This document summarizes research on using laser processing techniques to deposit nanocrystalline titanium dioxide (nc-TiO2) films for use in dye-sensitized solar cells. Pulsed laser deposition was used to deposit a dense TiO2 layer and laser direct-write was used to deposit porous nc-TiO2 layers of varying thickness. Solar cells made with laser-processed nc-TiO2 layers showed a power conversion efficiency of up to 4.3% under solar illumination. Thicker nc-TiO2 layers increased short circuit current but decreased open circuit voltage, due to increased recombination losses. Laser processing techniques allow conformal deposition of nc-TiO2 without masks or additional patterning steps.
Dye Sensitized Solar Cells Incorporated with Tio2 -ZnO NanoparticlesScientific Review SR
This document summarizes a study that incorporated zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles into dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) to improve their photovoltaic performance. DSSCs were fabricated with TiO2 films that were coated with different numbers of ZnO layers using successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR). The cells were tested under illumination and the best performance was achieved with two SILAR cycles of ZnO, with a power conversion efficiency of 0.0064%, over double that of cells without ZnO. More ZnO layers led to lower efficiencies due to increased recombination and reduced light absorption, showing an optimal thickness was achieved with two SILAR cycles.
This document presents an overview of a thesis on characterizing an aluminum-doped conductive layer of zinc oxide for thin film solar cells. It discusses preparing the aluminum-doped zinc oxide layer using a sol-gel method, including solution preparation, spin coating, and annealing. It also summarizes methods used to characterize the layer, including measuring thickness, surface morphology, and electrical properties using Hall effect measurement. Key results found the layer thickness and roughness increased with more depositions and the material exhibited n-type conductivity.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes research on the structural, optical, and electrical properties of flower-like zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films deposited by chemical bath deposition. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the films had a hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure. The crystallite size increased slightly with higher annealing temperatures from 47.6-50.3 nm. Optical transmission was over 60% in the visible range and bandgap decreased from 3.23 to 3 eV with increasing annealing temperature. Scanning electron microscopy revealed flower-shaped grains several nanometers in size. Electrical conductivity increased with higher annealing temperature as measured by four-probe method.
Shulze - Surface and Thin Film Characterization of Superconducting Multilayer...thinfilmsworkshop
http://www.surfacetreatments.it/thinfilms
Surface and Thin Film Characterization of Superconducting Multilayer films for application in RF (Roland Schulze - 30')
Speaker: Roland Schulze - Los Alamos National Laboratory | Duration: 30 min.
Abstract
The use of multilayer ultra-thin films on the interior surfaces of Nb superconducting RF cavities shows great promise in substantially improving the performance characteristics of superconducting RF cavities into the 100 MV/m range by increasing the RF critical magnetic field, HRF, through careful choice of new materials and thin film structures. However, there are substantial materials science challenges associated with producing such complex film structures, particularly for conformal application of uniform thin films on the interior surfaces of RF cavities. Here we present surface and thin film analysis of ultra-thin films of two candidate materials, MgB2 and NbN superconductors, deposited through several different methods, along with multilayers produced with alternating superconductor and dielectric films. We report on the analysis methods and techniques, using primarily x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Auger spectroscopy with ion sputter depth profiling, and describe results from variety of thin film samples. The materials stability, microstructure, chemistry, and thin film morphology are highly dependent on methods and parameters used in the thin film deposition. From our analysis, important factors for producing quality superconducting and dielectric films include chemical stoichiometry, impurity content, deposition temperature, substrate choice and conditioning, choice of dielectric material, and the nature of the thin film interfaces. These factors will be discussed in the context of the production methods used for these ultra-thin superconducting films.
The document summarizes research on pulsed electrodeposition of nanocrystalline nickel films embedded with micron-sized diamond particles on annealed copper substrates. Specifically, it investigated co-depositing 1, 3, and 6 micron diamond particles into nickel films at different current densities and durations. Ultrasonication of the deposition bath helped achieve a uniform coating by preventing diamond particle settling. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed uniform nickel-diamond deposition with no cracks. Vickers hardness measurements found the 6 micron diamond embedded nickel film provided the highest hardness, 486.96 HV, a significant increase over the annealed copper substrate. The research demonstrated enhanced mechanical properties can be achieved through pulsed electrodeposition of nanocrystall
Interdiffusion, reactions, and transformations in thin filmMd Ataul Mamun
This document discusses various topics related to interdiffusion, reactions, and transformations in thin films:
1. It explains the concepts of diffusion, nucleation and grain growth that can occur in thin films. Diffusion is impacted by factors like temperature, grain boundaries, and dislocations.
2. Interdiffusion in thin films occurs much faster than in bulk materials due to diffusion along grain boundaries and dislocations. This can impact thin film integrity over time.
3. Reaction and compound formation at interfaces between thin films is discussed, like the growth of SiO2 at the Si/O2 interface or intermetallic compound formation.
4. Phase transformations and the use of diffusion barriers to prevent undesirable
This is a power point presentation of project work on preparing Zinc oxide thin films by using SILAR technique and CBD technique and studying its characteristics.
Dye Sensitized Solar Cells Incorporated with Tio2 -ZnO NanoparticlesScientific Review SR
This document summarizes a study that incorporated zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles into dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) to improve their photovoltaic performance. DSSCs were fabricated with TiO2 films that were coated with different numbers of ZnO layers using successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR). The cells were tested under illumination and the best performance was achieved with two SILAR cycles of ZnO, with a power conversion efficiency of 0.0064%, over double that of cells without ZnO. More ZnO layers led to lower efficiencies due to increased recombination and reduced light absorption, showing an optimal thickness was achieved with two SILAR cycles.
This document presents an overview of a thesis on characterizing an aluminum-doped conductive layer of zinc oxide for thin film solar cells. It discusses preparing the aluminum-doped zinc oxide layer using a sol-gel method, including solution preparation, spin coating, and annealing. It also summarizes methods used to characterize the layer, including measuring thickness, surface morphology, and electrical properties using Hall effect measurement. Key results found the layer thickness and roughness increased with more depositions and the material exhibited n-type conductivity.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes research on the structural, optical, and electrical properties of flower-like zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films deposited by chemical bath deposition. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the films had a hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure. The crystallite size increased slightly with higher annealing temperatures from 47.6-50.3 nm. Optical transmission was over 60% in the visible range and bandgap decreased from 3.23 to 3 eV with increasing annealing temperature. Scanning electron microscopy revealed flower-shaped grains several nanometers in size. Electrical conductivity increased with higher annealing temperature as measured by four-probe method.
Shulze - Surface and Thin Film Characterization of Superconducting Multilayer...thinfilmsworkshop
http://www.surfacetreatments.it/thinfilms
Surface and Thin Film Characterization of Superconducting Multilayer films for application in RF (Roland Schulze - 30')
Speaker: Roland Schulze - Los Alamos National Laboratory | Duration: 30 min.
Abstract
The use of multilayer ultra-thin films on the interior surfaces of Nb superconducting RF cavities shows great promise in substantially improving the performance characteristics of superconducting RF cavities into the 100 MV/m range by increasing the RF critical magnetic field, HRF, through careful choice of new materials and thin film structures. However, there are substantial materials science challenges associated with producing such complex film structures, particularly for conformal application of uniform thin films on the interior surfaces of RF cavities. Here we present surface and thin film analysis of ultra-thin films of two candidate materials, MgB2 and NbN superconductors, deposited through several different methods, along with multilayers produced with alternating superconductor and dielectric films. We report on the analysis methods and techniques, using primarily x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Auger spectroscopy with ion sputter depth profiling, and describe results from variety of thin film samples. The materials stability, microstructure, chemistry, and thin film morphology are highly dependent on methods and parameters used in the thin film deposition. From our analysis, important factors for producing quality superconducting and dielectric films include chemical stoichiometry, impurity content, deposition temperature, substrate choice and conditioning, choice of dielectric material, and the nature of the thin film interfaces. These factors will be discussed in the context of the production methods used for these ultra-thin superconducting films.
