The document details a series of experiments aimed at identifying the acidic and basic radicals present in various inorganic salts using techniques such as preliminary and confirmative tests. Key observations include tests for sulfate (SO4^2-) and copper (Cu^2+) radicals, leading to conclusions about the presence of these ions based on the formation of characteristic precipitates and color changes. Ultimately, the results confirm the presence of specific radicals in the tested salts.

1. Acidic Radical
Acidic Radical:
BaCl2 test: SO4
-2
+ Ba+2
 BaSO4 
White ppt
(CH3COO)2 Pb test:
SO4
-2
+ Pb+2
 Pb SO4
PbSO4 +CH3COONH4  (CH3COO)2Pb  (NH4 )2 SO4
Basic Radical
Preliminary Test: Cu+2
+ S-2
CuS 
(Black ppt.)
CuS + 2NO3
-
 Cu(NO3)2
(ppt. dissolves)
2Cu2+
+ 2 SO4
−
+2NH3 +2H2O → Cu(OH)2 . CuSO4 + 2NH+
4
Cu(OH)2 .CuSO4 + 8NH3 → 2[Cu(NH3)4]SO4 + 2OH–
+ 2SO4
−
. Tetraamminecopper (II) sulphate
. (Deep blue)
[Cu(NH3 ) 4 ] SO4 + 4CH3COOH → CuSO4 + 4CH3COONH4
2CuSO4 + K4 [Fe(CN)6 ] → Cu2 [Fe(CN)6 ] + 2K2 SO4
Potassium hexacyanoferrate (II) Copper hexacyanoferrate (II)
. (Chocolate brown ppt)
Cu2+
+ KI  Cu2I2
. White ppt in brown solution of iodine.
EXPERIMENT - 10
Aim: To identify the acidic radical and the basic radical of the given inorganic salt.
Preliminary Investigation
Physical State
Colour
Odour
Solubility
Flame Test
Solid
Blue (Cu2+
may be present)
Odourless (NH4
+
, CH COO-
, S-2
absent)
Soluble in water
Bright bluish – green (Cu2+
may be present)
(A) Identification of Acidic Radical
Experiment Observation Inference
(a) Preliminary test: 1. Salt + dil H2SO4
2. Salt + Conc H2SO4+ Heat
No gas is evolved
No gas is evolved
Group A anion (CO3
2-
, NO2
-
, SO3
-2
, S-2
,
absent)
Group B anion (Cl-
, Br-
, I-
, NO3
-
, C2O4
-2
absent)
(b) Confirmative test:
1. BaCl2 Test: O.S. + BaCl2 Add dil. HCl
or dil HNO3
2. Lead Acetate Test : - . O.S. + lead
acetate solution
Add ammonium acetate Solution.
White Ppt formed
Ppt is insoluble
White ppt.
formed
Ppt is soluble
SO4
2-
confirmed
SO4
2-
confirmed
(B) Identification of Basic Radical
Experiment Observation Inference
Preliminary Test: 1. Salt + NaOH +
Heat
No Smell of NH3 Zero group absent (NH4
+
absent)
O.S. + dil HCl No white ppt I group [Pb2+
absent]
Above solution + H2S gas
Heat the ppt with min quantity (1-2
ml) of 50% HNO3
To one part of the above solution,
add dil. H2SO4 and alcohol.
To rest of the solution add NH4OH
in excess
Black precipitate of CuS or PbS
Ppt dissolves due to the formation
of Cu(NO3)2 or Pb(NO3)2
No white precipitate.
Blue coloured solution
Cu2+
or Pb2+
may be present
Cu2+
or Pb2+
may be present
Pb2+
absent
Cu2+
may be present
Confirmatory test:

2. To the blue solution add a few
drops of acetic acid and divide it
into 2 parts:
(i) To one part add potassium
ferrocyanide solution.
(ii) To second part add potassium
iodide solution
Chocolate brown precipitate due to
the formation of Cu2[Fe(CN)6]
White precipitate of Cu2I2 is formed
in brown coloured solution of
iodine.
Cu2+
confirmed
Cu2+
confirmed
Result: The given inorganic salt contains: Acidic Radical: SO4
2-
Basic Radical: Cu2+

