This document summarizes a systematic review of 15 studies that investigated using gold nanoparticles (GNPs) as radiosensitizers for cancer radiation therapy. The studies showed that GNPs can enhance the radiosensitivity of tumor cells in both in vivo and in vitro experiments across a range of radiation energies and cell lines. The degree of radiosensitization depended on factors like nanoparticle size, concentration, intracellular localization, and radiation energy. Overall, the review findings indicate that GNPs show promise as novel agents to improve the effectiveness of cancer radiation therapy.
Proton Beam Therapy for Prostate Cancer An Overviewijtsrd
Patients diagnosed with localized prostate cancer have many curative treatment options including several forms of advanced conformal Radiotherapy. Proton radiation is one such radiation treatment modality and, due to its unique physical properties, offers the appealing potential of reduced side effects without sacrificing cancer control. Patients of proton beam therapy PBT for prostate cancer had been continuously growing in number due to its promising characteristics of high dose distribution in the tumor target and a sharp distal fall-off. While theoretically beneficial, its clinical values are still being demonstrated from the increasing number of patients treated with proton therapy, from several dozen proton therapy centers around the world. High equipment and facility costs are often the major obstacle for its wider adoption. The picture will be clearer in coming decade as more and more centers throughout the world avail access to this technique and more data emerges on PBT. Suhag V | Sunita BS | Vats P "Proton Beam Therapy for Prostate Cancer: An Overview" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21439.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/oncology/21439/proton-beam-therapy-for-prostate-cancer-an-overview/suhag-v
This study was directed at study the effectiveness of cancer targeted therapy using the activated Gallium-Porphyrin Nanocomposite (Nano-GaP). Study was applied on male Swiss albino mice, implanted with Ehrlich Tumor (EAC) divided into six groups. Two energy sources were used; laser and ultrasound. Results showed that Nano-GaP is a potential sensitizer for photodynamic or sonodynamic treatment of tumor. Nano-GaP plays an important role in tumor growth inhibition and cell death induction. Activated Nano-GaP with both infrared laser and ultrasound has a potential antitumor effect. The results indicated that Folic Acid-Nanographene Oxide-Gallium-Porphyrin Nanocomposite (FA–NGO–GaP) could be used as a unique nanocomposite for cancer targeted Sono-Photodynamic Therapy(SPDT).
Proton Beam Therapy for Prostate Cancer An Overviewijtsrd
Patients diagnosed with localized prostate cancer have many curative treatment options including several forms of advanced conformal Radiotherapy. Proton radiation is one such radiation treatment modality and, due to its unique physical properties, offers the appealing potential of reduced side effects without sacrificing cancer control. Patients of proton beam therapy PBT for prostate cancer had been continuously growing in number due to its promising characteristics of high dose distribution in the tumor target and a sharp distal fall-off. While theoretically beneficial, its clinical values are still being demonstrated from the increasing number of patients treated with proton therapy, from several dozen proton therapy centers around the world. High equipment and facility costs are often the major obstacle for its wider adoption. The picture will be clearer in coming decade as more and more centers throughout the world avail access to this technique and more data emerges on PBT. Suhag V | Sunita BS | Vats P "Proton Beam Therapy for Prostate Cancer: An Overview" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21439.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/oncology/21439/proton-beam-therapy-for-prostate-cancer-an-overview/suhag-v
This study was directed at study the effectiveness of cancer targeted therapy using the activated Gallium-Porphyrin Nanocomposite (Nano-GaP). Study was applied on male Swiss albino mice, implanted with Ehrlich Tumor (EAC) divided into six groups. Two energy sources were used; laser and ultrasound. Results showed that Nano-GaP is a potential sensitizer for photodynamic or sonodynamic treatment of tumor. Nano-GaP plays an important role in tumor growth inhibition and cell death induction. Activated Nano-GaP with both infrared laser and ultrasound has a potential antitumor effect. The results indicated that Folic Acid-Nanographene Oxide-Gallium-Porphyrin Nanocomposite (FA–NGO–GaP) could be used as a unique nanocomposite for cancer targeted Sono-Photodynamic Therapy(SPDT).
Assessing the Dosimetric Links between Organ-At-Risk Delineation Variability ...Wookjin Choi
Purpose: To determine the relative dosimetric impact of delineation variability (DV) when inter-observer and inter-technique planning variability (PV), and setup variability (SV) with are considered.
Methods: 409 plans for a single head-and-neck patient from the 2017 Radiation Knowledge plan competition were used. Plans were created with Eclipse (N=227), Pinnacle (N=49), RayStation (N=25), Monaco (N=75), and TomoTherapy (N=33) with delivery techniques conventional linac IMRT (N=142), volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT, N=234), and helical TomoTherapy (N=33). All plans were optimized using a consistent set of target volumes and a single OAR structure set. Four additional OAR structure sets were contoured by radiation oncologists (N=2) and medical physics residents (N=2) who had completed head-and-neck contouring training. Probabilistic DVHs, dose-volume coverage maps (DVCM), which shows the probability of achieving a dose metric, were computed for each OAR on the following scenarios: SV alone (N=1000), SV+PV (N=1000*409), SV+DV (N=1000*5), SV+PV+DV (total variability [TV], N=1000*409*5). Analysis focused on the probability of exceeding the maximum dose constraint exceeded 5% for each OAR.
Results: The primary source of variability was PV, which was expected due to inter-observer planning abilities and preferences during the optimization planning process, even when all participants utilized the same constraints. The parotid had the most significant interquartile range (IQR) on the PV scenario. Conversely, adding SV, DV, and TV each reduced the IQR, showing a washing out effect on the DVCM.
Conclusion: Assessment of OAR sensitivity to DV will be highly sensitive to the specific planning technique and planner, likely requiring plan-specific assessment of in-tolerance delineation variations. Incorporation SV and DV variabilities in plan assessments washes out their relative impacts on maximum dose.
El QUANTEC nos ayuda a los oncólogos radioterápicos a la hora de aprobar un tratamiento con sus tablas con "constraints" de los órganos de riesgo (los límites de dosis que pueden recibir los órganos sanos situados entorno al tumor que queremos tratar).
PD: Las tablas se encuentran en las páginas 15-17
One way to alleviate the terrible side effects of chemotherapy is to find a way to better control what cells are needed
to be targeted by the drugs in cancer patients. By being able to target on ly the cancerous cells within the body, less
chemotherapy drugs would need to be injected into the patient for cancer treatment, thus reducing, if not completely
wiping away, the side effects of the chemotherapy drugs. Cancer researchers have figured out a method that better
delivers drugs, such as chemotherapy drugs, to cancer cells without damaging surrounding healthy ones, by
discovering a way to use single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as targeted medicinal delivery mediums. For
how small they are, their inner volumes are relatively large, leaving enough space to carry drugs into the body. Both
the inner and outer surfaces of SWCNTs can be easily modified for “functionalization”. Their small size nature
allows them to enter the nuclei of cells freely. Most importantly, single-walled carbon nanotubes are completely safe
and nontoxic and proven to be stable to use in inserting and transporting drugs into the body. Presently, carbon
nanotubes are not only being used as drug delivery systems, but as a means of directly killing malignant cells within
the body. All of these applications of CNTs makes it promising and would lead to great advances in medicine in the
future.
Multimodality Molecular Imaging – An Overview With Special Focus on PET/CTApollo Hospitals
Imaging capabilities have evolved from those that provide anatomical pictures to those that capture functional information and, more recently, molecular information (nuclear medicine, PET, SPECT, PET/CT, SPECT/CT, MRS, contrast-enhanced ultrasound, fluorescence and bioluminescence imaging). Multimodality imaging has emerged as a technology that utilizes the strengths of different modalities and yields a hybrid imaging platform with benefits superior to those of any of its individual components, considered alone. Leading edge hybrid imaging (combining multiple, complementary imaging technologies such as PET and CT) offer unique opportunities to “view” the molecular biology of disease, and the use of this equipment is on the rise.