The document summarizes research on pulsed electrodeposition of nanocrystalline nickel films embedded with micron-sized diamond particles on annealed copper substrates. Specifically, it investigated co-depositing 1, 3, and 6 micron diamond particles into nickel films at different current densities and durations. Ultrasonication of the deposition bath helped achieve a uniform coating by preventing diamond particle settling. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed uniform nickel-diamond deposition with no cracks. Vickers hardness measurements found the 6 micron diamond embedded nickel film provided the highest hardness, 486.96 HV, a significant increase over the annealed copper substrate. The research demonstrated enhanced mechanical properties can be achieved through pulsed electrodeposition of nanocrystall
Interdiffusion, reactions, and transformations in thin filmMd Ataul Mamun
This document discusses various topics related to interdiffusion, reactions, and transformations in thin films:
1. It explains the concepts of diffusion, nucleation and grain growth that can occur in thin films. Diffusion is impacted by factors like temperature, grain boundaries, and dislocations.
2. Interdiffusion in thin films occurs much faster than in bulk materials due to diffusion along grain boundaries and dislocations. This can impact thin film integrity over time.
3. Reaction and compound formation at interfaces between thin films is discussed, like the growth of SiO2 at the Si/O2 interface or intermetallic compound formation.
4. Phase transformations and the use of diffusion barriers to prevent undesirable
This is a power point presentation of project work on preparing Zinc oxide thin films by using SILAR technique and CBD technique and studying its characteristics.
Synthesis and characterisation of k doped zno 1Jeslin Mattam
Thin film technology has been developed for integrated circuits. Thin films are two-dimensional due to their small thickness and need a substrate. They are created through atomic/molecular processes like chemical vapor deposition or physical deposition. Structural properties are analyzed using electron diffraction and electrical properties depend on temperature. Optical measurements determine band structure and lattice vibrations. Applications include drug delivery, optical coatings, transistors, solar cells, and metallurgical coatings. Zinc oxide thin films were synthesized with potassium doping and analyzed. X-ray diffraction showed the films were phase pure wurtzite structure. Resistance decreased and particle size increased with higher doping concentration.
Influence of Thickness on Electrical and Structural Properties of Zinc Oxide ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Zinc Oxide (ZnO) thin films were prepared on corning (7059) glass substrates at a thickness of 75.5 and 130.5nm by RF sputtering technique. The deposition was carried out at room temperature after which the samples were annealed in open air at 1500C. The electrical and structural properties of these films were studied. The electrical properties of the films were monitored by four-point probe method while the structural properties were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD). It was found that the electrical resistance of the films decreases with increase in the thickness of the films. The XRD analysis of the films showed that the films have a peak located at 〖34.31^0-34.35〗^0with hkl (002). Other parameters calculated include the stress ( ) and the grain size (D).
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Optical Properties of Nanostructured Cerium Oxide Thin Films by Pulsed Laser ...IRJET Journal
Cerium oxide thin films were deposited on quartz substrates using pulsed laser deposition. X-ray diffraction was used to characterize the structural properties of the films deposited at different substrate temperatures. The film deposited at 303K was amorphous, while the film deposited at 523K was quasi-crystalline. Increasing the substrate temperature to 923K resulted in a polycrystalline film. Optical properties were studied using UV-visible spectroscopy, which showed the films were highly transparent in the visible region with low reflectance in ultraviolet. Band gap was found to decrease with increasing film thickness.
Xiaoxing xi progress in the investigation of mg b2 thin films for srf cavit...thinfilmsworkshop
MgB2 thin films grown by hybrid physical-chemical vapor deposition (HPCVD) have been investigated for SRF cavity applications. I will present our recent results of research in three directions: enhancement of Hc1 in thin MgB2 films, large area MgB2 films on Cu, and the effort on coating of RF cavities. By reducing the thickness of the MgB2 film from 300 nm to 100 nm, Hc1(0) increases systematically from 38 mT to about 200 mT in both epitaxial and polycrystalline films. The HPCVD process has been successfully applied on 2” diameter Cu substrate. Both the in-situ and two-step processes have been used for the coating of a 6 GHz cavity. Samples from various locations of the cavity show good superconducting properties. Effort is underway to coat 3 GHz RF cavities.
Graphene and hexagonal boron nitride filled epoxy nanocompositesArun Yadav
The document describes a two-stage project to develop polymer nanocomposites with improved thermal conductivity for electronic packaging applications. The first stage involves establishing a high concentration dispersion of hexagonal boron nitride and graphene using a suitable surfactant. The second stage uses this dispersion to prepare epoxy nanocomposites. The nanocomposites will be characterized using techniques like UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, SEM and TEM to analyze properties. The goal is to create graphene and boron nitride filled polymer composites with higher thermal conductivity.
Application of carbon nanotubes in water desalinationAnkit Kumar Singh
This document discusses several applications of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in water desalination. It describes how CNT sheets, membranes, and vertically-aligned CNTs can be used to remove salt from water. CNT sheets are synthesized and characterized, showing their ability to adsorb salt. CNT membranes are prepared using different encapsulation methods and shown to have nanopores that can selectively filter ions. Vertically-aligned CNT membranes are grown via CVD and densified to form porous structures for desalination. Multi-walled CNT electrodes are also tested in a desalination device, demonstrating salt removal from water.
This thesis examines the characterization of an aluminum-doped zinc oxide thin film for use in solar cells. The document provides background on renewable energy and solar cells. It then discusses zinc oxide thin films and their advantages over crystalline solar cells. The methodology section outlines the sol-gel process used to prepare the aluminum-doped zinc oxide films on glass substrates. Various experiments are described to characterize the film thickness, surface morphology, and electrical properties. The results and discussions section analyzes the measurement findings. In conclusion, the film properties are optimized by changing processing parameters.
This document summarizes research on the microstructure and optical properties of Cu@Ni core-shell nanoparticles embedded in a carbon-hydrogen (C:H) thin film. The nanoparticles were prepared using RF sputtering and RF PECVD deposition of copper followed by nickel layers of varying thicknesses. Atomic force microscopy showed nanoparticles ranging from 6-14 nm in size. X-ray diffraction revealed the formation of Cu and Ni nanocrystals with oxidation occurring upon air exposure. UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy demonstrated surface plasmon resonance absorption from the Cu nanoparticles around 600 nm that was dampened by increasing nickel layer thickness, while absorbance in the near-infrared region and the edge of strong absorption varied with nickel thickness.
Synthesis of MWNTs, DWNTs and SWNTs buckypaper using triton x 100. and compar...Awad Albalwi
In this study buckypaper of MWNTs, DWNTs and SWNT have been synthesised using filtration of carbon nanotubes dispersed in 1% TritonX 100 as solvents. Dispersions were generated by pulse sonication of each single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) , Double wall carbon nanotubes (DWNTs) and Multi wall carbon nanotubes in TritonX solvent. Fist, sonication times were investigated for these CNTs to determine the optimum conditions for generating stable dispersions of carbon nanotubes. It was found that optimal dispersions could be generated using Trion X-100 solvent with all these carbon nanotube by using 30minute periods of pulse sonication. The Three buckypapers of MWNTs, DWNTs and SWNTs were produced by filtering dispersions of carbon nanotubes which had undergone 30 minutes of pulse sonication in TritonX100. Conductivity and measurements of the three buckypaper (SWNT,DWNT&MWNT) samples yielded average values of 14.24 , 23 and 19 Scm-1 respectively. Mechanical measurements were determined successfully . Homogeneity in the produced buckypapers were investigated confirming by scanning electron microscopy .
