The document outlines the stages of program development, including problem identification, planning, coding, testing, implementing, and documentation. It details algorithm development, flow charting, and various programming constructs in C++, specifically various forms of decision-making statements and looping structures. Additionally, it covers operators and the syntax of control flow elements like if statements, switch statements, and loops (while, for, do-while) alongside illustrative code examples.

4. Program Preparation
• Problem Identification stage.
a) Defining the problem.
b) Analyzing the problem.
• Planning stage.
a) Developing the algorithm.
b) Flow charting.
c) Writing Pseudo code.

5. Cont..
 Coding and Testing stage.
a) Writing the program.
b) Testing and Debugging the program.
c) Running the program.
• Implementing and Documenting stage.
a) Implementing the program.
b) Documenting the program.

6. Developing the Algorithm
 Algorithm is a step-by-step procedure developed to
solve a problem before writing an actual program.
 Algorithm is a complete procedure or plan that
describes the logic of a program.

7. Flow Charting
 The pictorial form is referred as a flow chart, which is a
pictorial representation of an algorithm.
 The written form of the algorithm (not in computer
language) is called pseudo code. Pseudo code
expresses the basic logic structure of an algorithm in a
systematic and clear way.

8. Flow Charting Symbols
 Flow line: A line with an arrow head represents the
flow of control between various symbols in a
flow chart.
• Terminal symbol:
• Input/output Symbol
start Stop

9. Cont..
 Processing symbol: A rectangular block is used to
represent processing symbol. It shows
all the calculations.
• Decision Symbol:

10. Decision making in C++
 Decision making is about deciding the order of execution
of statements based on certain conditions or repeat a group
of statements until certain specified conditions are met.
C++ handles decision-making by supporting the following
statements,
 if statement
 switch statement
 conditional operator statement
 goto statement

11. Decision making with If statement
 The if statement may be implemented in different
forms depending on the complexity of conditions to be
tested. The different forms are,
 Simple if statement
 If....else statement
 Nested if....else statement
 else if statement

12. Simple if statement
 The general form of a simple if statement is,
if (expression
{
statement-inside;
{
statement -outside;
If the expression is true, then 'statement-inside' it will be
executed, otherwise 'statement-inside' is skipped and
only 'statement-outside' is executed.

13. Example :
#include< iostream.h>
int main( )
{
int x,y;
x=15;
y=13;
if (x > y )
{
cout << "x is greater than y";
getch();
}

14. If..else statement
 The general form of a simple if...else statement is,
if( expression )
{
statement-block1;
{
else
{
statement-block2;
}
 If the 'expression' is true, the 'statement-block1' is executed, else
'statement-block1' is skipped and 'statement-block2' is executed.

15. Example :
void main( )
{
int x,y;
x=15;
y=18;
if (x > y )
{
cout << "x is greater than y";
}
else { cout << "y is greater than x";
}
}

16. Nested if....else statement
 The general form of a nested if...else statement is,
if( expression )
{
if( expression1 )
{
statement-block1;
}
Else
{
statement-block 2;
}
}
else
{
statement-block 3;
}
if 'expression' is false the 'statement-block3' will be executed, otherwise it continues to perform the test
for 'expression 1' . If the 'expression 1' is true the 'statement-block1' is executed otherwise 'statement-
block2' is executed.

17. Switch statement
 . switch statement :- this is multiple conditional
statement switch check the condition if condition is true
then perform the statement and totally depend upon the
value of variable otherwise perform the default statement
 Prototype :- switch < expression>
 Case <statement >
 Case <statement >
 Case <statement >
 Case <statement >
 default <statement >

18. OPERATORS USE IN C++
PROGRAMMING
 There are many operators used in c language
Arithmetic or Mathematical Operators
Relational Operators
Logical Operators

19. Go to statement
 A go to statement provides an unconditional jump from the goto
to a labeled statement in the same function.
 SYNTAX :
The syntax of a go to statement in C++ is:
go to label;
..
.
label: statement;
Where label is an identifier that identifies a labeled
statement. A labeled statement is any statement that is
preceded by an identifier followed by a colon (:).

20. Flow chart

21. Looping in C++
 Loops : :- repetition of instructions is called
loop there are following loop in c language .

22. How it works
 A sequence of statement is executed until a specified
condition is true. This sequence of statement to be
executed is kept inside the curly braces { } known as
loop body. After every execution of loop body,
condition is checked, and if it is found to be true the
loop body is executed again. When condition check
comes out to be false, the loop body will not be
executed.

23. There are three types of loop in
C++
1. while loop
2. for loop
3. do-while loop

24. While loop
 while loop can be address as an entry control loop. It
is completed in 3 steps.
Variable initialization.( e.g int x=0; )
condition( e.g while( x<=10) )
Variable increment or decrement ( x++ or x-- or x=x+2)

25. Syntax :
variable initialization ;
while (condition)
{
statements ;
variable increment or decrement ;
}

26. Flow chart

27. Example :
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
Void main (void)
{
Int k;
Clrscr();
K=0;
While( k< 20)
{
Cout<<“ n “<<k;
K++; }
Getch(); }

28. For loop
 for loop is used to execute a set of statement repeatedly until a particular
condition is satisfied. we can say it an open ended loop. General format is,
for(initialization; condition ;increment/decrement)
{
statement-block;
}
e.g
for (i = 1; i <= n; ++i)
 In for loop we have exactly two semicolons, one after
initialization and second after condition. In this loop we can
have more than one initialization or increment/decrement,
separated using comma operator. for loop can have only
one condition.

29. Flow chart

30. Example :
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int i, n, factorial = 1;
cout<<"Enter a positive integer: ";
cin>>n;
for (i = 1; i <= n; ++i)
{
factorial *= i; // factorial = factorial * i;
}
cout<< "Factorial of "<<n<<" = "<<factorial; return 0;
}

31. do-while loop
 In some situations it is necessary to execute body of the loop
before testing the condition. Such situations can be handled
with the help of do-while loop. do statement evaluates the body
of the loop first and at the end, the condition is checked
using while statement. General format of do-while loop is,
Do
{
.statement is;
}
while(condition)

32. Flow chart

33. Example :
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
float number, sum = 0.0;
do {
cout<<"Enter a number: ";
cin>>number;
sum += number;
}
while(number != 0.0);
cout<<"Total sum = "<<sum; return 0;
}