Combined Photodynamic and Radiotherapy Synergistic Effect in Cancer Treatment...CrimsonpublishersCancer
Combined Photodynamic and Radiotherapy Synergistic Effect in Cancer Treatment by Fatma Yurt in Novel Approaches in Cancer Study
For more Open access journals in Crimson Publishers Please click on: https://crimsonpublishers.com/
For more articles in Open access journal of Novel Approaches in Cancer Study Please click on: https://crimsonpublishers.com/nacs/index.php
Quantitative image analysis for cancer diagnosis and radiation therapyWookjin Choi
1.Lung Cancer Screening
1.1.Deep learning (feasible but not interpretable)
1.2.Radiomics (concise model)
1.3.Spiculation quantification (interpretable feature)
2.PET/CT Tumor Response
2.1.Aggressive Lung ADC subtype prediction (helpful for surgeons)
2.2.Pathologic response prediction (accurate but not concise)
2.3.Local tumor morphological changes (accurate and interpretable)
Mining and mineral processing in Nigeria provides economic benefits of wealth creation and employment opportunities. However the industry is associated with a number of negative challenges among which is the health impact on miners and surrounding communities arising from mining processes. The process produced large volumes of tailings and waste that may contain naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs). Some of the NORMs are soluble in water and have the tendency to leach into water bodies and farm lands. This work measured the radiological hazard indices in cereals grown around Ririwai Tin Mine Kano State, North Western Nigeria using Direct Gamma Spectroscopy (NaI (Tl)), The results shows that the mean activity concentration in cereals samples were 59.99±2.76, 25.95±2.55 and 46.81±1.99 Bq/kg respectively for 40K, 226Ra and 232Th, the mean absorbed dose rate was 32.56±1.44nGyh, the mean committed effective dose for 40K is0.052±0.002 mSv/year, 226Ra has a mean committed effective dose of 0.980±0.100mSv/year while 232Th has a mean committed effective dose of is 1.508±0.064mSv/year The total committed effective dose in cereals is 2.540±0.150mSv/year. The risk estimated were Fatality cancer risk to population per year is 1.3410-4, Lifetime fatality cancer risk to population is 9.3810-3 , Severe Hereditary effect per year is 5.1010-6 and Lifetime Hereditary effects is 3.4010-4 . The values of all the radiological indices obtained in this study are relatively high due to high bioaccumulation of 40K, 226Ra and 232Th by the cereals, suggesting that their consumption could pose radiological health hazards.
Methods, Challenges and Future Directions of Radiogenomics-Crimson PublishersCrimsonpublishersCancer
Tissue response to the radiation is a complex pathophysiological process and is an inherited polygenic trait. Aim of the Radiogenomics studies is to discover related genetic variants that confer tumor or nontumor tissue radio sensitivity as the target of radio-sensitizing and/or radio-protective agents and to identify specific genetic markers for prognosis or risk prediction. The methods for radiogenomics studies include candidate gene approaches, genome-wide association studies, Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), epigenetic study, and other methods. The future direction of radiogenomics should be the development of the polygenic risk scores that are incorporated into end point-specific clinical models/nomograms.
Advancing Innovation and Convergence in Cancer Research: US Federal Cancer Mo...Jerry Lee
Special Seminar at the 8th Taiwan Biosignatures Workshop to share overall work of NCI's Center for Strategic Scientific Initiatives since 2003 as well as CSSI's influence on select projects initiated by the 2016 WH Cancer Moonshot Task Force that include Applied Proteogenomics Organizational Learning and Outcomes (APOLLO) network, International Cancer Proteogenome Consortium, and the Blood Profiling Atlas in Cancer (BloodPAC) commons.
ABSTRACT- The study was conducted to assess DNA damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes of cancer patients put on radiotherapy, medical workers occupationally exposed to ionizing radiations and control group of normal healthy individuals. The blood samples were collected from 20 cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy in Government Rajindra hospital, Patiala, 16 medical workers from Radiology and Radiotherapy department of Government Rajindra hospital, Mata Kaushalya hospital, T.B. hospital, Patiala and 10 normal healthy individuals from Punjabi University, Patiala, India. The DNA damage was evaluated by using alkaline COMET assay, the damage was assessed from two COMET parameters i.e. mean COMET tail length and frequency of cells showing migration. It was found that all the cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy as well as the medical workers, who were occupationally exposed to ionizing radiations for variable period of time showed DNA damage, whereas none of the control subjects showed any damage. The comparison of DNA damage between the cancer patients and medical workers revealed highly significant differences. On the basis of results obtained, it could be said that the exposure to acute high doses of radiations cause greater DNA damage in comparison to chronic low doses of radiations.
Key-words- Single cell gel electrophoresis, Micronuclei, Thermoluminescent dosimeter, Aberration
Assessing the Dosimetric Links between Organ-At-Risk Delineation Variability ...Wookjin Choi
Purpose: To determine the relative dosimetric impact of delineation variability (DV) when inter-observer and inter-technique planning variability (PV), and setup variability (SV) with are considered.
Methods: 409 plans for a single head-and-neck patient from the 2017 Radiation Knowledge plan competition were used. Plans were created with Eclipse (N=227), Pinnacle (N=49), RayStation (N=25), Monaco (N=75), and TomoTherapy (N=33) with delivery techniques conventional linac IMRT (N=142), volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT, N=234), and helical TomoTherapy (N=33). All plans were optimized using a consistent set of target volumes and a single OAR structure set. Four additional OAR structure sets were contoured by radiation oncologists (N=2) and medical physics residents (N=2) who had completed head-and-neck contouring training. Probabilistic DVHs, dose-volume coverage maps (DVCM), which shows the probability of achieving a dose metric, were computed for each OAR on the following scenarios: SV alone (N=1000), SV+PV (N=1000*409), SV+DV (N=1000*5), SV+PV+DV (total variability [TV], N=1000*409*5). Analysis focused on the probability of exceeding the maximum dose constraint exceeded 5% for each OAR.
Results: The primary source of variability was PV, which was expected due to inter-observer planning abilities and preferences during the optimization planning process, even when all participants utilized the same constraints. The parotid had the most significant interquartile range (IQR) on the PV scenario. Conversely, adding SV, DV, and TV each reduced the IQR, showing a washing out effect on the DVCM.
Conclusion: Assessment of OAR sensitivity to DV will be highly sensitive to the specific planning technique and planner, likely requiring plan-specific assessment of in-tolerance delineation variations. Incorporation SV and DV variabilities in plan assessments washes out their relative impacts on maximum dose.
El QUANTEC nos ayuda a los oncólogos radioterápicos a la hora de aprobar un tratamiento con sus tablas con "constraints" de los órganos de riesgo (los límites de dosis que pueden recibir los órganos sanos situados entorno al tumor que queremos tratar).
PD: Las tablas se encuentran en las páginas 15-17
One way to alleviate the terrible side effects of chemotherapy is to find a way to better control what cells are needed
to be targeted by the drugs in cancer patients. By being able to target on ly the cancerous cells within the body, less
chemotherapy drugs would need to be injected into the patient for cancer treatment, thus reducing, if not completely
wiping away, the side effects of the chemotherapy drugs. Cancer researchers have figured out a method that better
delivers drugs, such as chemotherapy drugs, to cancer cells without damaging surrounding healthy ones, by
discovering a way to use single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as targeted medicinal delivery mediums. For
how small they are, their inner volumes are relatively large, leaving enough space to carry drugs into the body. Both
the inner and outer surfaces of SWCNTs can be easily modified for “functionalization”. Their small size nature
allows them to enter the nuclei of cells freely. Most importantly, single-walled carbon nanotubes are completely safe
and nontoxic and proven to be stable to use in inserting and transporting drugs into the body. Presently, carbon
nanotubes are not only being used as drug delivery systems, but as a means of directly killing malignant cells within
the body. All of these applications of CNTs makes it promising and would lead to great advances in medicine in the
future.
Multimodality Molecular Imaging – An Overview With Special Focus on PET/CTApollo Hospitals
Imaging capabilities have evolved from those that provide anatomical pictures to those that capture functional information and, more recently, molecular information (nuclear medicine, PET, SPECT, PET/CT, SPECT/CT, MRS, contrast-enhanced ultrasound, fluorescence and bioluminescence imaging). Multimodality imaging has emerged as a technology that utilizes the strengths of different modalities and yields a hybrid imaging platform with benefits superior to those of any of its individual components, considered alone. Leading edge hybrid imaging (combining multiple, complementary imaging technologies such as PET and CT) offer unique opportunities to “view” the molecular biology of disease, and the use of this equipment is on the rise.