Effect of substrate temperature on the morphological and optical properties o...IOSR Journals
The document summarizes research on the effect of substrate temperature on the morphological and optical properties of ZnO thin films formed by DC magnetron sputtering. ZnO films were deposited on glass substrates held at temperatures between 473-673 K. Atomic force microscopy analysis showed that substrate temperature affected the roughness and grain size of the films. Optical analysis found that substrate temperature influenced the transmittance, band gap, and extinction coefficient of the films. The films deposited near 513 K exhibited optimal optical properties such as highest transmittance and band gap.
The document discusses the development of tribological PVD coatings. It provides examples of materials and processing techniques used to develop such coatings, including pulsed magnetron sputtering and modulated pulse power. It also describes experiments conducted to study the effects of residual stress gradients in PVD TiN coatings on wear resistance, where coatings with varying stress levels were produced and evaluated using scratch and pin-on-disk testing.
Carbon nanotubes with special application to the cnt reoinforced glass and glassRahul Dubey
The document discusses carbon nanotubes (CNTs), their properties, production methods, and applications. Specifically, it focuses on using CNTs to reinforce glass and glass-ceramic matrix composites. The key points are:
1) CNTs have excellent mechanical and thermal properties that make them promising reinforcements. Their production via electric arc discharge, laser ablation, or chemical vapor deposition controls their quality.
2) Manufacturing CNT-reinforced glass/glass-ceramic composites requires well-dispersed CNTs, strong interfaces, and consolidation to high densities using techniques like spark plasma sintering.
3) Preliminary results show the composites have improved hardness, elastic modulus
Rosa alejandra lukaszew a review of the thin film techniques potentially ap...thinfilmsworkshop
This document discusses thin film techniques that could be applicable for superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities. It reviews various thin film deposition methods like sputtering, evaporation, and ion beam assisted deposition. Challenges in achieving high quality niobium films for SRF cavities are discussed, including issues like adhesion, purity, defects, grain size, stress. The document provides background on thin film nucleation and growth processes. It also summarizes some previous work done on niobium thin films at the College of William and Mary using DC magnetron sputtering and reactive sputtering.
Studies on in-Doped Zno Transparent Conducting thin FilmsIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In this manuscript we have investigated the influences of indium dopants on zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films regarding physico-chemical properties for application in modern conducting devices. As a starting material, Indium (III) chloride, and Zn(CH3COO)2⋅2H2O were used. The complex TSDC spectrum was obtained by submitting the sample to a constant electrical field Ep = 10M V/m during 2 min at a varing polarization temperature of Tmax = 1500C. A minimal sheet resistance with electrical resistivity as low in the range of 10-3 Ω·cm was found for this thin film.
Invited lecture of the Simposium N "Surface Engineering - functional coatings and modified surfaces" at the XIII SBPMat (Brazilian MRS) meeting, in João Pessoa (Brazil). The lecture took place on September 30th, 2014.
The speaker was Professor Christoph Genzel, from the Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie (HZB), in Germany, where he heads the Department of Microstructure and Residual Stress Analysis and he coordinates a group of diffraction and scattering. Genzel is also Associate Professor at the Technische Universität Berlin.
2012 alamin dow-micro and nano letters-al n-nanodiamond sawAnna Rusu
The document summarizes research on developing high-frequency surface acoustic wave nanotransducers using aluminium nitride/nanodiamond structures. The researchers fabricated surface acoustic wave devices composed of aluminium nitride deposited on nanodiamond films. These films were synthesized using microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition. The fabricated devices exhibited operating frequencies up to 5.8 GHz and acoustic velocities between 8120-9280 m/s, demonstrating their potential for applications requiring high-speed data processing and sensitive sensing at the GHz range.
A study of Carbon Nanotubes as Smart Reinforcemants for Glass/ Glass ceramic ...Rahul Dubey
This document presents a study on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as reinforcements for glass and glass ceramic matrix composites. CNTs have excellent mechanical and physical properties due to their nano-scale size. The document discusses methods of CNT production, their properties, and manufacturing of CNT-reinforced glass composites. Incorporating CNTs improves the mechanical, electrical and thermal properties of the brittle glass matrix. Potential applications include structural components, heat sinks, and thermal barrier coatings. However, more research is still needed to fully understand CNT reinforcement effects and address issues like mass production costs and health impacts.
This document outlines a case study analysis of IBM's social business offerings. It provides a template for analyzing three companies that partnered with IBM on social business initiatives: Company 1, Company 2, and Company 3. For each company, the case study would include a press release describing the partnership, followed by an analysis mapping phrases from the press release to the six principles of service thinking and assessing the impact on revenue, profits, and brand. The document provides examples of companies that could be analyzed for each category: globally integrated enterprises, regional companies, and startups. It also includes sections for references, additional analysis, and important dates. The goal is for students to apply service thinking principles to estimate the business impacts of IBM's social business
The document discusses the evolution of ICT4D (Information and Communication Technologies for Development) projects from ICT4D 1.0 to the emerging ICT4D 2.0 approach. It outlines that most past ICT4D projects have failed to achieve their goals. ICT4D 2.0 calls for new models of engagement that recognize this phase change by taking a demand-driven, bottom-up approach and applying principles from Web 2.0 such as collaboration. The NextEd project is discussed as an example that applies some of these principles through its virtual learning environment and "Ubun2.0" engagement model focused on cooperation, co-creation and an open beta process.
Synthesis and characterisation of k doped zno 1Jeslin Mattam
Thin film technology has been developed for integrated circuits. Thin films are two-dimensional due to their small thickness and need a substrate. They are created through atomic/molecular processes like chemical vapor deposition or physical deposition. Structural properties are analyzed using electron diffraction and electrical properties depend on temperature. Optical measurements determine band structure and lattice vibrations. Applications include drug delivery, optical coatings, transistors, solar cells, and metallurgical coatings. Zinc oxide thin films were synthesized with potassium doping and analyzed. X-ray diffraction showed the films were phase pure wurtzite structure. Resistance decreased and particle size increased with higher doping concentration.
Influence of Thickness on Electrical and Structural Properties of Zinc Oxide ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Zinc Oxide (ZnO) thin films were prepared on corning (7059) glass substrates at a thickness of 75.5 and 130.5nm by RF sputtering technique. The deposition was carried out at room temperature after which the samples were annealed in open air at 1500C. The electrical and structural properties of these films were studied. The electrical properties of the films were monitored by four-point probe method while the structural properties were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD). It was found that the electrical resistance of the films decreases with increase in the thickness of the films. The XRD analysis of the films showed that the films have a peak located at 〖34.31^0-34.35〗^0with hkl (002). Other parameters calculated include the stress ( ) and the grain size (D).
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Optical Properties of Nanostructured Cerium Oxide Thin Films by Pulsed Laser ...IRJET Journal
Cerium oxide thin films were deposited on quartz substrates using pulsed laser deposition. X-ray diffraction was used to characterize the structural properties of the films deposited at different substrate temperatures. The film deposited at 303K was amorphous, while the film deposited at 523K was quasi-crystalline. Increasing the substrate temperature to 923K resulted in a polycrystalline film. Optical properties were studied using UV-visible spectroscopy, which showed the films were highly transparent in the visible region with low reflectance in ultraviolet. Band gap was found to decrease with increasing film thickness.
Xiaoxing xi progress in the investigation of mg b2 thin films for srf cavit...thinfilmsworkshop
MgB2 thin films grown by hybrid physical-chemical vapor deposition (HPCVD) have been investigated for SRF cavity applications. I will present our recent results of research in three directions: enhancement of Hc1 in thin MgB2 films, large area MgB2 films on Cu, and the effort on coating of RF cavities. By reducing the thickness of the MgB2 film from 300 nm to 100 nm, Hc1(0) increases systematically from 38 mT to about 200 mT in both epitaxial and polycrystalline films. The HPCVD process has been successfully applied on 2” diameter Cu substrate. Both the in-situ and two-step processes have been used for the coating of a 6 GHz cavity. Samples from various locations of the cavity show good superconducting properties. Effort is underway to coat 3 GHz RF cavities.
