (The difference
between 2,000:1 ~7,000:1 is both perceptible and significant.)
Other performance metrics, such as system brightness and ANSI
contrast can also be improved. For example, the system can be
extended to illuminate with 15,000+
screen lumens, thus enabling
the use of 50+
ft. wide screens. Alternately, the system can be
configured to use the Cermax style xenon lamps, rather than the
traditional bulb lamp, for improved brightness and efficiency.
5. Conclusions
This system represents the first demonstration that reflective
LCOS micro-displays are a viable technology for use in digital
cinema projection systems, as the system provides the brightness,
contrast, and resolution necessary to satisfy both the consumer
and the motion picture industry. In particular, it has been
demonstrated that R-LCOS panels and the associated polarization
optics can function in the harsh environment of a high-lumen
projection system. Additionally, it has been shown that
competitive LCOS based optical designs are achievable for digital
cinema and other high lumen projection applications.
6. Acknowledgements
The authors wish to recognize the significant contributions and
successes of the entire projector team. In particular, the dedicated
efforts of Gary Nothhard, Xiang-Dong Mi, Franklin Ehrne, David
Nelson, James Stoops, William Markis, and Richard Wagner
deserve special mention. The Entertainment Imaging Division,
and in particular, Richard Sehlin and Leslie Moore, also merit
recognition for their continuing support.
7. References
[1] L. Hornbeck, D. Darrow, H. Pettitt, B. Walker, and B.
Werner, DLP Cinema Projectors – Enabling Digital Cinema,
SID Digest 2000, pgs. 314-317.
[2] R. Sterling and W. Bleha, Electronic Cinema Using ILA
Projector Technology, SID Digest 1999, pgs. 216-219.
[3] R. Sterling and W. Bleha, DILA Technology for Electronic
Cinema, SID Digest 2000, pgs. 310-313.
[4] C. DuMont, A. Kurtz, B. Silverstein, and D. Kirkpatrick,
Design Improvements for Motion Picture Film Projectors,
SMPTE Journal, vol. 110, pp. 785-791, Nov. 2001.
[5] J. Cobb and D. Kessler, Projection Apparatus using Spatial
Light Modulator with Relay Lens and Dichroic Combiner,
U.S. Patent 6,676,260, 2004.
[6] D. Hansen, R. Perkins, and E. Gardner, Broad Band Wire
Grid Polarizing Beam Splitter for use in the Visible
Wavelength Region, U.S. Patent 6,243,199, 2001.
[7] D. Hansen, E. Gardner, R. Perkins, M. Lines, and A.
Robbins, The Display Applications and Physics of the
ProFlux Wire Grid Polarizer, SID 2002 Digest, pgs. 730-733.
[8] A. Kurtz, S. Ramanujan, and X.D. Mi, Wire Grid Polarizer,
US Patent 6,532,111, 2003.
[9] D. Hansen, R. Perkins, E. Gardner, and M. Lund, Image
Projection System with a Polarizing Beam Splitter, U.S.
Patent 6,234,634, 2001.
[10] S. Arnold, E. Gardner, D. Hansen, and R. Perkins, An
Improved Polarizing Beamsplitter LCOS Projection Display
Based on Wire-Grid Polarizers, SID Digest 2001, pgs. 1282-
1285.
[11] E. Gardner and D. Hansen, An Image Quality Wire-Grid
Polarizing Beam Splitter, SID Digest 2003, pgs. 62-65.
[12] J. Shimizu, P. Janssen, and S. McClain, Digital Image
Projector with Oriented Fixed Polarization Axis Polarizing
Beamsplitter; U.S. Patent 6,511,183, 2003.
[13] A. Kurtz, J. Cobb, D. Kessler, B. Silverstein, and M.
Harrigan, Digital Cinema Projector, U.S. Patent 6,585,378,
2003.
[14] C. Pentico, M. Newell, and M. Greenberg, Ultra High
Contrast Color Management System for Projection Displays,
SID Digest 2003, pgs. 130-133.
[15] X. D. Mi, A. Kurtz, and D. Kessler, Display Apparatus using
a Wire Grid Polarizing Beamsplitter with Compensator, U.S.
Patent Pub. No. 2003/0128320, 2003.
[16] B. Silverstein, G. Nothhard, A. Kurtz, and X. D. Mi,
Projection Display using a Wire Grid Polarization
Beamsplitter with Compensator, U.S. Patent Pub. No.
2003/0227597, 2003.
• SID 04 DIGEST4
Light Source 6 kW Xenon arc
Brightness/luminous Output 12,000 screen lumens
Screen Luminance 12 ft-L
Screen Uniformity ~85 %
Frame Sequential Screen
Contrast (white)
~2,200:1
ANSI Contrast ~150:1
Color Temperature ~ 5500 to 6100 o
K
Imager JVC QXGA DILA; 1.3" diag., 2048 x
1536 px, 1.33:1 aspect ratio
Imager Aperture Ratio (“Flat” - 1.85:1) with anamorphic lens
Light Collection F/2.3 at LCDs
Projection Lens 2.0:1 theatre to screen ratio; others can
be readily designed
Image Distortion < 2%
Frame Rate 24 fps effective, 96 Hz repeated
Data 10 bits log/color, 12 bit resolution
Data Standards supported SMPTE 292M, HDTV, SDTV
Table 1 : Digital Cinema Projector Technical Specifications
5. 12.1 / A. Kurtz
[17] K. Hamada, M. Kanazawa, I. Kondoh, F. Okono, Y. Haino,
M. Sato, and K. Doi, A Wide Screen Projector of 4k x 8k
Pixels, SID 2002 Digest, pgs. 1254-1257.
SID 04 DIGEST • 5
6. 12.1 / A. Kurtz
[17] K. Hamada, M. Kanazawa, I. Kondoh, F. Okono, Y. Haino,
M. Sato, and K. Doi, A Wide Screen Projector of 4k x 8k
Pixels, SID 2002 Digest, pgs. 1254-1257.
SID 04 DIGEST • 5