Combined Photodynamic and Radiotherapy Synergistic Effect in Cancer Treatment...CrimsonpublishersCancer
Combined Photodynamic and Radiotherapy Synergistic Effect in Cancer Treatment by Fatma Yurt in Novel Approaches in Cancer Study
For more Open access journals in Crimson Publishers Please click on: https://crimsonpublishers.com/
For more articles in Open access journal of Novel Approaches in Cancer Study Please click on: https://crimsonpublishers.com/nacs/index.php
Quantitative image analysis for cancer diagnosis and radiation therapyWookjin Choi
1.Lung Cancer Screening
1.1.Deep learning (feasible but not interpretable)
1.2.Radiomics (concise model)
1.3.Spiculation quantification (interpretable feature)
2.PET/CT Tumor Response
2.1.Aggressive Lung ADC subtype prediction (helpful for surgeons)
2.2.Pathologic response prediction (accurate but not concise)
2.3.Local tumor morphological changes (accurate and interpretable)
Mining and mineral processing in Nigeria provides economic benefits of wealth creation and employment opportunities. However the industry is associated with a number of negative challenges among which is the health impact on miners and surrounding communities arising from mining processes. The process produced large volumes of tailings and waste that may contain naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs). Some of the NORMs are soluble in water and have the tendency to leach into water bodies and farm lands. This work measured the radiological hazard indices in cereals grown around Ririwai Tin Mine Kano State, North Western Nigeria using Direct Gamma Spectroscopy (NaI (Tl)), The results shows that the mean activity concentration in cereals samples were 59.99±2.76, 25.95±2.55 and 46.81±1.99 Bq/kg respectively for 40K, 226Ra and 232Th, the mean absorbed dose rate was 32.56±1.44nGyh, the mean committed effective dose for 40K is0.052±0.002 mSv/year, 226Ra has a mean committed effective dose of 0.980±0.100mSv/year while 232Th has a mean committed effective dose of is 1.508±0.064mSv/year The total committed effective dose in cereals is 2.540±0.150mSv/year. The risk estimated were Fatality cancer risk to population per year is 1.3410-4, Lifetime fatality cancer risk to population is 9.3810-3 , Severe Hereditary effect per year is 5.1010-6 and Lifetime Hereditary effects is 3.4010-4 . The values of all the radiological indices obtained in this study are relatively high due to high bioaccumulation of 40K, 226Ra and 232Th by the cereals, suggesting that their consumption could pose radiological health hazards.
Methods, Challenges and Future Directions of Radiogenomics-Crimson PublishersCrimsonpublishersCancer
Tissue response to the radiation is a complex pathophysiological process and is an inherited polygenic trait. Aim of the Radiogenomics studies is to discover related genetic variants that confer tumor or nontumor tissue radio sensitivity as the target of radio-sensitizing and/or radio-protective agents and to identify specific genetic markers for prognosis or risk prediction. The methods for radiogenomics studies include candidate gene approaches, genome-wide association studies, Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), epigenetic study, and other methods. The future direction of radiogenomics should be the development of the polygenic risk scores that are incorporated into end point-specific clinical models/nomograms.
Advancing Innovation and Convergence in Cancer Research: US Federal Cancer Mo...Jerry Lee
Special Seminar at the 8th Taiwan Biosignatures Workshop to share overall work of NCI's Center for Strategic Scientific Initiatives since 2003 as well as CSSI's influence on select projects initiated by the 2016 WH Cancer Moonshot Task Force that include Applied Proteogenomics Organizational Learning and Outcomes (APOLLO) network, International Cancer Proteogenome Consortium, and the Blood Profiling Atlas in Cancer (BloodPAC) commons.
ABSTRACT- The study was conducted to assess DNA damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes of cancer patients put on radiotherapy, medical workers occupationally exposed to ionizing radiations and control group of normal healthy individuals. The blood samples were collected from 20 cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy in Government Rajindra hospital, Patiala, 16 medical workers from Radiology and Radiotherapy department of Government Rajindra hospital, Mata Kaushalya hospital, T.B. hospital, Patiala and 10 normal healthy individuals from Punjabi University, Patiala, India. The DNA damage was evaluated by using alkaline COMET assay, the damage was assessed from two COMET parameters i.e. mean COMET tail length and frequency of cells showing migration. It was found that all the cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy as well as the medical workers, who were occupationally exposed to ionizing radiations for variable period of time showed DNA damage, whereas none of the control subjects showed any damage. The comparison of DNA damage between the cancer patients and medical workers revealed highly significant differences. On the basis of results obtained, it could be said that the exposure to acute high doses of radiations cause greater DNA damage in comparison to chronic low doses of radiations.
Key-words- Single cell gel electrophoresis, Micronuclei, Thermoluminescent dosimeter, Aberration
Gold Nanoparticles provides target specific drug delivery which ensures proper potency of the cytotoxic drug with minimal side effects as compared to other traditional methods of chemotherapy administration
Abstract
Objective(s):
The field of nanotechnology is rapidly expanding .The development quantum dots quantum dot (QDs), show great promise for treatment and diagnosis of cancer and targeted drug delivery little data on the toxicity of QDs, especially for in vivo applications, are available. As a result, concerns exist over their toxicity for in vivo applications. Then, cytotoxic effects of cadmium selenide (CdSe) quantum dots on organs development before maturity were studied in this study.
Materials and Methods:
One month old male Mice treated by injection of CdSe at the doses of 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg. Structural and optical properties of quantum dots were studied by XRD, UV-Vis absorption spectrum and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and the number of cells in seminiferous tubes of various groups were analyzed using SPSS 16 program (one way ANOVA test).
Results:
Histological studies of testis tissue showed high toxicity of cdse in the dose of 40 mg/kg which followed by decrease in lamina propria thickness, destruction in interstitial tissue, deformation of seminiferoustubes, and reduction in number cells. Also histological study of lung tissue showed in 20 and 40 mg/kg doses destruction in interstitial and epithelium tissues.
Conclusion:
On the whole, this study showed high toxicity of cdse on development of testis and lung tissues, even in low doses considering lack of literature review in this field, this study can be an introduction to researches about toxicity effect of quantum dots on development of organs.
This study was directed at study the effectiveness of cancer targeted therapy using the activated Gallium-Porphyrin Nanocomposite (Nano-GaP). Study was applied on male Swiss albino mice, implanted with Ehrlich Tumor (EAC) divided into six groups. Two energy sources were used; laser and ultrasound. Results showed that Nano-GaP is a potential sensitizer for photodynamic or sonodynamic treatment of tumor. Nano-GaP plays an important role in tumor growth inhibition and cell death induction. Activated Nano-GaP with both infrared laser and ultrasound has a potential antitumor effect. The results indicated that Folic Acid-Nanographene Oxide-GalliumPorphyrin Nanocomposite (FA–NGO–GaP) could be used as a unique nanocomposite for cancer targeted Sono-Photodynamic Therapy (SPDT).
Determine the amount of human body components fat by x-ray spectral information using MARS spectral X-ray scanner and also, study of the x-ray spectral information.
The Invention of the Mid-Infrared Generating Atomizer and its Human and Veter...semualkaira
In the current scenario, there
are different therapies for different diseases of human and animals. The existed therapies are associated with hurdles like drug
resistance, less sensitivity, side effects, uneconomical, etc. However, none of the therapies provide multi-disease management on
a molecular basis. Every disease originates due to inter and/or intra-molecular (cell/ tissue) changes, which changes their respective chemical bonds. Therapies focusing to rectify the molecular
changes (molecular medicine) are growing slowly, which could
act as a single remedy, but needs extensive multi-faculty research.
The Invention of the Mid-Infrared Generating Atomizer and its Human and Veter...semualkaira
In the current scenario, there
are different therapies for different diseases of human and animals. The existed therapies are associated with hurdles like drug
resistance, less sensitivity, side effects, uneconomical, etc. However, none of the therapies provide multi-disease management on
a molecular basis. Every disease originates due to inter and/or intra-molecular (cell/ tissue) changes, which changes their respective chemical bonds. Therapies focusing to rectify the molecular
changes (molecular medicine) are growing slowly, which could
act as a single remedy, but needs extensive multi-faculty research.
