Ar6017 urban housing unit 02 no copy

AR6017 |URBAN HOUSING|2013 REG| AR.A.SIVARAMAN, M.ARCH| PRIMECAP 71
UNIT II SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS
CONTENT
2.1. Social economic factors influencing housing affordability
2.2. A. Equity in housing development sites and services/
2.2. B. Slum up gradation community participation
2.3. A. Rajiv Awas Yojana,
2.3. B. Crime prevention,
2.3. C. Health principles in Housing.
ASPECTS:
2.1 INTRODUCTION OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF HOUSING
Human values don’t change as rapidly as technology, many values remain unchanged.
• The desire to live dignity.
• The need for privacy, safety, Accessibility & convenience.
• The need to maintain individual identity.
• The need to live with sunlight, plants, air & water.
The socio-economic analysis of housing can be organized into sequential parts essentially starts
with the analysis of determinants of Housing quality and suitability.
I) HUMAN NEEDS AS DETERMINANTS OF HOUSING QUALITY AND SUITABILITY
• Territory • Orientation • Privacy • Identity
• Convenience • Accessibility • Safety
TERRITORY
 We predict our territory and judge whether it is being violated through our sense
of light, hearing, smell etc.,
 Territory is primarily a private space, clearly belonging to the family.
 Usually territory is defined by fencing, a plant screen, and change of level, partly
compound wall or the house forms themselves.
ACCESSIBILITY
 Accessibility to all parts of the housing environment by all the members of the
family may be considered as a basic human need.
SAFETY
 Safety is sense of security in one’s house; garden, day and night, year after year.
This means protection from many things that threatens human safety and cause
property damage.

ORIENTATION
 This talks about the direction/ facing of houses with respect to the climatic
conditions, day light, wind movement and other man-made elements.
VIEW
 The amenity of view can also be almost important in determining the
orientation. The view is both qualitative and scalar.
PRIVACY
 In housing privacy is created by shared barriers such as walls, floors, ceiling,
fences, shrubbery, etc.,
IDENTITY
 Our choice of housing and the way we maintain it is an important means of
expressing our identity. We tend to maintain the identity through selection of
house style.
CONVENIENCE
 Convenience is the degree of physical ease or lack of difficulty encountered in
conducting daily household activities.
II) SITE POTENTIAL AND LIMITATIONS AS DETERMINANTS OF HOUSING QUALITY AND
SUITABILITY
Natural factors Manmade factors
1. Water 1. Location
2. Physiographic 2. Cultural attraction
3. Orientation 3. Utilities
4. Vegetation 4. Services
5. View 5. Buildings
6. Climate 6. Roads
III) MATERIALS & TECHNOLOGY CHOSEN FOR CONSTRUCTION
Building material is any material used for construction purpose such as materials for
house building. Wood, cement, aggregates, metals, bricks, concrete, clay are the most
common type of building material used in construction. The choice of these are based
on their cost effectiveness for building projects.
IV) HOUSEHOLD TYPE & INCOME
1. LAND OWNERSHIP
Classified in to two types
A. Group housing B.Plotted house

2. STRUCTURAL QUALITY
Classified in to two types
A. Pucca house B.Semi pucca house C. Kutcha
3. ECONOMIC GROUP
A.HIG-Higher Income Group B.MIG-Middle Income Group
C.LIG-Lower Income Group D.EWS-Economically weaker section
4. TENURE
Classified in to three types
A. Free hold B.Lease hold (having time limit) C. Rental (1-12 months)
5. BUILD QUALITY
Classified in to three types
A. Highrise B.Mid rise C.Low rise
6. ORGIN / SUPPLY
7. FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION
• Transit houses
• Extreme weather house
• Old age / senior citizens house

2.1. SOCIAL ECONOMIC FACTORS INFLUENCING HOUSING
AFFORDABILITY:
AFFORDABILITY
Affordable housing refers to housing units that are affordable by that section of society whose
income is below the median household income.
TENURE
Housing tenure describes the legal status under which people have the right to occupy their
accommodation.
The most common forms of tenure are:
• Home-ownership: this includes homes owned outright and mortgaged
• Renting: this includes social rented housing and private rented housing.
CRITICAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE SUPPLY OF HOUSING INCLUDE
 The availability and cost of land. Other factors influencing the supply of new housing
include:The availability of infrastructure, including the supply of essential services
(roads, sewerage,drinking water, etc.),
 Regional development policies and regulations that address environmental concerns, for
example, the Resource Management Act as well as natural hazards, changes in
development levies imposed by local authorities and government interventions (e.g.
those aimed at improving the sustainability of the housing stock, and regulatory
statements in general)
 The availability of finance at an affordable price and for different ownership structures
such as multiple-owned land,
 The performance and efficiency of the building and construction sector, including the
length of time it takes the building industry to adjust to changing demand for housing.
Industry efficiency can be affected by labor market constraints, industry capability, the
costs of construction, and building techniques.
2.2.A. EQUITY IN HOUSING DEVELOPMENT SITES AND SERVICES
Rapid growth of urban areas in most developing countries in the last few decades has led to
shortfall in many sectors, primarily housing. The problem has been two-fold: on one hand, the
majority of the people moving to the urban areas have lacked the necessary asset and financial
holdings in order to acquire a "decent" house. On the other hand, the designated government
agencies and bodies have not provided sufficient housing units which are affordable for the
poor majority in urban areas.

