This document provides an introduction to phonetics. It defines linguistics as the scientific study of language and notes that phonetics is the study of speech sounds. The document outlines the main branches of linguistics and focuses on articulatory phonetics. It describes the key organs involved in speech production, including the larynx, vocal cords, nasal cavity, oral cavity, lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate, soft palate, tongue, uvula and glottis. Examples are given of sounds produced using different articulators.

1. Lecture No. 01-03
Introduction to Phonetics
PROF. JUNAID AMJED
junaidamjed@gmail.com
http://facebook.com/junaid.amjed

2. What is Linguistics?
Def.
-Linguistics is the scientific and systematic study of
language. And someone who engages in this study
is
known as linguist .
-the study of human speech including the units,
nature, structure, and modification of language.
Merriam Webster
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3. Branches of Linguistics:
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Linguistics
Micro
Linguistics
Macro
Linguistics

4. MICRO LINGUISTICS
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Micro linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Morphology
Syntax
Semantics
Pragmatics

5. MACRO LINGUISTICS
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Macro
linguistics
Psycholinguist
ics
Sociolinguisti
cs
Neurolinguist
ics
Discourse
Analysis
Computational
Linguistics
Applied
Linguistics

6. Phonetics
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-Phonetics is the scientific study of speech sound . It studies how speech
sounds are articulated , transmitted and received .
- The study of speech sound of a group of languages is called phonetics.
-The study and systematic classification of sounds made in spoken
utterances is known as phoetics.

7. Phonetics
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PHONETICS
Articulatory Acoustics Auditory

8. Fields of Phonetics
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Articulatory
This field of Phonetics studies the production of single sound by the vocal tract
Acoustics:
Acoustics studies the physical properties of sounds made by the vocal tract
Auditory:
In auditory phonetics we study how the human ear perceives the sound and how the
brain recognizes and interpret them into distinctive units.

9. Why Do We Need Phonetics ?
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It sets standards for the pronunciation of words in the language. It provides
us a systematic way to learn and adopt these sound patterns.
Imagine if we do not have any sort of standard set of pronunciation.
Look at the following words :
Sheet = Shit - Sheet with a sound of ‫ت‬
Beach = Bitch
Knife = K-nife
Night = Night with the sound of ‫گھ‬
Class = Slass
♦Hence this explains that we need
a standard sound system to
communicate and understand the
language
To be continue

10. Articulatory Phonetics
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The Production of Speech Sounds
As we know that this field of Phonetics studies the production of single sound by
the vocal tract .
Let us first look at the mouth where speech sounds are produced.
Diagram 01 will help you locate the main articulation. For example organs
which us in producing sound.

11. Diagram 01
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Mouth
Mouth
Sounds are made by the air striking against
the articulators. This air comes in the form of
a stream from the lungs. Thus is known as
aggressive stream, i.e. that stream of air
which goes out of the mouth.
Sounds can also be produced by taking air into the
mouth. This is called ingressive air stream. There are
sounds in Sindhi and Saraiki which are produced by the
ingressive air stream.

12. LARYNX
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The larynx is box-like space situated in the
neck which allows the air from the lungs to
pass through it.
Diagram 02

13. 01.VOCAL CORDS
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At the opening of the larynx are vocal folds, or
vocal cords. They are two bands of muscles lying
opposite to each other
02.PHARYNX
It is a tube that extends above the larynx. It is
situated behind the nasal and oral cavity and
connects them to the larynx.
Vocal Cords
Nasal Cavity
Oral Cavity
PHARYNX
Diagram 03
Diagram 03

14. 03.PHARYNX
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When the air passes through, the vocal cords can open and close very fast.
This is called vibration and it can 70-1000 times per second. This vibration is
called voicing. If you say /z/ and keep your tongue in the same position saying
zzzzz you will hear a buzzing sound voiced. This is the vibration of the vocal
cords. You can place your fingers on your throat and feel this vibration. Now
try doing the same with a /s/ sound. This time you can not feel any vibration
with sssss voiceless. Now you know that /z/ is a voiced sound and /s/ an
unvoiced sound. Other sounds are also distinguished in this way.
/z/
/s/

15. 04.THE NASAL CAVITY
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The space behind the nose is called nasal cavity and
filled with air. It can produce a kind of humming
called resonance. The nasal cavity is enlarged when
the soft palate is lowered. The soft palate is a
moveable muscle at the back of the roof of the
mouth that can divide or connect the nasal cavity
and the oral cavity. Try saying /m/ continuously as mmmmmm. Now if the mouth
is blocked and all the air passes out of nose we get a nasal sound, known as
nasalization.

16. 05. THE ORAL CAVITY
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Most of the articulators are in the cavity of the mouth or the oral cavity
(i) THE LIPS
The lips can close togeather stoping the air. This action creates sounds which are
called stops or plosives. They are called plosives because air is stopped for a very
short time and then goes out.
/p/ /b/ /m/ these three sounds are produced with the help of lips.
Pen= /pen/ , Book= /bʊk/ , Moon= /muːn/ the initial sounds in these words
are produced with lips.

17. (ii) THE TEETH
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Our teeth are used with the lower lip and tongue for the production of
sound. The tongue can be between or behind the teeth production of sound
as in the initial sound of the word “THING” = /θɪŋ/. And the lower lip meets
the upper teeth as we produce the sound /f/ or /v/.
(iii) ALVEOLAR RIDGE
Just behind the upper teeth is a slightly raised ridge called the alveolar ridge
some sounds are produced when the tongue touches near or on the ridge.

18. (iv) HARD PALATE
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It is the hard sloping place behind the alveolar ridge. If you take your tongue
back from the alveolar ridge you can feel it. Sound which are produced by the
tongue touching or coming near to it are called palatals. E.g. initial sound of
China /ʃaɪnə/ and Jug /ʤʌg/
(v) SOFT PALATE
It is soft fleshy place behind the hard palate. It is also called velum and
sound which are produced by the tongue touching or coming near to it are
called velar. E.g. initial sound of KITE /kaɪt/ and final sound of KING /kɪŋ/.

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(vii) THE TONGUE
It is a small fleshy conical body suspended downward at the back of
the mouth .
(vi) UVULA
The tongue can move up , down and turn in the mouth. By doing so, it
comes in contact with other parts of the mouth. The tongue can be divided
into following parts
i. Tip ii. Blade iii. Front iv. Middle v. Back vi. Root

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(viii) GLOTTIS
This is the opening between vocal cords. The glottal sound /h/ coming deep
from the throat is produced by it.
I.P.A
The labels
−V(=voiceless)
and
+V(=voiced)