Evaluation of the effect of crocetin on antitumor activity of doxorubicin enc...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s): The current study reports investigation of codelivery by PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with crocetin (Cro), a natural carotenoid dicarboxylicHYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic_acid” acid that is found in the crocus flower, and Doxorubicin (DOX).
Materials and Methods: Double emulsion/solvent evaporation method was used for preparation of PLGA nanoparticles containing Dox and Cro. Characterizations of prepared NPs were investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and dynamic light scattering analysis. In vitro Cytotoxicity of DOX and Cro loaded PLGA NPs (PLGA-DOX-Cro) on MCF-7 cell line was evaluated using MTT test. Flow cytometry experiments were implemented to distinguish cells undergoing apoptosis from those undergoing necrosis. Furthermore the expression of caspase 3 was examined by western blot analysis.
Results: The prepared formulations had size of 150- 300 nm. Furthermore, PLGA-DOX-Cro nanoparticles inhibited MCF-7 tumor cells growth more efficiently than either DOX or Cro alone at the same concentrations, as quantified by MTT assay and flow cytometry. Studies on cellular uptake of DOX-Cro-NPs demonstrated that NPs were effectively taken up by MCF-7 tumor cells.
Conclusion: This study suggested that DOX-Cro-NPs may have promising applications in breast cancer therapy.
Effects of combination of magnesium and zinc oxide nanoparticles and heat on ...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activities of combination of MgO and ZnO nanoparticles in the presence of heat against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
Materials and Methods:Bacteria were grown on either agar or broth media followed by the addition of ZnO and MgO nanoparticles. Then the combined effect of ZnO and MgO nanoparticles was investigated. Furthermore, the media containing nanoparticles were treated with mild heat and their synergistic antibacterial activity was investigated against E. coli and S. aureus in milk.
Results: The data showed that the nanoparticles used in this study had no effect on the bacteria in the agar medium. However, the results showed that ZnO and MgO nanoparticles resulted in a significant decrease in the number of E. coli (P<0.000) and S. aureus (Pd”0.05) in the broth medium. The combination of nanoparticles and mild heat exhibited a significant decrease in the number of E. coli and S. aureus indicating the synergistic effects of nanoparticles and heat.
Conclusion: Using a combination of mild heat, ZnO and MgO nanoparticles, E. coli and S. aureus can be controlled successfully in the milk. Mild heating plus ZnO and MgO nanoparticles has a synergistic effect which would reduce the need for high temperature and also the concentrations of ZnO and MgO nanoparticles required for pathogen control in minimally processed milk during maintaining.
Preparation and evaluation of electrospun nanofibers containing pectin and ti...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s):The aim of this study was to prepare electrospun nanofibers of celecoxib using combination of time-dependent polymers with pectin to achieve a colon-specific drug delivery system for celecoxib.
Materials and Methods:Formulations were produced based on two multilevel 22 full factorial designs. The independent variables were the ratio of drug:time-dependent polymer (X1) and the amount of pectin in formulations (X2). Electrospinning process was used for preparation of nanofibers. The spinning solutions were loaded in 5 mL syringes. The feeding rate was fixed by a syringe pump at 2.0 mL/h and a high voltage supply at range 10-18 kV was applied for electrospinning. Electrospun nanofibers were collected and evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and drug release in the acid and buffer with pH 6.8 with and without pectinase.
Results:Electrospun nanofibers of celecoxib with appropriate morphological properties were produced via electrospinning process. Drug release from electrospun nanofibers was very low in the acidic media; while, drug release in the simulated colonic media was the highest from formulations containing pectin.
Conclusion: Formulation F2 (containing drug:ERS with the ratio of 1:2 and 10% pectin) exhibited acceptable morphological characteristics and protection of drug in the upper GI tract and could be a good candidate as a colonic drug delivery system for celecoxib.
The combined effects of Aloe vera gel and silver nanoparticles on wound heali...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s): This study was aimed at investigating the synergy effects of Aloe vera gel and silver nanoparticles on the healing rate of the cutting wounds.
Materials and Methods: In order to determine the concentration of silver nanoparticles in Aloe vera gel, the MBC methods were applied on the most common bacteria infecting wounds, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The cutting wounds with Full-thickness skin were dorsally created on rats; then the rats were divided into 4 groups. The treatments groups included: mixture of Aloe vera gel and silver nanoparticles, Aloe vera gel alone and silver nanoparticles alone in addition to control groups. The treatment was carried out for 2 weeks and the size of the wound closures were measured by an image software analysis.
Results:There was no significant difference (p<0.05) in healing rate between the control and mixture group. However, there were significant differences between the silver nanoparticles and Aloe vera groups using Tukey’s analysis on the 6th, 8th and 10th days.
Conclusion:The Aloe vera gel increased the rate of wound healing whereas the silver nanoparticles had a delay effect; and when they were mixed, it was similar to the average effect of both Aloe vera gel and silver nanoparticles.
Simultaneous loading of 5-florouracil and SPIONs in HSA nanoparticles: Optimi...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s): Over the past two decades, considerable interest has been focused on utilizing biocompatible magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for biomedical applications. In this study, production of human serum albumin (HSA) nanoparticles using desolvation technique that were simultaneous loaded with high amounts of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) and 5-flourouracil (5-FU) was investigated.
Materials and Methods: 5-FU loading (%) and SPIONs entrapment efficiency (%) were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The design expert software used to analyse the interactive effects of pH, 5-FU and SPIONs concentrations.
Results:The optimum conditions found to be pH of 8.2, drug concentration of 1.5 mg/ml and SPIONs concentration of 2.79 mg/ml. Under the mentioned optimum conditions, particles with the size of 111.8 nm, zeta potential of -37.1 mV, 5-FU loading of 15.8% and SPIONs entrapment efficiency of 41.1% were obtained. In vitro cumulative release of 5-FU from the nanoparticles was evaluated in phosphate buffer saline (pH 7.4, 37 °C). Results indicated that 85% of the 5-FU released during 95 h, which revealed a sustained release profile. In addition, Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) analyses confirmed the superparamagnetic properties of magnetic albumin nanoparticles manufactured under the optimum conditions.
Conclusion: According to the findings,SPIONs and 5-FU loaded HAS nanoparticles arepromising for use as novel targeted delivery system due to proper magnetic and drug release behaviours.
Antimicrobial and cytotoxicity effect of silver nanoparticle synthesized by C...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s): For the development of reliable, ecofriendly, less expensive process for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles and to evaluate the bactericidal, and cytotoxicity properties of silver nanoparticles synthesized from root extract of Croton bonplandianum, Baill.
Materials and Methods: The synthesis of silver nanoparticles by plant part of Croton bonplandianum was carried out. The formation of nanoparticles was confirmed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), XRD and UV-Vis spectrophotometric analysis. The biochemical properties were assayed by antibacterial study, cytotoxicity assay using cancer cell line.
Results: The formation of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by UV-VIS spectroscopic analysis which showed absorbance peak at 425 nm. X-ray diffraction photograph indicated the face centered cubic structure of the synthesized AgNPs. TEM has displayed the different dimensional images of biogenic silver nanoparticles with particle size distribution ranging from 15-40 nm with an average size of 32 nm. Silver particles are spherical in shape, clustered. The EDX analysis was used to identify the elemental composition of synthesized AgNPs. Antibacterial activity of the synthesized AgNPs against three Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria strains like Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa carried out showed significant zones of inhibition. The cytotoxicity study by AgNPS also showed cytotoxicity on ovarian cancer cell line PA-1 and lung epithelial cancer cell line A549.
Conclusion: The present study confirms that the AgNPs have great promise as antibacterial, and anticancer agent.
Investigation of the effect of different parameters on the phase inversion te...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s): Nanoemulsions are a kind of emulsions that can be transparent, translucent (size range 50-200 nm) or “milky” (up to 500 nm). Nanoemulsions are adequatly effective for transfer of active component through skin which facilitate the entrance of the active component . The transparent nature of the system and lack of the thickener and fluidity are among advantages of nanoemulsion.