Graphene and hexagonal boron nitride filled epoxy nanocompositesArun Yadav
The document describes a two-stage project to develop polymer nanocomposites with improved thermal conductivity for electronic packaging applications. The first stage involves establishing a high concentration dispersion of hexagonal boron nitride and graphene using a suitable surfactant. The second stage uses this dispersion to prepare epoxy nanocomposites. The nanocomposites will be characterized using techniques like UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, SEM and TEM to analyze properties. The goal is to create graphene and boron nitride filled polymer composites with higher thermal conductivity.
Application of carbon nanotubes in water desalinationAnkit Kumar Singh
This document discusses several applications of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in water desalination. It describes how CNT sheets, membranes, and vertically-aligned CNTs can be used to remove salt from water. CNT sheets are synthesized and characterized, showing their ability to adsorb salt. CNT membranes are prepared using different encapsulation methods and shown to have nanopores that can selectively filter ions. Vertically-aligned CNT membranes are grown via CVD and densified to form porous structures for desalination. Multi-walled CNT electrodes are also tested in a desalination device, demonstrating salt removal from water.
This thesis examines the characterization of an aluminum-doped zinc oxide thin film for use in solar cells. The document provides background on renewable energy and solar cells. It then discusses zinc oxide thin films and their advantages over crystalline solar cells. The methodology section outlines the sol-gel process used to prepare the aluminum-doped zinc oxide films on glass substrates. Various experiments are described to characterize the film thickness, surface morphology, and electrical properties. The results and discussions section analyzes the measurement findings. In conclusion, the film properties are optimized by changing processing parameters.
This document summarizes research on the microstructure and optical properties of Cu@Ni core-shell nanoparticles embedded in a carbon-hydrogen (C:H) thin film. The nanoparticles were prepared using RF sputtering and RF PECVD deposition of copper followed by nickel layers of varying thicknesses. Atomic force microscopy showed nanoparticles ranging from 6-14 nm in size. X-ray diffraction revealed the formation of Cu and Ni nanocrystals with oxidation occurring upon air exposure. UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy demonstrated surface plasmon resonance absorption from the Cu nanoparticles around 600 nm that was dampened by increasing nickel layer thickness, while absorbance in the near-infrared region and the edge of strong absorption varied with nickel thickness.
Synthesis of MWNTs, DWNTs and SWNTs buckypaper using triton x 100. and compar...Awad Albalwi
In this study buckypaper of MWNTs, DWNTs and SWNT have been synthesised using filtration of carbon nanotubes dispersed in 1% TritonX 100 as solvents. Dispersions were generated by pulse sonication of each single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) , Double wall carbon nanotubes (DWNTs) and Multi wall carbon nanotubes in TritonX solvent. Fist, sonication times were investigated for these CNTs to determine the optimum conditions for generating stable dispersions of carbon nanotubes. It was found that optimal dispersions could be generated using Trion X-100 solvent with all these carbon nanotube by using 30minute periods of pulse sonication. The Three buckypapers of MWNTs, DWNTs and SWNTs were produced by filtering dispersions of carbon nanotubes which had undergone 30 minutes of pulse sonication in TritonX100. Conductivity and measurements of the three buckypaper (SWNT,DWNT&MWNT) samples yielded average values of 14.24 , 23 and 19 Scm-1 respectively. Mechanical measurements were determined successfully . Homogeneity in the produced buckypapers were investigated confirming by scanning electron microscopy .
Effect of substrate temperature on the morphological and optical properties o...IOSR Journals
The document summarizes research on the effect of substrate temperature on the morphological and optical properties of ZnO thin films formed by DC magnetron sputtering. ZnO films were deposited on glass substrates held at temperatures between 473-673 K. Atomic force microscopy analysis showed that substrate temperature affected the roughness and grain size of the films. Optical analysis found that substrate temperature influenced the transmittance, band gap, and extinction coefficient of the films. The films deposited near 513 K exhibited optimal optical properties such as highest transmittance and band gap.
The document discusses the development of tribological PVD coatings. It provides examples of materials and processing techniques used to develop such coatings, including pulsed magnetron sputtering and modulated pulse power. It also describes experiments conducted to study the effects of residual stress gradients in PVD TiN coatings on wear resistance, where coatings with varying stress levels were produced and evaluated using scratch and pin-on-disk testing.
Carbon nanotubes with special application to the cnt reoinforced glass and glassRahul Dubey
The document discusses carbon nanotubes (CNTs), their properties, production methods, and applications. Specifically, it focuses on using CNTs to reinforce glass and glass-ceramic matrix composites. The key points are:
1) CNTs have excellent mechanical and thermal properties that make them promising reinforcements. Their production via electric arc discharge, laser ablation, or chemical vapor deposition controls their quality.
2) Manufacturing CNT-reinforced glass/glass-ceramic composites requires well-dispersed CNTs, strong interfaces, and consolidation to high densities using techniques like spark plasma sintering.
3) Preliminary results show the composites have improved hardness, elastic modulus
Rosa alejandra lukaszew a review of the thin film techniques potentially ap...thinfilmsworkshop
This document discusses thin film techniques that could be applicable for superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities. It reviews various thin film deposition methods like sputtering, evaporation, and ion beam assisted deposition. Challenges in achieving high quality niobium films for SRF cavities are discussed, including issues like adhesion, purity, defects, grain size, stress. The document provides background on thin film nucleation and growth processes. It also summarizes some previous work done on niobium thin films at the College of William and Mary using DC magnetron sputtering and reactive sputtering.
Studies on in-Doped Zno Transparent Conducting thin FilmsIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In this manuscript we have investigated the influences of indium dopants on zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films regarding physico-chemical properties for application in modern conducting devices. As a starting material, Indium (III) chloride, and Zn(CH3COO)2⋅2H2O were used. The complex TSDC spectrum was obtained by submitting the sample to a constant electrical field Ep = 10M V/m during 2 min at a varing polarization temperature of Tmax = 1500C. A minimal sheet resistance with electrical resistivity as low in the range of 10-3 Ω·cm was found for this thin film.
Invited lecture of the Simposium N "Surface Engineering - functional coatings and modified surfaces" at the XIII SBPMat (Brazilian MRS) meeting, in João Pessoa (Brazil). The lecture took place on September 30th, 2014.
The speaker was Professor Christoph Genzel, from the Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie (HZB), in Germany, where he heads the Department of Microstructure and Residual Stress Analysis and he coordinates a group of diffraction and scattering. Genzel is also Associate Professor at the Technische Universität Berlin.
2012 alamin dow-micro and nano letters-al n-nanodiamond sawAnna Rusu
The document summarizes research on developing high-frequency surface acoustic wave nanotransducers using aluminium nitride/nanodiamond structures. The researchers fabricated surface acoustic wave devices composed of aluminium nitride deposited on nanodiamond films. These films were synthesized using microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition. The fabricated devices exhibited operating frequencies up to 5.8 GHz and acoustic velocities between 8120-9280 m/s, demonstrating their potential for applications requiring high-speed data processing and sensitive sensing at the GHz range.
A study of Carbon Nanotubes as Smart Reinforcemants for Glass/ Glass ceramic ...Rahul Dubey
This document presents a study on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as reinforcements for glass and glass ceramic matrix composites. CNTs have excellent mechanical and physical properties due to their nano-scale size. The document discusses methods of CNT production, their properties, and manufacturing of CNT-reinforced glass composites. Incorporating CNTs improves the mechanical, electrical and thermal properties of the brittle glass matrix. Potential applications include structural components, heat sinks, and thermal barrier coatings. However, more research is still needed to fully understand CNT reinforcement effects and address issues like mass production costs and health impacts.