3. Acidic Radical
Preliminary Test :
Cl-
+ 2H+
 HCl (pungent smell)
NH4
+
+ Cl-
→NH4Cl (White dense fumes)
Confirmative Test:
AgNO3 test: Cl-
+ Ag+
→AgCl↓
(Curdy white ppt)
AgCl + NH4OH  [Ag(NH3)2Cl ) ] + 2H2O
(Diammine silver (I) Chloride)
Basic Radical
Preliminary Test :-
Co2+
+ S-2
 CoS
1. Confirmative test :-
2.
Co+2
(aq) +4NCS-
[Co(NCS)2]-2
(aq) +
tetraisothiocyanatocobaltate(II)
EXPERIMENT- 11
Aim: To identify the acidic radical and the basic radical of the given inorganic salt.
Preliminary Investigation
Physical State
Colour
Odour
Solubility
Flame Test
Solid
Dark pink( Mn2+
, Co2+
may be present)
Odourless (NH4
+
, CH3 COO-
, S-2
absent)
Soluble in water
No Characteristic flame (Pb2+
, Cu2+
, Ca2+
, Sr2+
, Ba2+
, Zn2+
absent)
Identification of Acidic Radical
Experiment Observation Inference
(a) Preliminary test:
1. Salt + dil H2SO4
2. Salt + Conc H2SO4+ Heat
Bring a glass rod dipped in NH4OH to
the mouth of the test tube
No gas is evolved
Colourless gas with pungent smell
Dense white fumes of NH4Cl
Group A anion (CO3
2-
, NO2
-
, SO3
-2
, S-2
, absent)
Group B anion (Cl-
may be present)
(b) Confirmative Test: AgNO3 test:
O.S. + AgNO3.
Dissolve the ppt in NH4OH
White ppt
White ppt soluble in NH4OH
Cl-
confirmed
Cl-
confirmed
Identification of Basic Radical
Experiment Observation Inference
(a) Preliminary Test: 1. Salt + NaOH+
Heat
No Smell of NH3 Zero group absent (NH4
+
absent)
Original Solution + dil HCl No White ppt is formed I group [Pb2+
absent]
Above solution + H2S gas No ppt. Group II (Cd 2+
, Pb2+
, As2+
Cu2+
absent)
Boil off H2S gas and add NH4Cl +
NH4OH
No ppt. Group III [Fe2+,
Fe3+
, Al3+
absent]
To above test tube pass H2S gas. Black ppt. Group IV [Ni2+
, Co2+
may be present]
(b) Confirmative test: Dissolve the
precipitate in aqua regia. Heat the
solution to dryness and cool.
Dissolve the residue in water.
Divideinto 2 parts
1. To part 1 add NH4OH solution,
dil CH3 COOH and KNO2.
3. To part 2 add conc sol of
ammonium thiocyanate
Blue residue is observed on sides of
test tube
Yellow precipitate
blue color
Co2+
may be present
Co2+
confirmed
Co2+
confirmed

4. Result: The given inorganic salt contains: -Acidic Radical: Cl-
Basic Radical: Co2+

5. Acidic Radical
Preliminary Test:
2NO3
-
+ 2H+
 2HNO3
2HNO3  2 NO2 + H2O + ½ O2
Brown fumes
Cu + HNO3  Cu(NO3)2 + 2 NO2 + H2O
Brown fumes
Confirmative Test : i) Ring Test
2NO3
-
+ 2H+
 2HNO3
3Fe+2
+ 4H+
+ NO3
-
 3Fe+3
+ 2H2O + NO
Fe+2
+ H2O+ NO  [Fe(H2O)5NO]+2
Basic Radical
Preliminary Test:
Ca2+
+ CO3
2-
 CaCO3 ↓
Confirmatory Test :
CaCO3 + 2CH3COOH → (CH3COO)2 Ca + H2O + CO2
(CH3COO)2Ca + (NH4 ) 2C2O4 → (COO)2Ca + 2CH3COONH4
Ammonium oxalate Calcium oxalate
. (White precipitate)
EXPERIMENT-
Aim: To identify the acidic radical and the basic radical of the given inorganic salt.
Preliminary Investigation
Physical State
Colour
Odour
Flame Test
Solid
White (Cu2+
, Fe2+
, Fe3+
, Ni2+
, Mn2+
,Co2+
absent)
Odourless
Apple green flame (Ba2+
may be present)
(A) Identification of Acidic Radical
Experiment Observation Inference
(a) Preliminary test: 1. Salt + dil
H2SO4
2. Salt + Conc H2SO4+ Heat
Add Cu turnings
No gas is evolved
Brown Coloured gas (NO2) is
evolved
Brown gas intensifies
Group A anion (CO3
2-
, NO2
-
, SO3
-2
, S-2
,absent)
Group B anion (NO3
-
may be present)
(b) Confirmative test: Ring Test:
O.S. + Freshly prep. FeSO4 + Conc
H2SO4 along the sides of the test
tube.
Brown ring is formed at the
junction of two liquids.
NO3
–
confirmed
(B) Identification of Basic Radical
Experiment Observation Inference
Preliminary Test: 1. Salt + NaOH+
Heat
No Smell of NH3 Zero group absent
(NH4
+
absent)
Original Solution + dil HCl No White ppt is formed I group [Pb2+
absent]
Above solution + H2S gas No ppt. Group II (Cd 2+
, Pb2+
, As2+
Cu2+
absent)
Boil off H2S gas and add NH4Cl +
NH4OH.
No ppt. Group III [Fe2+
, Fe3+
,Al3+
absent ]
To above test tube pass H2S gas
Dissolve the white ppt in HCl and
divide it into 2 parts
No ppt Group IV [Zn2+
, Co+2
, Ni+2
, Mn+2
absent]
Remove H2S gas by boiling. Add
NH4Cl + NH4OH + [NH4]2CO3 .
Dissolve ppt in CH3 COOH. Divide
into 3 parts
White ppt V group
(Ca2+
, Ba2+
, Sr2+
may be present)
(b) 1. To one part add K2CrO4 No ppt Ba2+
absent
Sr2+
absent

6. 2. To second part of the solution
add ammonium sulphate
solution.
3. To third part of the solution
add ammonium oxalate
(c) Flame Test
No ppt Apple green
flame
White ppt
brick red flame
Ca2+
present
Ca2+
confirmed
Result: The given inorganic salt contains: Acidic Radical: NO3
–
Basic Radical: Ca2+