The proliferation of slums and squatter settlements has been a result of this scenario. But a
growing understanding of the dynamics involved in the development and expansion of squatter
settlements has led to a number of innovative housing schemes in various developing countries
to solve the "dilemma" of housing.
Particularly with the intention of improving the environmental quality of squatter settlements
and provide it with the basic necessary infrastructure, one such innovative schemes which has
received wide acknowledgement and following has been "sites-and-services" schemes.
SITES-AND-SERVICES SCHEMES became the byword for solving the problem of squatter
settlements. Squatter settlements were and has always been considered illegal and in order to
relocate and rehabilitate the squatters (as a function of "slum clearance"), plots of land (or
sites) with infrastructure on it (or services)were provided, and the beneficiaries had to, in most
of the projects, build their own houses on such land. There are a wide variety of sites-and-
services schemes, ranging from the subdivided plot only to a serviced plot of land with a "core"
house built on it.
THE BASIC PRINCIPLES
 The key components of a housing scheme are the plot of land, infrastructure (like roads,
water supply, drainage, electricity or a sanitary network), and the house itself. Various
inputs that go into them include finance, building materials/technology, and labor.
 Thus, the sites-and-services approach advocated the role of government agencies only
in the preparation of land parcels or plots with certain basic infrastructure, which was to
be sold or leased to the intended beneficiaries.
 The next step of actual house building was left to the beneficiaries themselves to use
their own resources, such as informal finance or family labor and various other types of
community participation modes to build their house.
 The beneficiaries could also build the house at their own phase, depending on the
availability of financial and other resources.
 This adopted the basic principle of the development of a squatter settlement but
without the "squatting" aspect.

TYPOLOGIES IN SITES-AND-SERVICES SCHEMES
Some of the variations attempted in sites-and-services projects include
UTILITY WALL: A "utility" wall is built on the plot which contains the connections for water,
drainage, sewerage and electricity. The beneficiaries had to build the house around this wall,
and utilize the connections from it. Some projects provided this utility wall in the form of a
sanitary core consisting of a bathroom/toilet, and/or a kitchen.
LATRINE: Due to its critical waste disposal problem, many projects provide a basic latrine
(bathroom and/or toilet) in each plot.
ROOF FRAME/ SHELL HOUSE, CORE HOUSE: The roof is the costliest component of a house and
requires skilled labor to build. Therefore, some projects provide the roof structure on posts,
and the beneficiaries have to build the walls according to their requirements. Conversely, a
plinth is sometimes built by the implementing agency, which forms a base over which the
beneficiaries can build their house. Other variations to this are the shell house (which is an
incomplete house consisting of a roof and two side walls, but without front or rear walls) and a
core house (consisting of one complete room).
CASE STUDY FOR SITES AND SERVICES SCHEME
MADRAS URBAN DEVELOPMENT PROJECT I (MUDP I)
• It was taken up by the Tamil Nadu Govt. from 1977-78 with the basic objective to help
in developing and promoting low cost solutions in shelter from urban poor.
• The total cost of the project, ended in June was Rs. 46.82 crores to of which a sum of
Rs.21.6 crores were provided as loan from world bank.
COMPONENTS
1. Shelter, Sites and services, Slum improvement
2. Serviced plots and loans to small business in the sites and service improvement area
3. Water supply and sewerage system
4. Transport improvement
5. Consultancy and advisory services and Training

PLOT TYPES
Type EWS-A
 Type EWS-A is a plot of 40 sq.m (13’x 33’) with a sanitary core.
 Each core contains water closet and a tap.
 The purchaser will first fix up a shelter he can and later he will develop that into
a house.
 The monthly payment required for the plot including maintenance charge is Rs.
22.