This document outlines a case study analysis of IBM's social business offerings. It provides a template for analyzing three companies that partnered with IBM on social business initiatives: Company 1, Company 2, and Company 3. For each company, the case study would include a press release describing the partnership, followed by an analysis mapping phrases from the press release to the six principles of service thinking and assessing the impact on revenue, profits, and brand. The document provides examples of companies that could be analyzed for each category: globally integrated enterprises, regional companies, and startups. It also includes sections for references, additional analysis, and important dates. The goal is for students to apply service thinking principles to estimate the business impacts of IBM's social business
The document discusses the evolution of ICT4D (Information and Communication Technologies for Development) projects from ICT4D 1.0 to the emerging ICT4D 2.0 approach. It outlines that most past ICT4D projects have failed to achieve their goals. ICT4D 2.0 calls for new models of engagement that recognize this phase change by taking a demand-driven, bottom-up approach and applying principles from Web 2.0 such as collaboration. The NextEd project is discussed as an example that applies some of these principles through its virtual learning environment and "Ubun2.0" engagement model focused on cooperation, co-creation and an open beta process.
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanowires prepared from rice husk ash. SiO2 nanowires were synthesized by thermally evaporating a mixture of rice husk ash and coconut shell charcoal at 1350°C under nitrogen gas. The resulting nanowires were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The SiO2 nanowires had diameters between 40-200 nm and lengths of a few micrometers. Crystalline SiO2 and silicon carbide structures were observed.
The document discusses IBM's University Programs and their role in developing regional entrepreneurial ecosystems (U-BEEs). Key points:
- IBM University Programs focus on the 6 R's: Research, Readiness, Recruiting, Revenue, Responsibility, and Regions to accelerate regional development through U-BEEs.
- U-BEEs are university-based entrepreneurial ecosystems that create and sustain local jobs through innovation in all sectors and help distribute the future more evenly across regions.
- On-campus IBMers help develop students' skills for building smarter planet solutions, support new ventures, and refresh their own skills, contributing to regional growth.
The document discusses service science and serviceology, providing an overview of the disciplines, associations, journals, conferences, and workshops related to service science. It also introduces the concept of next-generation "T-shaped" innovators and discusses how platform technologies and smarter service systems can accelerate the transformation of business and society. The document concludes by envisioning what the next decade may bring, including the transformation of education through MOOCs and the development of holistic service system modeling tools.
This document provides information on various processes involved in integrated circuit fabrication, including epitaxial growth, oxidation, photolithography, diffusion, ion implantation, isolation techniques, and metallization. Epitaxial growth is used to grow silicon layers on substrates with the same crystal structure. Oxidation grows a silicon dioxide layer for protection and selective doping. Photolithography and etching are used to pattern doped regions. Diffusion and ion implantation introduce impurities. Isolation techniques like PN junctions and dielectric layers separate components. Metallization deposits aluminum for interconnections.
This document discusses composite layers in the Ni-P system containing TiO2 and PTFE. Specifically:
1. Composite Ni-P-TiO2 and Ni-P-TiO2-PTFE layers were prepared by electrodepositing nickel and titanium dioxide with additions of PTFE on a copper substrate.
2. The phase composition and surface morphology of the layers were examined using X-ray diffraction and microscopy. The volume fraction and size of TiO2 and PTFE particles in the layers were determined.
3. It was found that the presence of PTFE reduced the mean area of embedded TiO2 particles in the Ni-P-TiO2-PTFE layers compared to the TiO2
Band edge engineering of composite photoanodes for dye sensitized solar cellsvenkatamanthina
This document discusses engineering the band edges of composite photoanodes for dye-sensitized solar cells through doping. Specifically, it doped ZnO nanorods with cobalt to lower its conduction band minimum and doped TiO2 nanoparticles with zirconium to raise its conduction band minimum in order to overcome an energy barrier preventing electron transfer. Characterization with diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and open circuit voltage measurements under illumination confirmed the doping shifted the band edges as intended. However, dye-sensitized solar cells fabricated with the composite nanostructures did not show improved performance. The paper details a methodology for producing and measuring band edge shifts but notes limitations in applying it to improve device operation.
Zr doped TiO2 nanocomposites for dye sensitized solar cellsvenkatamanthina
This document discusses engineering the band edges of a composite photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cells through doping. ZnO nanorods were doped with cobalt to lower their conduction band minimum energy, and TiO2 nanoparticles were doped with zirconium to raise their conduction band minimum energy. This was done to overcome an energy barrier that previously prevented electron transfer from TiO2 to ZnO in the composite. Characterization showed the doping incorporated into the materials as desired without other changes. Open circuit photovoltage measurements indicated the doping shifted the band energies to enable electron transfer, but devices using the materials did not show improved performance. The methodology for producing and measuring band edge shifts through doping is detailed.
Structural, Dielectric and Optical properties of Sputtered TiO2 nano-filmsIOSR Journals
Thin films of TiO2 were deposited on quartz and p-Si (100) substrates held at room temperature by sputtering of titanium target at various sputter powers in the range 80 - 200 W. The as-deposited films were annealed in air for an hour at 1023 K. The annealed films were characterized by using Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Surface morphology, dielectric and optical properties. The deposition rate of the films increased from 1.26 to 6.66 nm/min. with increase of sputter power from 80 to 200 W. TiO2 films formed at sputter power of 80 W and annealed at 1023 K were polycrystalline in nature with anatase phase crystallite size of 40 nm, dielectric constant of 10, optical band gap of 3.65 eV and refractive index 2.35.
Surface Morphological and Electrical Properties of Sputtered Tio2 Thin FilmsIOSR Journals
Titanium dioxide films were formed on quartz and crystalline p-Si (100) substrates by DC reactive magnetron sputtering method. Pure titanium target was sputtered at a constant oxygen partial pressure of 5x10-2 Pa, and at different sputtering powers in the range 80 – 200 W. The as-deposited films were annealed in air for 1 hour at 1023 K. The deposited films were characterized by studying the surface morphology by atomic force microscopy (AFM), electrical and dielectric properties from current-voltage and capacitance-voltage measurements. Atomic force micrographs of the films showed that the Rrms and Ra increased with the increase of sputter power from 80 to 200 W. The leakage current density was increased by increasing the sputtering power.
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of thin films of pure TiO2 and Sr-doped TiO2 prepared by spin coating technique. Transparent thin films were prepared on glass substrates and annealed at different temperatures from 3000C to 6000C. Structural analysis using GIXRD and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the anatase phase of TiO2. AFM showed a homogeneous globular surface morphology. UV-Vis analysis demonstrated that the optical band gap increased with higher annealing temperatures. Photoluminescence study showed variation in emission peaks for different annealing temperatures and Sr concentrations. Electrical, gas sensing, wettability and self-cleaning properties were also investigated.
This to demonstrate the laser ablation of hard materials to form a thin film for optical sensors. The work was done at DIllard University , New Orleans LA by Professor Abdalla Darwish. any comment e-mail adarwish@bellsouth.net.
This document discusses research into developing monolithically integrated cadmium telluride (CdTe) solar cell devices deposited via atmospheric pressure metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (AP-MOCVD). The research aims to improve the fabrication process and efficiency of CdTe modules. Key steps studied include AP-MOCVD deposition of CdZnS/CdTe layers, addition of back contacts via thermal evaporation or screen printing, monolithic integration via mechanical scribing, and characterization of solar cell performance. Issues addressed include delamination, improving scribing precision, and damage to scribing tips. The goal is to advance the process from single solar cells to interconnected photovoltaic modules.
1) Tin oxide nanostructures were synthesized via a hydrothermal process to optimize their morphology for use as photoanodes in dye-sensitized solar cells.
2) Samples synthesized at different temperatures resulted in different nanostructure morphologies. The sample synthesized at 200°C showed an optimal mixture of tin oxide nanoparticles and hollow nanospheres.
3) When used as a photoanode, the optimized tin oxide nanostructures synthesized at 200°C achieved the highest photovoltaic conversion efficiency of 7.5%, the highest reported for pristine tin oxide at the time.