Materials and Methods: In this study, a nanoemulsion of lemon oil in water was prepared by the phase inversion temperature (PIT) emulsification method in which the tween 40 was used as surfactant. The effect of concentration of NaCl in aqueous phase, pH and weight percent of surfactant and aqueous on the PIT and droplet size were investigated. Results: The results showed that with increasing of concentration of NaCl from 0.05 M to 1 M, PIT decrease from 72 to 50. The average droplet sizes, for 0.1, 0.5 and 1 M of NaCl in 25 ºC are 497.3, 308.1 and 189.9 nm, respectively and the polydispersity indexes are 0.348, 0.334 and 0.307, respectively.
Conclusion: Considering the characteristics of nanoemulsions such as being transparent, endurance of solution and droplet size can provide suitable reaction environment for polymerization process used in making hygienic and medical materials.
Mechanism of oxidative stress involved in the toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles a...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
ZnO NPs (zinc oxide nanoparticles) has generated significant scientific interest as a novel antibacterial and anticancer agent. Since oxidative stress is a critical determinant of ZnO NPs-induced damage, it is necessary to characterize their underlying mode of action. Different structural and physicochemical properties of ZnO NPs such as particle surface, size, shape, crystal structure, chemical position, and presence of metals can lead to changes in biological activities including ROS (reactive oxygen species) production. However, there are some inconsistencies in the literature on the relation between the physicochemical features of ZnO NPs and their plausible oxidative stress mechanism. Herein, the possible oxidative stress mechanism of ZnO NPs was reviewed. This is worthy of further detailed evaluations in order to improve our understanding of vital NPs characteristics governing their toxicity. Therefore, this study focuses on the different reported oxidative stress paradigms induced by ZnO NPs including ROS generated by NPs, oxidative stress due to the NPs-cell interaction, and role of the particle dissolution in the oxidative damage. Also, this study tries to characterize and understand the multiple pathways involved in oxidative stress induced by ZnO NPs. Knowledge about different cellular signaling cascades stimulated by ZnO NPs lead to the better interpretation of the toxic influences induced by the cellular and acellular parameters. Regarding the potential benefits of toxic effects of ZnO NPs, in-depth evaluation of their toxicity mechanism and various effects of these nanoparticles would facilitate their implementation for biomedical applications.
Combined effects of PEGylation and particle size on uptake of PLGA particles ...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective:
At the present study, relationship between phagocytosis of PLGA particles and combined effects of particle size and surface PEGylation was investigated.
Materials and Methods:
Microspheres and nanospheres (3500 nm and 700 nm) were prepared from three types of PLGA polymers (non-PEGylated and PEGylation percents of 9% and 15%). These particles were prepared by solvent evaporation method. All particles were labeled with FITC-Albumin. Interaction of particles with J744.A.1 mouse macrophage cells, was evaluated in the absence or presence of 7% of the serum by flowcytometry method.
Results:
The study revealed more phagocytosis of nanospheres. In the presence of the serum, PEGylated particles were phagocytosed less than non-PEGylated particles. For nanospheres, this difference was significant (P<0/05) and their uptake was affected by PEGylation degree. In the case of microsphere formulation, PEGylation did not affect the cell uptake. In the serum-free medium, the bigger particles had more cell uptake rate than smaller ones but the cell uptake rate was not influenced by PEGylation.
Conclusion:
The results indicated that in nanosized particles both size and PEgylation degree could affect the phagocytosis, but in micron sized particles just size, and not the PEGylation degree, could affect this.
Synthesis of silver nanoparticles and its synergistic effects in combination ...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objectives:
Biofilms are communities of bacteria attached to surfaces through an external polymeric substances matrix. In the meantime, Acinetobacterbaumannii is the predominant species related to nosocomial infections. In the present study, the effect of silver nanoparticles alone and in combination with biocides and imipenem against planktonic and biofilms of A. baumannii was assessed.
Materials and Methods:
Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 75 planktonic isolates of A. baumannii were determined by using the microdilution method as described via clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI). Among all strains, 10 isolates which formed strong biofilms were selected and exposed to silver nanoparticles alone and in combination with imipenem, bismuth ethandithiol (BisEDT) and bismuth propanedithiol (BisPDT) to determine minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations (MBIC). Subsequently, minimum biofilm eradication concentrations (MBECs) of silver nanoparticles alone and in combination with imipenem against mature biofilm of the isolates were evaluated.
Results:
Results showed that 29.3% of isolates were susceptible to silver nanoparticles and could inhibit the growth and eradicate biofilms produced by the isolates. For this reason, ∑FIC, ∑FBIC and ∑FBEC ≤ 0.05 were reported which shows synergism between silver nanoparticles and imipenem against not only planktonic cells but also inhibition and eradication of biofilms. The results of ∑FBIC >2 indicated to antagonistic impacts between silver nanoparticles and BisEDT/BisPDT against biofilms.
Conclusion:
It can be concluded that silver nanoparticles alone can inhibit biofilm formation but in combination with imipenem are more effective against A. baumannii in planktonic and biofilm forms.
Abstract
Objective(s):
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZNP) are increasingly used in sunscreens, biosensors, food additives and pigments. In this study the effects of ZNP on liver of rats was investigated.
Materials and Methods:
Experimental groups received 5, 50 and 300 mg/kg ZNP respectively for 14 days. Control group received only distilled water. ALT, AST and ALP were considered as biomarkers to indicate hepatotoxicity. Lipid peroxidation (MDA), SOD and GPx were detected for assessment of oxidative stress in liver tissue. Histological studies and TUNEL assay were also done.
Results:
Plasma concentration of zinc (Zn) was significantly increased in 5 mg/kg ZNP-treated rats. Liver concentration of Zn was significantly increased in the 300 mg/kg ZNP-treated animals. Weight of liver was markedly increased in both 5 and 300 mg/kg doses of ZNP. ZNP at the doses of 5 mg/kg induced a significant increase in oxidative stress through the increase in MDA content and a significant decrease in SOD and GPx enzymes activity in the liver tissue. Administration of ZNP at 5 mg/kg induced a significant elevation in plasma AST, ALT and ALP. Histological studies showed that treatment with 5 mg/kg of ZNP caused hepatocytes swelling, which was accompanied by congestion of RBC and accumulation of inflammatory cells. Apoptotic index was also significantly increased in this group. ZNP at the dose of 300 mg/kg had poor hepatotoxicity effect.
Conclusion:
It is concluded that lower doses of ZNP has more hepatotoxic effects on rats, and recommended to use it with caution if there is a hepatological problem.
Synthesis of graphene oxide-TiO2 nanocomposite as an adsorbent for the enrich...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
In our study, graphene oxide-TiO2 nanocomposite (GO/TiO2) was prepared and used for the enrichment of rutin from real samples for the first time.
Materials and Methods:
The synthesized GO/TiO2 was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and FT-IR spectra. The enrichment process is fast and highly efficient. The factors including contact time, pH, and amount of GO/TiO2 affecting the adsorption process were studied.
Results:
The maximum adsorption capacity for ciprofloxacin was calculated to be 59.5 mg/g according to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The method yielded a linear calibration curve in the concentration ranges from 15 to 200 μg/L for the rutin with regression coefficients (r2) of 0.9990. The limits of detection (LODs, S/N=3) and limits of quantification (LOQs, S/N=10) were found to be 8 μg/Land 28 μg/L, respectively. Both the intra-day and inter-day precisions (RSDs) were < 10% .
Conclusion:
The developed approach offered wide linear range, and good reproducibility. Owing to the diverse structures and unique characteristic, GO/TiO2 possesses great potential in the enrichment and analysis of trace rutin in real aqueous samples.
Preparation and evaluation of vitamin A nanosuspension as a novel ocular drug...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
The aim of this study was to prepare a nanosuspension formulation as a new vehicle for the improvement of the ocular delivery of vitamin A.
Material and Methods:
Formulations were designed based on full factorial design. A high pressure homogenization technique was used to produce nanosuspensions. Fifteen formulations were prepared by the use of different combinations of surfactants Tween 80, benzalkonium chloride and Pluronic and evaluated for pH, particle size, entrapment efficiency, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), stability and drug release. Also, Draize test was used to evaluate the irritation of rabbit eye by formulations.
Results:
All formulations showed a small mean size that is well suited for ocular application. Also it was observed that the particle size decreased with increase in the amount of surfactant. Drug entrapment increased with increasing amount of surfactant. It was shown that initial and final drug release can be controlled by the ratio and the total amount of surfactants, respectively.
