The document discusses repetition (looping) control structures in C++, including count-controlled, sentinel-controlled, and flag-controlled loops. It covers the general form of the while statement, how to properly initialize and update the loop control variable, and provides examples of using while loops to output a series of numbers, calculate a sum, and display even numbers between ranges.

1. CSC128 Fundamentals of Computer Problem Solving

2. In this chapter, you will:
• Learn about repetition (looping) control
structures
• Explore how to construct and use count-
controlled, sentinel-controlled, flag-controlled
• Discover how to form and use nested control
structures
2

3. • Repetition allows you to efficiently use variables
• Can input, add, and average multiple numbers
using a limited number of variables
• For example, to add five numbers:
– Declare a variable for each number, input the numbers
and add the variables together
– Create a loop that reads a number into a variable and
adds it to a variable that contains the sum of the
numbers
3

4. • The general form of the while statement is:
while is a reserved word
• Statement can be simple or compound
• Expression acts as a decision maker and is
usually a logical expression
• Statement is called the body of the loop
• The parentheses are part of the syntax
4

5. • Infinite loop: continues to execute endlessly
– Avoided by including statements in loop body that assure
exit condition is eventually false
5

6. 6

7.  Example 5-1
◦ Variable i – Loop Control Variable (LCV)
◦ Within the loop, i becomes 25 but is not printed because the
entry condition is false.
◦ What would happen if expression i = i + 5; is omitted?
◦ What would happen if the statement i=0; is omitted?
◦ i=0;
while (i <= 20)
{
i = i+5;
cout << i << “ “;
}
Produce semantic error; we rarely want a condition to be true for
i<=20 and yet produce results for i>20.
◦ Putting a semicolon at the end of the while loop (after the logical
expression), then the action is empty. The statement within the
braces do not form the body of the while loop.
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8. 8

9.  The LCV must be properly initialized before the while loop.
 LCV should eventually make the expression evaluate to false by
updationg or reinitializing the LCV in the body of the while loop.
 The form of writing the while loops.
//initialize the LCV
while (expression) //expression tests the LCV
{
.
.
.
//update the LCV
.
.
.
}
9

10. 1. What is the output for the following while statement. Use tracing table to trace
the output.
int n = 1;
while (n <= 5)
{
n = n + 1;
cout << n << “ “;
}
2. What is the output for the following while statement by using the data below as
input for variable item. 10 3 4 2 5 11
int item, data = 1; sum = 0;
while (sum <= 250)
{
cin >> item;
data = data * item;
sum = sum + data;
cout << sum << endl;
}
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11. 3. Write a program to display a series of number as
shown below:
40 38 36 34 32 30
3. Write a program using while loop to find the sum
of integers 73 through 415 inclusive..
4. Write a program using while loop to display the
even numbers of integers 1 through 20 inclusive.
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12. /* Write a program to display
a series of number as shown below:
40 38 36 34 32 30
*/
int i;
i=40;
while (i >= 30)
{
cout << i << " " ;
i=i-2;
}
C++ Programming: From
Problem Analysis to Program
Design, Fifth Edition 12

13. C++ Programming: From
Problem Analysis to Program
Design, Fifth Edition 13

14. /* Write a program using while loop
to display the even numbers of
integers 1 through 20 inclusive.
*/
int i;
i=1;
while (i <= 20)
{
if (( (i % 2) == 0)|| (i == 1))
cout << i << " " ;
i=i+1;
}
C++ Programming: From
Problem Analysis to Program
Design, Fifth Edition 14