Transparent and Conducting TiO2 : Nb Thin Films Prepared by Spray Pyrolysis T...arj_online
1) The document describes a study on preparing transparent and conducting niobium-doped titanium dioxide (TNO) thin films using the spray pyrolysis technique.
2) Undoped and niobium-doped TiO2 films were deposited on glass substrates at 500°C from precursor solutions. Increasing the Nb concentration was found to decrease the film resistivity.
3) The minimum resistivity of 3.36×10-3 Ω cm was obtained for a 2% Nb-doped TiO2 film after annealing in hydrogen at 500°C. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the films had a polycrystalline anatase structure without impurities.
Characterization Studies of CdS Nanocrystalline Film Deposited on Teflon Subs...IJLT EMAS
In this article, different substrates for deposition of
CdS material have been discussed. Till date glass, mica, quartz,
ceramic, etc. are commonly employed substrates in thin film
growth. In the present work, CdS is deposited on Teflon
substrate by chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. Also the
films were deposited on different substrates like glass, copper
and zinc and compared with those prepared on Teflon substrate.
The films prepared on Teflon substrate were uniform, stable and
also showed good radiating property. These films were further
characterized by UV-VIS absorption spectral studies, SEM and
EDS studies.
The document summarizes research on the chemical solution deposition of CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) thin films. Key findings include:
1) Polycrystalline pure phase CCTO thin films with preferential (220) orientation were obtained after sintering at 750°C. The films exhibited a bimodal grain size distribution.
2) The dielectric constant (k) of a film sintered at 750°C was approximately 2000 and the loss factor (tan δ) was approximately 0.05, as measured at 1 kHz.
3) X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analysis showed the films had a polycrystalline cubic perovskite structure with exaggerated grain growth
This document describes a study on developing a novel nanocomposite structure for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) consisting of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods coated with titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles. The ZnO nanorods provide fast electron transport while the TiO2 nanoparticles add high surface area for dye adsorption. Transient measurements show the composite film can transport electrons over 100 times faster than TiO2 nanoparticle films alone. When tested with an alternative redox couple that has fast recombination (ferrocene/ferrocenium), the ZnO-TiO2 films generate higher currents than TiO2 films, demonstrating their ability to better collect injected electrons. However, not all charges successfully transfer from TiO2 to Z
This document describes research conducted to produce and test dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Titanium dioxide (TiO2) was used as the substrate and spin coating at 100 rpm produced the highest efficiency cell of 0.88%. Double layered TiO2 cells achieved an efficiency of 0.743%. The best performing techniques were single layer spin coating at 100 rpm and double layered spin coating at 500 rpm. Magnetic stirring of the TiO2 paste improved mixing and particle dispersion compared to hand mixing.
This document discusses a study on Zn-doped TiO2 nanoparticles synthesized via a solvent-controlled non-aqueous sol–gel route for energy storage and photosensitivity applications. X-ray diffraction and FTIR analysis showed the nanoparticles crystallized in anatase and rutile structures with Zn inserted into the TiO2 network. UV-visible absorption measurements provided insight into the band gap variation with Zn doping. Impedance spectroscopy analysis from 40 Hz to 1 MHz at temperatures from 480 to 600 K showed enhanced conduction properties. Photocatalytic testing showed the Zn-doped TiO2 nanoparticles had enhanced degradation of rhodamine B dye under UV light irradiation compared to undoped TiO2 nanoparticles.
High voltage graphene nanowall trench mos barrier schottky diode characteriza...Conference Papers
The document describes a study investigating the use of graphene nanowalls (GNW) as an alternative barrier layer to titanium silicide in trench metal-oxide-semiconductor barrier Schottky (TMBS) diodes. GNW was grown on silicon trench structures using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. TMBS diodes with GNW barriers were fabricated and their leakage currents measured at temperatures up to 423K, finding significantly lower leakage than diodes with titanium silicide barriers. Material and electrical characterization of the GNW-TMBS diodes showed potential for improved high-temperature performance over conventional metal barriers due to graphene's high thermal conductivity and heat dissipation properties.
High voltage graphene nanowall trench mos barrier schottky diode characteriza...Journal Papers
The document describes a study investigating the use of graphene nanowalls (GNW) as an alternative barrier layer to titanium silicide in trench metal-oxide-semiconductor barrier Schottky (TMBS) diodes. GNW was grown on silicon trench structures using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. TMBS diodes with GNW barriers were fabricated and their leakage currents measured at temperatures up to 423K, finding significantly lower leakage than diodes with titanium silicide barriers. Material and electrical characterization of the GNW-TMBS diodes showed potential for improved high-temperature performance over conventional metal barriers due to graphene's high thermal conductivity and heat dissipation properties.
Joam (preparation and characterization of zn o thin films deposited by sol ge...Phaccebookq Nizar
The document summarizes research on preparing and characterizing ZnO thin films deposited using a sol-gel spin coating method. Thermogravimetric analysis showed weight loss in the films continued until 300°C. X-ray diffraction revealed the films had a hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure and were preferentially oriented along the c-axis. Higher spin coating speeds resulted in smaller grain sizes and higher dislocation densities. Optical analysis found the films were highly transparent in the visible range and had direct band gaps between 3.28-3.29 eV that increased slightly with higher spin speeds.
Most construction sites that run into trouble do so for reasons related to managerial factors rather than because of technical problems. The site-based management can make significant improvements in the cost and time savings during the construction process without involving a mass of additional work. The role of site managers is to control and maintain work performance and then taking actions to rectify situations where performance is unsatisfactory.
Concepts and Formulas of Construction Site Layout Planning Elements:
A well-planned site including all temporary facilities and utilities lead to: 1) increasing productivity and safety, 2) reducing area(s) needed for temporary construction, and 3) maximizing utilization. The following points should be considered in good site layout
Site layout planning can affect productivity and is crucial to project success. However, as construction is heterogeneous in the nature of its organizations, project designs, time constraints, environmental effects, etc., site layout planning for each project becomes unique. Affected by many uncertainties variables! And variations, site layout planning is a typical multi objective problem.
Problem solving requires representing the problem in a language that problem solvers can understand. However, solutions of most construction problems rely on empirical Knowledge about the site layout that can be as a site space allocation for material storage, working areas, units of accommodation, plant positions, general circulation areas, and also access and egress for deliveries and emergency services. Furthermore, conflicting objectives and the uniqueness of construction projects like bad site layout make the problems difficult to conceptualize and define.
Introduction
CPM/PERT or Network Analysis as the technique is sometimes called, developed along two parallel streams, one industrial and the other military.
CPM (Critical Path Method) was the discovery of M.R.Walker of E.I.Du Pont de Nemours & Co. and J.E.Kelly of Remington Rand, circa 1957. The computation was designed for the UNIVAC-I computer. The first test was made in 1958, when CPM was applied to the construction of a new chemical plant. In March 1959, the method was applied to maintenance shut-down at the Du Pont works in Louisville, Kentucky. Unproductive time was reduced from 125 to 93 hours.
PERT (Project Evaluation and Review Technique) was devised in 1958 for the POLARIS missile program by the Program Evaluation Branch of the Special Projects office of the U.S.Navy, helped by the Lockheed Missile Systems division and the Consultant firm of Booz-Allen & Hamilton. The calculations were so arranged so that they could be carried out on the IBM Naval Ordinance Research Computer (NORC) at Dahlgren, Virginia.
1) The document discusses project management tools including network analysis techniques like CPM and PERT.
2) CPM and PERT are used to plan and schedule complex projects using network diagrams that show the logical sequence and relationships of tasks.
3) PERT uses three time estimates for each activity - optimistic, most likely, and pessimistic - to calculate the expected duration using probability.
Introduction 1
Network is a technique used for planning and scheduling of large projects in the fields of construction, maintenance, fabrication, purchasing, computer system instantiation, research and development planning etc. There is multitude of operations research situations that can be modeled and solved as network. Some recent surveys reports that as much as 70% of the real-world mathematical programming problems can be represented by network related models. Network analysis is known by many names _PERT (Programme Evaluation and Review Technique), CPM (Critical Path Method), PEP (Programme Evaluation Procedure), LCES (Least Cost Estimating and Scheduling), SCANS (Scheduling and Control by Automated Network System), etc
This chapter will present three of algorithms.
