nanotechlogy in biological nano material in this pdf in DNA NANO WIRE ( DOULBLE HELIX)

1. INDUKAKA IPCOWALA CENTRE FOR INTERDISCIPLINARY
STUDIES IN SCIENECE AND TECHNOLOGY(IICISST)
DEAPERTMENT : APPLIED PHYSICS
NAME : PARTH NAYI ROLL NO. : 20
SEMINAR TOPIC : BIOLOGICAL NANOMATERIAL

2. NUCLERIC ACIDS
 DNA Doble Nanowire
 Genetic and Protein Synthesis

3. DNA Double Nanowire
 DNA – DEOXYRAIBO NEUCLIC ACIDE
 The basic block of DNA , which is a nucleotide with the chemical structre.
In this structure more complex than an Amino acid.
 It contains a five membered desoxyribose sugar ring in the centre with a
phosphate group attached at one end , and a nucleric acid
base R attached at the other end.
 The figure also indicates by arrows on the left side the attachment point
to other nucleotide to form the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA
stand.
 This is presents the structure of the Four Nucleotide bases that can attach
to R.

4. Fig. 1 . Desoxyribose Sugar

5.  The attachment points here the base bond to the desoxyribose
sugar are indicated by vertical arrows and the base pair off with
each other in the double stranded DNA in accoradance with the
horizontal arrows .
 That is Cytosine (C) pair with Guanine (G) , and Thymine (T)
with Adenine(A) in we show in DNA structure.

6. Fig. 2 . Cytosine (C) pair with Guanine (G) , and Thymine (T) pairs with
Adenine(A) in we show in DNA structure.

7. DNA Double Helix
 In fig.3 . We see that the acide-phosphate group and the sugar group parts
of adjacent nucleotides bond together to from the sugar-phosphate
backbonds of a DNA strand, resulting in macrosapically long double standed
moleculer.
 The complementary base pairs C-G and T-A are held together between the
two strands by hydrogen bonds, weak hydrogen bonds are used to
accomplished this , so the double helix can easily unwind for the purposes
of transcription ( froming RNA) or relication ( duplicating itself).
 The individual strand is 0.34 nm & the double helix has a diameter of 2nm
and the repeat unit containing 10 nucleotide pairs in 3.4 nm .
 IN Fig.3 we see that Cytosine (C) pair with Guanine (G) in three hydrogen
bonds and Thymine (T) pairs with Adenine(A) in two hydrogen bonds.

8. Fig. 3 . Model of the DNA double helix

9. The Packing of DNA into Metaphase RNA
 The 2 –nm wide strands are many orders of magntitude too long to fit lengthwise
in the nucleus of a 6-𝜇𝑚- diameter human cell, so that undergo serveal stranges
of coilng , depicted.
 Fig.4(a) shows the double stranded DNA that we have been describing.
 Fig.4(b) shows the next stage consists of an ~140 base pairs lenth of DNA
winding around a group of proteins called histones to from what is sometimes
called a “bead”, which has a diameter of 11 nm.
 Fig.4(b) shows the histone beads are joined toghther by lengths Of double-
stranded DNA in the “ linker region” between the beads.
 The DNA associated with the histones is called chromatin , and the histone bead
with encircling DNA stands is called a nucleosome.

10. Fig.4. Succesive twistings and folding during the packing of DNA into
mammalian Chomosomes, with the size at successive stages given in
nanometers.