Conclusion:
It was concluded that the use of Tween 80 and Pluronic in the formualtions with a proper ratio does not show eye irritation and could be useful to achieve a suitable nanosuspension of vitamin A as a novel ocular delivery system.
A comparative study about toxicity of CdSe quantum dots on reproductive syste...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
Medicinal benefits of quantum dots have been proved in recent years but there is little known about their toxicity especially in vivo toxicity. In order to use quantum dots in medical applications, studies ontheir in vivo toxicity is important.
Materials and Methods:
CdSe:ZnS quantum dots were injected in 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg doses to male mice10 days later, mice were sacrificed and five micron slides were prepared structural and optical properties of quantum dots were evaluated using XRD.
Results:
Histological studies of testis tissue showed high toxic effect of CdSe:ZnS in 40 mg/kg group. Histological studies of epididymis did not show any effect of quantum dots in terms of morphology and tube structure. Mean concentration of LH and testosterone and testis weight showed considerable changes in mice injected with 40 mg/kg dose of CdSe:ZnS compared to control group. However, FSH and body weight did not show any difference with control group.
Conclusion:
Although it has been reported that CdSe is highly protected from the environment by its shell, but this study showed high toxicity for CdSe:ZnS when it is used in vivo which could be suggested that shell could contribute to increased toxicity of quantum dots. Considering lack of any previous study on this subject, our study could potentially be used as an basis for further extensive studies investigating the effects of quantum dots toxicity on development of male sexual system.
Functionalization of carbon nanotubes and its application in nanomedicine: A ...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
This review focuses on the latest developments in applications of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in medicine. A brief history of CNTs and a general introduction to the field are presented.
Then, surface modification of CNTs that makes them ideal for use in medical applications is highlighted. Examples of common applications, including cell penetration, drug delivery, gene delivery and imaging, are given. At the same time, there are concerns about their possible adverse effects on human health, since there is evidence that exposure to CNTs induces toxic effects in experimental models. However, CNTs are not a single substance but a growing family of different materials possibly eliciting different biological responses. As a consequence, the hazards associated with the exposure of humans to the different forms of CNTs may be different. Understanding the structure–toxicity relationships would help towards the assessment of the risk related to these materials. Finally, toxicity of CNTs, are discussed. This review article overviews the most recent applications of CNTs in Nanomedicine, covering the period from 1991 to early 2015.
The role of surface charge of ISCOMATRIX nanoparticles on the type of immune ...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
ISCOMATRIX vaccines have now been shown to induce strong antigen-specific cellular or humoral immune responses to a broad range of antigens of viral, bacterial, parasite or tumor. In the present study, we investigated the role of ISCOMATRIX charge in induction of a Th1 type of immune response and protection against Leishmania major infection in BALB/c mice.
Materials and Methods:
Positively and negatively charged ISCOMATRIX were prepared. BALB/C mice were immunized subcutaneously, three times with 2-week intervals, with different ISCOMATRIX formulations. Soluble Leishmania antigens (SLA) were mixed with ISCOMATRIX right before injection. The extent of protection and type of immune response were studied in different groups of mice.
Results:
The group of mice immunized with negatively charged ISCOMATRIX showed smaller footpad swelling upon challenge with L. major and the highest IgG2a production compared with positively charged one. The mice immunized with positively charged ISCOMATRIX showed the lowest splenic parasite burden compared to the other groups. Cytokine assay results indicated that the highest level of IFN- γ and IL-4 secretion was observed in the splenocytes of mice immunized with negatively charged ISCOMATRIX as compared to other groups.
Conclusion:
The results indicated that ISCOMATRIX formulations generate an immune response with mixed Th1/Th2 response that was not protective against challenge against L. major.
Abstract
In the last decade, developments in nanotechnology have provided a new field in medicine called “Nanomedicine”. Nanomedicine has provided new tools for photodynamic therapy. Quantum dots (QDs) are approximately spherical nanoparticles that have attracted broad attention and have been used in nanomedicine applications. QDs have high molar extinction coefficients and photoluminescence quantum yield, narrow emission spectra, broad absorption, large effective stokes shifts. QDs are more photostable and resistant to metabolic degradation. These photosensitizing properties can be used as photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy (PDT). PDT has been recommended for its unique characteristic, such as low side effect and more efficiency. Therefore, nanomedicine leads a promising future for targeted therapy in cancer tumor. Furthermore, QDs have recently been applied in PDT, which will be addressed in this review letter. Also this review letter evaluates key aspects of nano-particulate design and engineering, including the advantage of the nanometer scale size range, biological behavior, and safety profile.
Preparation of protein-loaded PLGA-PVP blend nanoparticles by nanoprecipitati...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
Despite of wide range applications of polymeric nanoparticles in protein delivery, there are some problems for the field of protein entrapment, initial burst and controlled release profile.
Materials and Methods:
In this study, we investigated the influence of some changes in PLGA nanoparticles formulation to improve the initial and controlled release profile. Selected parameters were: pluronic F127, polysorbate 80 as surfactant, pH of inner aqueous phase, L/G ratio of PLGA polymer, volume of inner aqueous phase and addition of polyvinylpyrrolidone as an excipient. FITC-HSA was used as a model hydrophilic drug. The nanoparticles were prepared by nanoprecipitation.
Results:
Initial release of FITC-HSA from PLGA-tween 80 nanoparticles (opt-4, 61%) was faster than control (PLGA-pluronic) after 2.30 h of incubation. Results showed that decrease in pH of inner aqueous phase to pI of protein can decrease IBR but the release profile of protein is the same as control. Release profile with three phases including a) initial burst b) plateau and c) final release phase was observed when we changed volume of inner aqueous phase and L/G ratio in formulation. Co-entrapment of HSA with PVP and pluronic reduced the IBR and controlled release profile in opt-19. Encapsulation efficiency was more than 97% and nanoparticles size and zeta potentials were mono-modal and -18.99 mV, respectively.
Conclusion:
In this research, we optimized a process for preparation of PLGA-PVP-pluronic nanoparticles of diameter less than 300 nm using nanoprecipitation method. This formulation showed a decreased initial burst and long lasting controlled release profile for FITC-HSA as a model drug for proteins.
Preparation of protein-loaded PLGA-PVP blend nanoparticles by nanoprecipitati...
01 nmj 1-4
1. Nanomed. J., Vol. 1, No. 4, Summer 2014 211
Received: Dec. 15, 2013; Accepted: Feb. 12, 2014
Vol. 1, No. 4, Summer 2014, page 211-219
Online ISSN 2322-5904
http://nmj.mums.ac.ir
Original Research (font 12)
Review Article
A systematic review of gold nanoparticles as novel cancer therapeutics
Mohammad Babaei1
, Maryam Ganjalikhani2
*
1
Department of Radiotherapy Oncology, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical
Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2
Researcher and general practitioner, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Objective(s): The current systematic study has reviewed the therapeutic potential of gold
nanoparticles as nano radiosensitizers for cancer radiation therapy.
Materials and Methods: This study was done to review nano radiosensitizers. PubMed, Ovid
Medline, Science Direct, SCOPUS, ISI web of knowledge, Springer databases were searched
from 2000 to September 2013 to identify appropriate studies.
Any study that assessed nanoparticles, candidate of radio enhancement at radiotherapy on
animals or cell lines was included by two independent reviewers.
Results: Gold nanoparticles can enhance radiosenstivity of tumor cells. This effect is shown in
vivo and in vitro, at kilovoltage or megavoltage energies, in 15 reviewed studies. Emphasis of
studies was on gold nanoparticles. Radiosensitization of nanoparticles depend on nanoparticles’
size, type, concentration, intracellular localization, used irradiation energy and tested cell line.
Conclusion: Study outcomes have showed that gold nanoparticles have been beneficial at cancer
radiation therapy.