1. PERT & CPM
2. Shortest- route algorithms
3. Maximum-flow algorithms
ASSIGNMENT III
B Tech 8th Semester
Submit it on or before 20th April 2020
01. Construct a network for each of the activities and their precedence relationships are given below:
Economics of project evaluation for reference cpm module2ahsanrabbani
This document provides an overview of key concepts in project structure and management, including:
1) It defines a project and explains their unique, non-routine nature requiring organization and resources to complete within a time limit.
2) It outlines the typical stages in a project's lifecycle from conception to implementation and completion.
3) It discusses important characteristics of projects including objectives, uniqueness, complexity, and risk/uncertainty.
4) It categorizes different types of projects based on factors like location, technology, size and scope.
Economics of project evaluation cpm module2ahsanrabbani
Introduction: The competencies required for developing business cases comprise a range of skills, including those for:
• facilitation and negotiation
• demand management
• risk management
• value management
• economic, social, environmental and budget analyses, and
• strategic planning.
A welded plate girder bridge is designed to carry highway traffic. The bridge is 120 feet long with a roadway width of 30 feet. It uses A992 steel for the flanges and A709 Grade 50 steel for the web and connection plates.
This document discusses two column splice design examples. The first example covers column splice design while the second example also focuses on column splice design. Both examples provide information on designing column splices for structural columns.
This document provides two examples of beam-column design. The first example details the design of a reinforced concrete beam-column connection. The second example also examines the design of a beam-column connection, though it is unclear if this refers to another reinforced concrete example or a different material. Both examples are intended to demonstrate the process of designing beam-column connections.
Design of steel structure as per is 800(2007)ahsanrabbani
It does not offer resistance against rotation and also termed as a hinged or pinned connections.
It transfers only axial or shear forces and it is not designed for moment
It is generally connected by single bolt/rivet and therefore full rotation is allowed
The document provides guidelines for students seeking summer training or project/dissertation work at the Indian Institute of Chemical Biology. It outlines the eligibility requirements, application process and deadlines. Students must be pursuing a postgraduate degree, have secured at least 60% marks, and obtain approval from their institution. Applications should include academic records and a recommendation letter. Training opportunities are also available through sponsored programs. Final applications are due at least 60 days before the proposed start date. There is no fee for participation, but students must arrange their own accommodation. Incomplete applications will be rejected without correspondence.
The document announces the dedication of a Ship-in-Campus and the inauguration of a modernized university main road at the Cochin University of Science and Technology on February 12, 2011 at 4:30pm. The event will include welcome remarks, speeches on the Ship-in-Campus project, the inaugural address for the road, and felicitations. The dedication of the Ship-in-Campus will be done by the Honorable Minister for Fisheries and Registration and the inauguration of the road will be done by the Member of Parliament. The venue is the Kunjali Marakkar School of Marine Engineering.
The document announces a posting for a Junior Research Fellow position with a monthly stipend of Rs.12,000 plus housing allowance. The 3-year project funded by the Department of Atomic Energy seeks applicants with an M.Sc. in Mathematics and at least a 6.5 CGPA or equivalent in Graph Theory. Preference will be given to those who have qualified the UGC NET examination after 2005. Applicants should submit details by September 22nd to Dr. A. Vijayakumar.
The document outlines the syllabus for the first semester of an MBA fulltime program. It includes 7 core courses covering topics such as management concepts, quantitative methods, managerial economics, business environment, business communication, financial accounting, and information technology for managers. Each course is broken down into 5 modules and includes objectives, detailed outlines, and recommended readings. The courses aim to provide foundational business knowledge and skills to MBA students.
The document announces the invitation of applications for admission to the MBA program at the National Institute of Technology Karnataka for the 2011-2012 academic year. Indian citizens can download the application form starting January 3, 2011 from the NITK website and submit the completed form along with a DD for Rs. 600 by March 31, 2011. Eligibility for the full-time 2-year MBA program requires a bachelor's degree from a recognized university with over 55% aggregate marks, or 50% for SC/ST applicants. Admission will be based on the applicant's CAT 2010 score and performance in a group discussion and interview at the institute.
This document provides information about the Master of Business Administration (MBA) program for 2011-2012 at the National Institute of Technology Karnataka in Surathkal, India. It details the minimum qualifications required for admission, which include a bachelor's degree in any discipline with over 55% marks and a valid CAT score. Selection is based 90% on the CAT score and 10% on performance in a group discussion and interview. The two-year full-time MBA program will begin in the fall of 2011 and the intake is limited to a certain number of students.
The document appears to be an application form for admission to postgraduate programs (Ph.D., M.Des., M.S.(Research), and M.Tech.) at the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi. It requests information such as the applicant's personal details, educational qualifications, GATE/CEED scores, work experience, proposed area of research, department/program choices, and payment details. The form also includes instructions for submission of additional documents and notes that incomplete applications may be provisionally accepted pending submission of required documents by specified dates.
Cochin University of Science and Technology is seeking to fill several teaching positions across various departments on a contract basis. The positions include 2 in Applied Chemistry, 2 in Electronics, 4 in Mathematics, 2 in Marine Geology and Geophysics, 1 in School of Industrial Fisheries Economics, 2 in Computer Applications, 1 in Management and 1 in Commerce under the School of Legal Studies, and 1 in International School of Photonics. The minimum qualifications and salaries offered are detailed for each position. Interested candidates should submit applications with full bios and documents to the respective Heads/Directors by September 22, 2010.
The document contains a list of 105 dealers in Ballia with their TIN numbers, UPTT numbers, firm names, and addresses. It provides key information about various firms dealing in items like food processing, medical supplies, hardware, grains, and other goods in Ballia, India.
2. Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 85, No. 3, 19 July 2004 Kim et al. 465
nc-TiO2 films were deposited from a colloidal TiO2 paste5
onto the dense TiO2 layer using the LDW technique.
The active nc-TiO2 layers were deposited onto the
TiO2 / FTO coated glass substrates by the LDW technique
following previously reported conditions.10–12 Briefly, the
TiO2 colloidal paste was cast as a uniform layer of 2 m
thickness (using #4 wire coater, Garner) onto a borosilicate
glass plate. The coated side of the borosilicate plate (referred
to as the “ribbon”) was held on top of the substrate at a
distance of 100 m. A frequency-tripled Nd– YVO4 laser
= 355 nm was focused on the ribbon surface through the
back side of the glass plate to transfer the TiO2 paste to the
TiO2 / FTO coated glass substrate. The laser fluence was
maintained at about 0.1 J / cm2 for a spot size of 250 m2.
The overall thickness of the transferred nc-TiO2 layer was
controlled by the number of transfer passes conducted. The
thickness and the mass of the nc-TiO2 layers monotonically
increase with the number of LDW passes. FIG. 2. Current density vs voltage J – V characteristics of dye-sensitized
The area of the laser transferred nc-TiO2 films was solar cells fabricated with different thicknesses of active nc-TiO2 layers
0.25 cm2. The transferred films were first dried in air and deposited by LDW measured at 100 mW/ cm2 (AM 1.5 simulated solar
then sintered in air at 450 ° C for 30 min. The sintered films illumination). The active cell area of all samples is 0.25 cm2.
were impregnated by soaking in a 0.2 M aqueous solution of
TiCl4 overnight 10 h , washed with distilled water, and
conduction while the high surface area structure maximizes
then sintered a second time at 450 ° C for 30 min. Following
the number density of dye molecules adsorbed on the surface
the second sintering step, TiO2 films were dipped while still
warm 100 ° C into a 3 10−4 M solution of a dye sensi- of the nc-TiO2. Both properties are essential for the fabrica-
tizer, cis-bis(isothiocyanato) bis (2.2 -bipyridyl- tion of efficient dye-sensitized solar cells.
