This document discusses types of industrial accidents. It defines an accident as an occurrence that causes bodily injury making someone unfit for duties for at least 48 hours. Accidents are classified by length of recovery into first aid, lost time, and home case accidents. They are also classified by nature as fatal, temporary, or permanent. Causes of accidents can include issues with the plant, equipment, environment, people, or work systems. Some individuals may be predisposed to accidents due to personality traits or conditions described as accident proneness. The rate of accidents in an industry can be measured by frequency rate or severity rate.

1. Lecture 03 : Types of Accident
Sequence of Hazrd to Accident
There is a common sequence of hazard leading to accident and resulting injuries or fatal impact on
employees. In most of the cases we can identify the hazard or danger and is some cases it can be
predicted by our knowledge. On the other hand the risk factors generated due to presence of hazard are
not directly observable but we can identify the probability of harmfulness. Here the harmfulness
presents the harm to system or system elements which could be occurred because of exposure of
hazard. The harm to the system may have short term impact as well as long term impact on the
organization. These impacts can be identified as an event called accident. Also note that the result of
accident can be an injury, introducing illness of employee, death of employee or damage of system
elements.
The bellow diagram describe the sequence
Hazards/Danger
Observable or predicted from knowledge

Risk
Not directly observable - probability of harm to system
elements being realised from exposure to hazards and
danger.

Harm
Damage to system elements - long or short term

Accidents

Injuries Ill-Health Damage
Accident :
According to the Factory Act 1948 the term “Accident” has been describes as “An occurrence in

2. industrial establishment causing bodily injury to a person which makes him unfit to resume his duties
in the next 48 hours can be called as an Accident or Industrial Accident”
Types of Accident
The types of an accident can be determined by multiple way. For example
• Types of accident according to length of recovery
• Types of accident according to nature of incident
Types of accident according to length of recovery
According to the length of recovery the types of accident can be defined into three types
First Aid Accident : This kind of accident have the minimal impact on the employee. In this
kine of accident these worker or employee receives first aid treatment at the medical center or hospital
located inside the plant and then return to the job. For example if any any employee fall down on the
floor but do not experience any kind of fracture, bleeding, trauma, tissue injury etc. then the medical
assistant can permit him to start work after giving the first aid.
Lost Time Accident : This type of accident is having moderate impact on the organization as
well as on the employee. Here worker loses a day or shift in which accidents occur. For example if any
any employee fall down on the floor and but do not experience any kind of fracture, trauma, tissue
injury etc. but having pain in his body then the medical assistant or doctor might suggest him to start
work after having a day rest. In this kind of scenario compensation is given to the employee by
employer for the severity of accident..
Home Case Accident : This is one kind of major accident. In this case the employee experience
moderate or massive injury and suggested for treatment for a certain amount of time. As per the
doctors suggestion the employee may need to take rest for more than one days. Because of that the
supervisor may need to reschedule the tasks assign to that person. In this case the employer also need to
give compensation to the employee.
Types of accident according to nature of incident
Fatal Accident : This type of accident indicated major impact. It includes the
accidents that could result in the death of the injured worker.
Temporary Accident : Accident that reduces the earning capacity of an employee when
he engaged in the injury.
Permanent Accident : Because of this kind of accident the employee may loss the
capacity of earning.

3. Types of accident
Effect of Accident
The nature of accidents may vary from industry to industry. An employee may fall from height while
engage in particular job, or may be caught on machine while working & injure employee. These results
in disablement or death.
Disablement can be divided in to types
• Permanent
• Temporary
The Effect of an accident can be expressed by the term “IDLE” where term indicates the following
• I - Injury
• D - Damage
• L – Lose
• E – Emotion

4. Cause of Accident
Accident may not have any single cause. It can be result of multiple causes. These are the result of
combination of factors which may vary from situation to situation.
It is possible to classify accident causes under the headings “PEEPS” where the term indicates the
following
• Plant : The industrial plant may itself can a cause of accident. For exaple
a faulty layout of the plan, electrical and chemical hazard etc can lead to an accident.
• Equipment : If the equipments itself having issue or set without proper caution
then this can introduce accident to the work place. For example equipments with defective
guard, or using of incorrect equipment etc can be a cause of accident.
• Environment : If the workplace is not having proper environment to work then
accident can be occurred in the workplace. If the environment is heavily noisy or not having
sufficient light or ventilation of the workspace is not properly maintained then accident could be
occurred.
• People : People or employee of the organization can invite accident to the
industry. For example if the employee or worker is careless about the safety of himself, or not
well trained about the task, or overstressed due to any reason could be a cause of an accident.
• Systems of work : Sometime the system of work itself be a reason of accident, For
example if the procedure work with a machine is not well defined then accident can be
occurred to the environment. Bad housekeeping can be another cause of accident.

5. Accident Proneness
Accident proneness, also known as clumsiness, is the conception that some people might have
predisposition, or that they might be more likely to suffer accidents, such as car crashes and industrial
injuries, than other people.
In other words accident prone refers to anyone who seems to be more susceptible to accidents and
injuries than others. This may be due to disability or merely clumsiness. Accident proneness is a
condition in which a “human being is mentally inclined, strongly disposed , attitudinally addicted or
personally destined to become continually involved in an on-going and never-ending series of
accidents or injuries”.
According to T.W. Harrell “Accident Proneness is the continuing tendency of a person to have
accidents as a result of his stable and persisting characteristics.”
Thus, some people may be more often involved in accidents than others. In other words, they are
‘accident-prone’.
If two individuals are working on similar machines under identical circumstances, one may commit
more accidents than the other. The former employee will be called an “accident-prone operator ”.
A team of British researchers identified 3 key personality traits of people who are not accident prone
which are as follows
• Openness : This is the tendency to learn from experience and to be open to
suggestions from others, but too much openness can increase accident risk.
• Dependability : This is the tendency to be conscientious and socially responsible.
• Agreeableness : This is the tendency to be aggressive or self controlled.

6. Industrial Accident - Measurement
Rate of accident in the indutry could be calculated in two way, they are
• Frequency Rate : Accident Frequency Rate= (No. of injuries×1,00,000) ∕ No. of
human hours worked.
• Severity Rate : Accident Severity Rate= (No. of human day lost time×1,00,000) ∕
No. of human hours worked.

7. Industrial Accident - Measurement
Rate of accident in the indutry could be calculated in two way, they are
• Frequency Rate : Accident Frequency Rate= (No. of injuries×1,00,000) ∕ No. of
human hours worked.
• Severity Rate : Accident Severity Rate= (No. of human day lost time×1,00,000) ∕
No. of human hours worked.