Keywords: Gold nanoparticles, Radio sensitizer, Radiation therapy, Systematic review
*Corresponding Author: Maryam Ganjalikhani, Researcher and general practitioner, Tehran University of
Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Tel: +9821 66939010, Email: Maryam.ganjalikhani@gmail.com
2. Gold nanoparticles as novel cancer therapeutics
212 Nanomed. J., Vol. 1, No. 4, Summer 2014
Introduction
Nanoparticles can improve cancer diagnosis,
imaging and therapy at the cellular and
molecular levels (1). Gold as a drug and
medicinal agent have been used for disease
treatment since long time ago (2). Primitive
application of gold for medicinal purposes
returned to Alexandria, Egypt, Over 5000
years ago. It was used for mental, bodily and
spiritual purification (3). Today gold,
especially gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have
become an interesting research area in
cancer diagnosis, imaging and especially
treatment. This is due to biocompatible
properties of GNPs (4). Also, trustworthy
methods exist for economical GNPs
synthesis with different sizes (2–500 nm)
and shapes (spheres, rods, tubes, wires,
ribbons, plate, cubic, hexagonal and
triangular).Also, Organic and inorganic
molecules can be attached to GNPs’ surface
(5).
Radiotherapy is one of the key modalities
for treatment of cancer. Radiotherapy is the
most common cancer treatment (6). Almost
52% of cancer patients undergoes
radiotherapy at least once during their
treatment course (7). One of the greatest
challenges in radiotherapy is that ionizing
radiation cannot differentiate between
healthy tissue and solid tumors. Tissue
around tumor is also affected by radiation.
Therefore, healthy tissue benefits from less
radiation dose. Radiotherapy requires for
development on radiation delivery tech-
niques to reduce injury to surrounding
tissues. To overcome this problem, radio
sensitizers are one of the right solution.
Radio sensitizers are adjunctive treatments
which make tumor cells more vulnerable to
radiation. Radio sensitizers are planned and
designed to improve tumor cell killing while
having much less effect on normal tissues
(8).
Recent progresses have been made towards
gold nanoparticles to suggest them as novel
radio sensitizers. Application of GNPs as
radio sensitizer is a promising strategy to
increase efficiency of radiotherapy. This is
the first systematic review of literature to
assess the application of GNPs in
radiotherapy as radio sensitizer.
Materials and Methods
Search strategy
Our systematic review was compatible with
the PRISMA guidelines (9). A systematic
search was done in the databases of
PubMed, Ovid Medline, Science Direct,
SCOPUS, ISI web of knowledge and
Springer from 2000 to September 2013.
Searches were limited to English language.
The following search terms were used:
(“gold nano particles”/gnp) AND (radio
sensitizer or radiosensitization or “radiation
dose-enhancing” or “radiation sensitizing
agents” or ” enhanced X-ray therapy “ or
“enhancement of radiation sensitivity”) OR
(radiation therapy or radiotherapy). Also
synonyms and derivate of the terms were
used for finding more articles.
To have a wide-ranging search and to find
possible relevant articles, manual search was
done on reference list of articles. We
included articles:
1- Studying GNPs as the volunteer of a
radio sensitizer substance.
2- Ionizing radiation has been used at the
study.
3- Aim of study has been on the cancer
radiotherapy.
4- Cell lines /animals should have been
tested.
Thesis, meetings and other unpublished data
were excluded.
First, titles and abstracts of the searched
studies were read to determine their
potential eligibility for the review. Article
which met our inclusion criteria were
included .Then full text of each possibly
relevant study was retrieved and assessed
independently by authors. After the
3. Babaei M, et al
Nanomed. J., Vol. 1, No. 4, Summer 2014 213
Original Research (font 12)assessment, the authors agreed on the
reporting of 15 Articles in a meeting
selection. For assessing agreement between
authors Cohen's kappa statistic was used
(Cohen's kappa =0.9).
Independent extraction of articles was
performed .Following data were extracted:
papers cite, publication year, type of
nanoparticle, radiation dose and type, NPs
size. We also noted outcomes of studies
regardless of author, affiliation and journal.
We gathered data from all studies identified
irrespective of nanoparticle synthesis
method.
Due to heterogeneous nature of the studies
identified, the data available did not allow us
to use formal statistical techniques such as
meta-analysis.
Heterogeneity results from variations in
studies method, outcome measures, sizes
and types of NPs and cell line types.
Results
The search of databases yielded 65
publications. 52 of articles were excluded
due to inclusion criteria.2 articles were
added after checking the references list of
included articles.
Finally, 15 articles were reviewed. Figure 1
shows the algorithm of the study selection
procedure.
Figure 1: Stages of the search strategy for Identification of relevant literature.
Potentially relevant papers
identified n= 65
Full text articles assessed for
eligibility n=13
Papers excluded due to
inclusion criteria n=52
Studies included in the
systematic review n=15
Papers added after manual
search of references list n=2
4. Gold nanoparticles as novel cancer therapeutics
214 Nanomed. J., Vol. 1, No. 4, Summer 2014
15 Papers were carried out using GNPs.
Remarkable studies have been done to show
GNPs’ radio sensitization effect. GNPs have
received special attention during last decade
(10). It has been shown that by using GNPs
less radiation dose is needed (11). Table 1
shows GNPs sizes, cell types and radiation
doses and types used for each study.
Table 1. Gold nanoparticles size and types of radiation and dose.
First author Gold
Nanoparticle
size
Cell type Type of radiation and dose
Joh D Y approximately
12 nm
human U251
glioblastoma cells
(ATCC),
in vitro 4 Gy (150 kVp), in vivo 20 Gy (175 kVp) to
the brain
Jain S 1.9 nm human prostate
cancer cells
(DU145) breast
cancer cells(MDA-
MB231) lung
epithelial cells
(L132)
X-ray (6 MV, 15 MV) and electron (6 MeV, 16 MeV)
Varian 2100CD linear accelerator 3.55 Gy/min and
3.85 Gy/min, for 6 MV and 15 MV(respectively) 4.0
Gy/min for both 6 MeV and 16 MeV
Wang C 13 nm lung-cancer cells (
A549)
X-rays(6 MV) linear accelerator 10Gy
Roa W 15 nm human prostate
carcinoma cell (
DU-145)
cesium-137 2 Gy (single dose)
Chang M.Y Approximatel y
13 nm
melanoma cells
(B16F10)
Electron (6 MeV) Varian 2100C linear accelerator 25
Gy
Kaur H ranging from 5-
9 nm
HeLa cell line
(human cervix
cancer cells)
γ-radiation and carbon ion irradiation 62 MeV 12C6
LET of 290 keV/μm. 0.9, 1.9, 2.8 and 3.7 Gy
Chattopadhyay N 30 nm MDA-MB-361 X-rays(100 kVp) In vivo : 0.5 Gy In vitro : 11 Gy
Lechtman E 30 nm human prostate
adenocarcinoma
(PC-3)
X-ray (300 kVp) 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 Gy
Zhang X 30 nm Human prostate
carcinoma cells
(DU-145)
X-rays(200-kVp) 2 Gy
Kong T 10.8 nm breast-cancer cells
(MCF-7)
nonmalignant
breast-cells (MCF-
10A)
X-ray(200-kVp), γ -rays caesium-137 or cobalt-60
radiation 2 Gy
Rahman W N 1.9 nm bovine aortic
endothelial cells
X-ray (80 kV and 150 kV ) 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 Gy
Electron (6 MeV and 12 MeV) linear accelerator
(Clinac 2100C Varian ) 1 Gy/min
Liu CJ 6.1 nm EMT-6 cell CT26
cell
10 Gy X-ray(8.048 keV) commercial biological
irradiator (E(average) = 73 keV), a Cu-Kalpha(1) ,
Electon (6.5 keV),
5. Babaei M, et al
Nanomed. J., Vol. 1, No. 4, Summer 2014 215
Original Research (font 12)A pioneering study was done on mice
bearing subcutaneous EMT-6 mammary
carcinomas by Hainfeld (12). Mice were
divided into two groups: treated with either
GNPs and radiation or radiation alone.
These two groups had had 86% and 20%
one year survival respectively. Another in
vivo study was done by Hainfeld recently.
He used the same size used in the previous
study (1.9 nm GNPs).
Mice bearing murine squamous cell
carcinoma (SCCVII) were radiated with X-
ray (68 keVp, 42 and 30 Gy). Significant
tumor growth delay and long-term tumor
control was seen with 42 Gy but not with 30
Gy (13) Also mice were radiated with 157-
keV photons; more tumor radiosenstivity
was seen with GNPs accompanied by 50.6
Gy than 44 Gy.