4.4 -dicarboxylato)-ruthenium(II) (N3, Solaronix) in abso- Figure 2 shows the current density J versus voltage V
lute ethanol for 15 h at room temperature.5 The resultant characteristics for several dye sensitized solar cells contain-
dark purple specimens were rinsed with anhydrous ethanol ing nc-TiO2 layers of varying thickness. A summary of the
and dried in a dry nitrogen stream. A separate platinum J – V characteristics and power conversion efficiencies of dif-
counter electrode was deposited by e-beam evaporation onto ferent nc-TiO2 film thicknesses is given in Table I. In these
a FTO coated glass substrate 2.5 cm 2.5 cm with a Ti cells, the short circuit current density Jsc rises from 6.8 to
( 30-nm-thick) buffer layer. The thickness and surface re- 10.1 mA/ cm2 as the nc-TiO2 layer thickness is increased
sistance of the platinum electrode are 70 nm and 2.8 / , from 5 to 15 m. Conversely, the open circuit voltage Voc
respectively. The Pt-electrode and the dye-covered TiO2 in these cells decreases from 0.71 to 0.58 V upon increasing
electrode were sealed together with a 25- m-thick Surlyn nc-TiO2 layer thickness from 5 to 20 m. The initial in-
(1702, Dupont) spacer placed along each edge of the glass crease in Jsc with nc-TiO2 thickness can be related to the
substrate. The I− / I− redox electrolyte
3 5 L was intro- increased surface area of the TiO2 films and hence the con-
duced through one of two holes drilled through the Pt comitant increase in the amount of adsorbed dye. The de-
counter electrode, shown schematically in Fig. 1(a), and was crease in Voc with nc-TiO2 thickness is attributable to an
observed to thoroughly wet the dye-covered nc-TiO2 film via increase in the series resistance5 and an increase in the inter-
capillary action. The photovoltaic properties of the fabricated facial loss (e− / h+ recombination) processes that become
cells were measured using a 150 W xenon arc lamp outfitted more prominent at increased active layer thicknesses.14 The
with AM 1.5 filters (Thermo Oriel). Incident light intensities effects of these recombination loss processes are also mani-
at the sample were controlled using neutral density filters and fested in the decrease of the cell Jsc from 10.1 to
measured using a calibrated silicon photodiode detector (In-
ternational Light Inc.).
Figures 1(b) and 1(c) show the cross-sectional and sur- TABLE I. Photovoltaic characteristics of dye-sensitized solar cells with dif-
face SEM micrographs of a typical nc-TiO2 layer deposited ferent thickness of the light-harvesting active TiO2 layers. The cell size is
by LDW. It is clear from Fig. 1(b) (cross section) that the 0.25 cm2. All curves were collected at 100 mW/ cm2 of AM 1.5 simulated
solar illumination. Voc is defined as the voltage at which the photocurrent
bottom layer is the glass substrate, the second layer (white
becomes zero, Jsc is defined as the photocurrent at zero voltage, the fill
color) is the FTO film 400 nm , and the top layer is the factor ff is calculated from the equation ff= Jmax Vmax / Jsc Voc , and
TiO2 film ( 12 m thick) prepared with eight LDW passes. the power conversion efficiency is calculated from the equation
Since the LDW passes are conducted as a wet process, no = 100 Jmax Vmax / Pin, where Pin is the power of the incident light.
interfacial gaps are formed in the transferred nc-TiO2 be-
tween sequential deposition passes. Figure 1(c) shows that Thickness of nc-TiO2 layer Voc Jsc ff
the TiO2 film is composed of interconnected spherical- m V mA/ cm2 %
shaped particles with an average grain size of 30 nm. It 5 0.71 6.8 0.70 3.4
can also be seen that the particles are distributed homoge- 10 0.68 8.7 0.68 4.0
neously with a high degree of porosity consistent with a high 15 0.64 10.1 0.65 4.3
surface area structure. This three-dimensional network of in- 20 0.58 9.3 0.61 3.3
terconnected TiO2 nanoparticles provides efficient electron
Downloaded 21 Jul 2004 to 140.180.0.76. Redistribution subject to AIP license or copyright, see http://apl.aip.org/apl/copyright.jsp
3. 466 Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 85, No. 3, 19 July 2004 Kim et al.
Pin curve decreases, suggesting that the diffusion of I− / I− is
3
too slow to efficiently regenerate the oxidized dye molecules
resulting in a decrease in the photocurrent. This effect
coupled with possible ohmic losses in the TCO support leads
to the observed decrease in the fill factor at higher light in-
tensities 100 mW/ cm2 . These loss processes have the ef-
fect of modulating the power conversion efficiencies of the
cells with varying Pin. The power conversion efficiency
of the 15- m-thick nc-TiO2 device ranges from 4.3% at
10– 100 mW/ cm2 to 3.1% at intensities approaching
200 mW/ cm2 (see Fig. 3).
In summary, a laser direct-write technique has been ap-
plied to deposit mesoporous, nanocrystalline TiO2 films
which were incorporated as active layers in dye-sensitized
solar cells. The light power conversion efficiency ( 4.3% at
1 sun) of the cells fabricated using this new approach is
comparable to those reported earlier for analogous cells fab-
ricated with commercial TiO2 powders P25 using standard
FIG. 3. Photovoltaic properties (Voc, Jsc, ff, and ) as a function of the
incident light power of the AM1.5 illumination source for a dye-sensitized techniques.4,6,16 The ease of device fabrication without the
solar cell fabricated using a laser processed TiO2 film 15 m . need for patterning and excellent layer thickness control af-
forded by the LDW technique makes it a very attractive
9.3 mA/ cm2 upon increasing the active nc-TiO2 layer thick- method for the development of conformal dye-sensitized so-
ness from 15 to 20 m. lar cells on flexible and rigid substrates.
Although the thicker nc-TiO2 films contain more ad- This work was supported by the Office of Naval Re-
sorbed dye molecules and would be expected to produce search (ONR). The authors would like to thank Dr. T. B.
higher photocurrents, in practice it is found that the very
Meyer (Solaronix) for fruitful discussions and Dr. Sangho
thick nc-TiO2 films also contain a large number of
Lee for preparing the 1,2-dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium io-
defect/ recombination sites. This rapid increase in the num-
dide.
ber of defect sites with active nc-TiO2 layer thickness ac-
counts for the overall decrease in the cell operational char- 1
B. O’Regan and M. Grätzel, Nature (London) 353, 737 (1991).
acteristics. Because of this, the thickness of the nc-TiO2 2
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3
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5
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The observed influence of nc-TiO2 layer thickness on the Jsc M. Okuya, K. Nakade, and S. Kaneko, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 70,
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The influence of the incident light power density on the 8
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Voc, Jsc, ff, and are plotted as a function of the incident M. M. Gomez, N. Beermann, J. Lu, E. Olsson, A. Hagfeldt, G. A. Niklas-
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11
C. B. Arnold, R. C. Wartena, K. E. Swider-Lyons, and A. Piqué, J. Elec-
Pin at lower light intensities 100 mW/ cm2 while increas- trochem. Soc. 150, A571 (2003).
12
A. Piqué, C. B. Arnold, H. Kim, M. Ollinger and T. E. Sutto, Appl. Phys.
ing more gradually at higher intensities up to 200 mW/ cm2. A: Mater. Sci. Process. (to be published).
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with increasing light intensity from 10 to 100 mW/ cm2. This Z. H. Kafafi, and D. B. Chrisey, J. Appl. Phys. 86, 6451 (1999).
14
near linear dependence of Jsc on the incident light power S. Y. Huang, G. Schlichthöl, A. J. Nozik, M. Grätzel, and A. J. Frank, J.
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15
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3 Arakawa, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 64, 115 (2000).
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