A RESEARCH PAPER SUBMITTED TO DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, COLLEGE OF PUBLIC HEALTH AND MEDICAL SCIENCES, JIMMA UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH

1. ABSTRACT
Access to sate water supply should be as close to the home as possible in order to taster
the use of large amount of water for hygienic practices and to avoid to contamination
during transportation. In areas where water sources are untreated or the water
treatment plant is not reliable in all times household treatment methods which are
familiar by the community are very much important. One of such traditional water
purification mechanisms used by rural community is the uses of lemon and salt. But such
traditional methods need to be studied about their efficiency of contaminant removal.
The main aim of this study is to see the contaminant removal efficiency of lemon and salt
from raw water.
Different doses (5 and 10 mg/l) of lemon, Iodine free salt Iodinated salt and their
combined solution were used to see the removal efficiency of turbidity and microbial
load in the laboratory of environmental health. Different contact times (30 and 60
minutes) and doses were considered to know the best contaminant removal time. The
result showed that Iodinated salt and lemon solution (1:1) is 71.5% efficient in the
removal of turbidity and 88.4% efficient in contaminant removal by using 10mg dose at
60 minutes contract time. In both study variables the recommended level by WHO was
not achieved at Community setting time.
Further detail study needs to be done to know efficiency of increasing time and dose to
fond the functional group that is relevant in the reduction of turbidity and microbial load
and to see the potential effect on consumers.
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2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my Advisor Tizita Teshome for her
constructive suggestions, comments and for her excellent technical and methodological
support which initiates me to work. Then I extend special thanks to my families for their
help and encouragement throughout my work.
I would also like to acknowledge and thank Jimma University Health Science librarians
for their kind assistance in selecting materials and literatures in the library
Finally, thanks Ms Kidist Ketema for her great effort of writing the proposal.
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3. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents Pages
Abstract ..............................................................................................I
Acknowledgments ......................................................................................II
Table of contents .....................................................................................III
List of table and figures ................................................................................
Acronyms and abbreviations ................................................................... VI
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION .........................................................1
Background
Statement of the problems ..........................................................................3
Significance of the study ............................................................................ 4
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................5
2.1. Water ..............................................................................................5
2.2. Water disinfection ................................................................................7
2.2.1. Surface water disinfection .............................................................8
2.2.2. Ground water disinfection .............................................................8
2.2.3. Sodium Chloride (table salt) and disinfection ...........................10
2.2.4. Lemon and disinfection ..............................................................13
CHAPTER THRE: OBJECTIVES
General objective ......................................................................................14
Specific objectives.....................................................................................14
CHAPTER FOUR: METHODOLOGY ..................................................15
4.1. Study Area........................................................................................ 15
4.2. Study Design and Period....................................................................15
4.3. Variables
4.4. Sample collection and quality Assurance .......................................15
4.4.1. Sample collection ........................................................................16
4.4.2. Quality assurance .......................................................................16
4.5. Sample analysis and interpretation of results .................................. 16
CHAPTER FIVE: RESULT
CHAPTER SIX: DISCUSSION
CHAPTER SEVEN: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCE ............................................................................................25
Annex I Procedures for jar test .................................................................29
Annex II procedures for microbial load counting using Spread plate count method
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4. LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
IV

5. ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
CFU Colony forming Unit
DBP Disinfection by products DBP
EMRO Educational media Revenues Online
Log logarithm
mg/l milligram per liter
ml milliliter
NCBI National center for Biotechnology Information
N.d no date
ORP Oxidation Reduction Potential
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and cultural organization
UNICEF United Nations International children Education Fund
USEPA United State of America Environmental Protection Agency
WHO World Health Organization
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6. ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
CFU Colony forming Unit
DBP Disinfection by products DBP
EMRO Educational media Revenues Online
Log logarithm
mg/l milligram per liter
ml milliliter
NCBI National center for Biotechnology Information
N.d no date
ORP Oxidation Reduction Potential
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and cultural organization
UNICEF United Nations International children Education Fund
USEPA United State of America Environmental Protection Agency
WHO World Health Organization
V