Another animal study was done at 2008
(14). They injected melanoma cells
(B16F10) to mice. After GNP injection,
mice were irradiated with electron (25 Gy).
They showed that GNPs radiosensitized
melanoma cells. In comparison with control
group, tumor growth rate was decreased;
apoptotic signals and survival rates were
increased.
It is demonstrated that radio sensitization is
cell line-dependent, as Jain s et al. showed
that GNPs radio sensitization occurred in
MDA-MB-231 cell line but not in DU145 or
L132 cell line despite GNP uptake (15).
Bonded GNPs
Different functional groups can be attached
to GNPs such as PEG, thiol, peptides and
antibodies. Binding ligands and molecules
bestows several characteristics to the
particle. Daniel Y. Joh et al. after in vitro
experiments showed that intravenously
injected PEGylated-GNPs radiosensitized
human glioblastoma cells to radiotherapy
and increased mice survival (16). Another
study about PEGylated-GNPs showed that
in the presence of this nanoparticle, EMT-6
and CT26 cell survival rates were decreased
(17).
A recent study has assessed effects of
targeted GNPs on tumor radiation sensitivity
(15). This study had two parts: in vivo and
in vitro. At the in vivo part, athymic mice
bore subcutaneous MDA-MB-361 xeno-
grafts. Mice were injected Human
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-2
targeted GNPs or saline intratumorally.
After 24 hours, mice received a single dose
radiation of X-rays (100 kVp, 11 Gy). These
mice had slower growth rate than control
mice (which were only radiated). Remark-
ably, in vivo results were in agreement with
in vitro. Survival curve of cells exposed to
targeted GNPs and radiation was
significantly lower than cells exposed to x-
radiation alone. But, survival curves for cells
exposed to GNPs and radiation versus
radiation alone were not significantly
different. Thus, targeted GNPs cause more
radio sensitivity than neutral GNPs.
Glucose capped GNPs (Glu-GNPs)
enhanced radiation sensitivity in radiation-
resistant human prostate cancer cells study is
another bonded GNPs study (18). It is
shown that Glu-GNPs trigger cell cycle
acceleration in the G0/G1 phase and restrain
cell in the G2/M phase. This activation
occurs with sensitivity to ionizing radiation.
Similar studies about Glu-GNPs showed that
irradiation of HeLa cells with Glu-GNPs
outcomes in enhanced radiation sensitivity
(19). Also similar effects are seen on lung
cancer cells and ovarian cancer cells (20)
(21). Another study showed that Glu-GNPs
have a greater decrease in cellular
proliferation than neutral GNPs (22).
Binding groups bring about changes in
GNPs location. Kong et al compared
thioglucose and cysteamine-capped GNPs in
breast-cancer cell line (MCF-7) versus a
nonmalignant breast-cell line (MCF-10A)
(23). This study showed that Cysteamine-
capped GNPs were mostly bound to the
6. Gold nanoparticles as novel cancer therapeutics
216 Nanomed. J., Vol. 1, No. 4, Summer 2014
MCF-7 cell membrane, but thioglucose –
capped GNPs enter the cells and were
dispersed in the cytoplasm.
Discussion
Reviewed studies have demonstrated radio
enhancement effect of GNPs. They have
unique properties like bio compatibility and
modifiable surfaces that make them great
volunteer to be radio sensitizer. The
sensitizing characteristics of NPs have been
tested on various cell lines and animals.
Different sizes, concentrations, cell lines,
radiation sources and doses have been used
at the reviewed studies. Radiation sensitivity
using NPs depends on nanoparticle type, cell
line, irradiation energy, nanoparticle size,
concentration and intracellular localization.
In vitro radio sensitization and in vivo tumor
growth retardation accompanied by longer
survival give researchers the proof of using
GNPs. All reviewed studies showed
consistency of their result and confirm
enhancement of radiotherapy by using
GNPs. Such enhancement takes place as
long as GNPs accompanied by radiation.
GNPs without radiation result are similar to
no treatment (12).
Probable mechanism involved in GNP radio
enhancement is cell cycle changes and
elevated reactive oxygen species production
(18, 21). In the presence of GNPs, more
radicals electrons are produced. It is
suggested that radio sensitivity of GNP’s
can be attributed to enhanced localized
absorption of X-rays, release of low-energy
electrons from GNPs and efficient
deposition of energy in the form of radicals
and electrons (24). Most of studies
compared using GNPs with not using them.
Five factors affecting GNPs as radio
sensitizer
Concentration
The effect of GNPs concentrations on dose
enhancement is much greater than GNPs
size. Increasing GNPs concentration decr-
ease cells growth rate (15). It seems rational
as increasing the concentration of GNPS
causes number of GNPs increase, conse-
quently, the number of gold atoms.
Therefore, more photoelectric interactions
between photons and gold atoms occur (25).
Higher GNPs concentrations have higher
risk of toxicity. Therefore, the balance
between dose enhancement effect and
toxicity should be set.
Size
GNPs can be produced over a wide range of
sizes (0.4–5000 nm). Some of GNPs
properties are attributed to size. Size is a
strong factor in existence time in blood.
Smaller GNPs are filtrated through kidneys
quickly, while larger ones avoid clearing.
GNPs size affects cellular uptake. Since
only GNPs of size 1-100 nm can enter cells,
optimal size design can increase cell
internalization (24). Large-sized GNPs have
the most efficient dose enhancement effect
(DEF) (26, 27). This diameter has also the
highest cellular uptake (28).
Modifying GNP’s surface
A 0.8-nm GNP has seven ligand sites, a 2-
nm has ~100, and a 15-nm has approx-
imately 4000. PEG, carboxyl or amino
groups, thiol derivative drugs, DNA, lipids,
carbohydrates, antibodies, peptides or
organic moiety can be attached to GNPs.
Any of these bindings confers beneficial
properties to GNP.
As an example, PEG binding helps GNPs to
avoid reticuloendothelial system uptake
(29). Glucose binding GNPs enter the cells
and spread in the cytoplasm more than
neutral GNPs (23) , as it was shown in 5 out
of 15 review study (18-22). Cancer cells
have more metabolisms than normal cells,
which create a greater need to glucose.
Therefore, when glucose is coated on
surface of GNPs, cancer cells take up the
7. Babaei M, et al
Nanomed. J., Vol. 1, No. 4, Summer 2014 217
Original Research (font 12)glucose with GNPs attached to it. Glucose
increases cell internalization and afterwards
increases radio sensitivity.
GNPs’ surface can be modified for targeting
of cancer cells by antibodies or hormones
(30). If GNPs can be localized in cancerous
cells, cancerous tissue receive higher dose
compared with normal tissue during a
radiotherapy treatment. Also, less radiation
dose is needed.
Intracellular localization
Gathering of GNPs inside the cells and
intracellular localization improve the
radiation effects as photon and electron
interaction increase. Study of Kong et al,
Chattopadhyay et al. suggested that
localization of GNPs within the cells is chief
factor in increasing radiation cytotoxicity
(15, 23).
Radiation dose
Several reports have shown GNPs’ radio
sensitization with kV (proton and X-ray) and
KeV. Also such radio enhancement is shown
at MV X-rays (15, 11) and MeV energies
(14, 19, 24, 31). Dose enhancement factor
(DEF) depends on radiation energy and
amount of GNPs (29).
Cell type
Cytotoxicity of GNPs alters in different cell
types (23, 32). GNPs could enhance the
sensitivity of some cells to irradiation but
not all cells, as glucose capped GNPs did
not radio sensitized human diploid fibroblast
cells but did enhance human prostate
carcinoma cells (18). Another proof, despite
cellular uptake in human prostate cancer
cells and lung epithelial cells, radio
sensitization was not observed in neither of
them (15).
GNPs cellular uptake levels and cell cycle
phases might justify it. Metallic materials
block cells at the G2/M phase, the most
radiosensitive phase of the cell cycle;
therefore augment cell radio sensitivity (33).
Conclusion
Literature supports using GNPs as radio
sensitizer for radiation therapy. Desired and
anticipated outcomes would be reached by
changing factors affecting radio sensitivity.
These results demonstrate signs of forth-
coming success of the GNPs in cancer
treatment.
Acknowledgements
This paper was prepared with no financial
support.
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