Digital audio technologies allow for the reproduction and manipulation of sound in digital form. Sound is converted from analog to digital via sampling, where the amplitude of sound waves is measured at regular intervals. This results in digital audio files that can be edited, stored and transmitted more easily than analog audio. Popular digital audio file formats include WAV, MP3, MIDI and more. Devices like the iPod and services like iTunes revolutionized portable music and digital music distribution. Technologies like text-to-speech and DAISY have also improved audio accessibility.
Audio Compression Techniques
a type of lossy or lossless compression in which the amount of data in a recorded waveform is reduced to differing extents for transmission respectively with or without some loss of quality, used in CD and MP3 encoding, Internet radio.
Dynamic range compression, also called audio level compression, in which the dynamic range, the difference between loud and quiet, of an audio waveform is reduced
Audio Compression Techniques
a type of lossy or lossless compression in which the amount of data in a recorded waveform is reduced to differing extents for transmission respectively with or without some loss of quality, used in CD and MP3 encoding, Internet radio.
Dynamic range compression, also called audio level compression, in which the dynamic range, the difference between loud and quiet, of an audio waveform is reduced
In this presentation, production of digital audio is discussed. Also brief introduction about digital audio broadcast, recording techniques and stereo phony is given.
In this presentation, production of digital audio is discussed. Also brief introduction about digital audio broadcast, recording techniques and stereo phony is given.
This slide on Multimedia Systems is an ongoing effort to put together my lectures and notes compiled over several years of studying the Multimedia Systems at one of the most reputed university in the country. I realized it is a more natural fit for my thinking on the matter of books. I do not care to make money off of a "student". The knowledge contained in these lectures is not my invention, it may have the imprint of my interpretation and to that extent is my creation with all its flaws. Therefore, I see myself as merely a conduit of this knowledge. It is for you the reader to decide what this is worth to you. If this is worth something to you then hopefully you will participate in similar acts of knowledge dissemination as you are able.
Most of the topics are complete with some that I plan to fill with time. For each topic that I already have content there is my audio that goes with the powerpoint slides. The pdfs are simply prints of the powerpoint slides. On some lectures I have notes associated with the powerpoint slides. Also where relevant I used animation in powerpoint when I felt it served as an aid towards comprehension.
Full immersion is achieved by simultaneously focusing on the broader dimensions of visual quality, sound quality, and intuitive interactions. This presentation discusses how:
- Technology improvements continue to drive more immersive experiences, especially for VR and AR
- High Dynamic Range (HDR) will enhance the visual quality on all our screens
- Scene-based audio is a new paradigm for 3D audio
- Natural user interfaces like voice, gestures, and eye tracking are making interactions more intuitive
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. Agenda
• Properties of sound
• Analog audio
• Digital audio
• Audio file formats
• Sound recording
• Sound editing
2
3. Introduction
• Audio is the reproduction of sound - important
means of communication.
• There are a number of advantages of using
audio.
• most obvious: interface for visual disabilities
3
4. Properties of Sound
• Sound is a pressure
wave created by
successively vibrating
matter back and forth.
• The sound wave is in
the form of a sine
wave.
4
5. Frequency
• The number of air pressure oscillations per
second at a fixed point by a sound wave
• Measured in Hertz (Hz) - number of waves per
second
• Audible range (human) = 20 Hz - 20 kHz
• this is where the sensation of pitch
originates
5
8. Amplitude
• The height of the
wave
• Measured in decibels
(dB or dBA)
8
9. Intensity vs. Loudness
• Amplitude can be thought of as the intensity of
sound and is measurable.
• Loudness of sound is a perception.
• Sound can be perceived differently at the various
frequencies (1 kHz-4 kHz is more sensitive than
the lower and the higher)
• Individuals also have different hearing capacities.
What is loud to one person may not be loud to
another, which why loudness is a perception and
cannot be measured.
9
10. dBA Sound
10 Normal breathing
20 Whispering at 5 ft
30 Soft whispering
50 Rainfall
60 Normal conversation
110 Shouting in the ear
120 Thunder
110-120 Rock concert
130 Air raid
180 Rocket launching from pad
10
11. Analog Audio
• analog = the
measurement of
continuous change or
movement over a
period of time
11
12. Digital Audio
• The reproduction of sound using digital
information
• The value of the signal is sampled at regular
intervals by an analog-to-digital converter
(ADC)
12
13. Basic Terminology &
Properties of DA
• Channels
• Sampling rate
• Bit depth
• Quality and file size
• Compression
• Audio codecs
13
14. Channels
Stereo
e s se d l
c om p r i le w i l
An u n gi t a l f
e o di e s i ze o f a
s te r c e t h
b e t w i n o f i le .
mo
Mono
14
15. Sampling Rate
• ADC - the signal is sampled at regular intervals
• The value of each sample is rounded to the
nearest integer in a scale that varies according
to the resolution of the signal
15
16. Sampling Rate
• The accuracy the
reproduction to
the source
depends on how
often the sample is
taken.
16
17. Common DA Sampling Rate
8,000 Hz telephone, adequate for human speech
22,050 Hz radio
32,000 Hz miniDV digital camcorder
CD, commonly used with MPEG-1 audio
44,100 Hz
(VCD, SVCD, MP3)
digital sound used for digital TV, DVD, DAT,
48,000 Hz
films and professional audio
96,000 or 192,400 Hz DVD-audio and HD-DVD audio tracks
17
18. Bit Depth
• The number of bits used to describe each of
the samples taken from the sampling rate
• the potential accuracy of a digital audio
• Higher bit-depth audio will sound better
than lower one
18
19. Quality & File Size
• Make the highest level (if possible) ~ 16-bit
44kHz Stereo
• this produces a large file size, however, high
audio clarity
• Chances to manipulate such file (to make it
smaller) :
• reduce the sampling rate
• make it mono
19
21. Compression
Audio
Quality
“later editing”
• Digital audio files can also
be compressed to reduce Lossless
file size WMA
Lossy
• MPEG-1 Audio layer-3 MP3
Real Audio
(MP3) is a common
“transmission”
File Size
21
22. Audio Codecs
• An audio codec is a piece of software
(coder/decoder)
or a driver that provides support for certain
audio formats for certain system.
codec x codec y
✘
Audio codecs codec x
✔ 22
23. Audio File Formats
• An audio file format is a
container format for storing
• WAV format
data on a computer system. • Microsoft’s audio format
• AIF format • also one of the mostthe
common format on
• developed by Apple
Computer
web
• MP3
• supported by most web
browsers • most widespread form
of audio on the Internet
• AU format
• playable on various
• one of theformat on the
common
most players
web
• created by Sun
Microsystems
23
25. MIDI Format
• Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) is
typically used to play music.
• MIDI files contain a set of instruction that the
computer sends to a sound card, synthesizer,
or other device.
• Such instructions (note and instrument
description) describe how to play the sound,
rather than recording an actual rendition of
the sound.
25
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