Type EWS-B
 Type EWS-B is a plot of 46.5 sq.m (10’x50’).
 The super structure includes a sanitary core, two 22cm thick brick wall along the
boundary line of the plot and a roof.
 The first step is to construct the front and back wall. The monthly charges along
with maintenance is Rs. 33.
Type EWS- C
 Type EWS- C is consists of a plot of 46.5 sq.m with a sanitary core and a super
structure including two rooms of 10.5 sq.m each.
 The roof made of concrete and floor of rammed earth.
 The monthly payment is Rs.70.
PROJECT AT ARUMBAKKAM
 The project at arumbakkam gas been completed with the formation of onsite
roads, laying of water supply and sewerage lines.
 Together with this infrastructure, the following 1699 units and 655 plots have
been allotted.
 Other than these EWS plots the site has LIG, MIG and plots for small scale
commercial development.
 These plots ranges from 60 sq.m to 220 sq.m.
 No of plots in arumbakkam project
Type A- 1058 Type B- 462 Type C- 179
LIG plots - 503 MIG plots- 152
EQUITY IN HOUSING
The value of ownership built up in a home or property that represents the current
market value of the house less any remaining mortgage payments.
This value is built up over time as the property owner pays off the mortgage and the
market value of the property appreciates.
Simply put Home Equity is Market Value minus Mortgage Balance. If I have lines of
credit against my home, that is also deducted from the Market Value of my home.
If my home is worth Rs 40 lakhs and my mortgage balance is Rs 30 lakhs I have equity of
Rs 10 lakhs.

2.2.B. SLUM UP GRADATION & COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
The definition uses the word, “Substandard not in an objective or technological but rather in a
relative social sense, i.e., specific to a given country at a given period of time”
Firstly, the fact that a slum is always a community and hence calls for community action.
Secondly, that the requirements of a slum are very culture specific and invariably need
public participation in some degree, for identification of immediate and long-term issues.
What does the slum dweller realistically need? Is it shelter & tenure, nutrition, health,
sanitation, water, education, employment alone, or is it recognition, acknowledgement &
empowerment?
Slum eradication/eviction was one of the earliest and most crude form of a solution looked at
by the government. Besides being an extreme measure, it was also a failure in terms of its
implementation. Other housing schemes looked at generating a general surplus of housing
stock with special emphasis on housing for the poor and EWS (Economically Weaker Sections),
they bordered on suggesting that the problem of the urban poor is mainly restricted to Shelter.
Gradually it was acknowledged that slum communities are an integral part of any city’s
infrastructure, and cannot be indefinitely shifted or removed. With this realization came the
concept of Slum Upgradation. This involved the betterment of slums in-situ.

The earlier schemes tended to focus on the physical component. However, it has been
established that all such efforts should adhere to local standards of physical development.
Whereby reinforcing the concept of public participation.
According to the Action Plan for Slum up gradation identified by the UNCHS and World Bank –
Cities Alliance for Cities without slums: “Slum Upgrading consists of physical, social, economic,
and organizational and environmental improvements undertaken cooperatively and locally
among citizens, community groups, businesses and local authorities.
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
Fig: Community participation in water supply line making
INTRODUCTION
For any developmental process, involving the people is must which will be helpful in all the
design solutions.
They are the one who is going to reside their and their Participation should be justified on the
basis of its contribution toward the objectives of housing and urban management.
PLANNING FOR ENGAGEMENT
A key task for public agencies and officials in planning community engagement is to assess
which engagement techniques are most appropriate in the particular circumstances.

DECIDING ON THE LEVEL OF ENGAGEMENT
Careful consideration needs to be given to determining and delivering an appropriate level of
engagement, deciding which stakeholders should be involved, the issue to be considered and
the objectives of engagement.
CHOOSING ENGAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
When deciding which engagement method or technique to use in a particular situation or with
a particular group, it is important to consider a number of issues including:
• agency issues • community issues and • process issues.
CONSULTATION TECHNIQUES
• Discussion groups and workshops
• One-on-one interviews
• Open days
CONCLUSION
 Providing participants with feedback - Providing feedback to those who have
participated in an engagement process, allows them to see whether their views have
been accurately represented when decisions are being made.
 Following up on engagement - Follow-up strategies provide those who participated in an
engagement process with advice regarding progress made in addressing the issues
raised.
2.3. A. RAJIV AWAS YOJANA-2009
VISION
"Slum Free India" with inclusive and equitable cities in which every citizen has access to basic
civic infrastructure and social amenities and decent shelter.
MISSION
• Encourage States/Union Territories (UTs) to tackle slums in a definitive manner, by focusing
on:
• Bringing all existing slums, notified or non-notified (including recognized and identified)
within the formal system and enabling them to avail the basic amenities that is available for the
rest of the city/UA

• Redressing the failures of the formal system that lie behind the creation of slums by planning
for affordable housing stock for the urban poor and initiating crucial policy changes required for
facilitating the same.
IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY: 2 STEP IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES
• Preparation of Slum Free City Plan of Action (SFCPoA) on 'whole city' basis
• Detailed Project Report (DPRs) for slum redevelopment/upgradation /relocation on 'whole
slum' basis.
Preparation of SFCPOA
• Activities for preparation of SFCPoAs include:
• Slum Survey
• Data Entry into MIS
• GIS Mapping of Slums
• GIS-MIS integration
SFCPOAS in two parts
Curative Strategy for Slum Redevelopment of all existing slums, notified, recognized or non,
notified, on lands belonging to State/Central Government, Urban Local Bodies, Public
Undertakings of State/Central Government any other public agency and private land;
Preventive Strategy for Containment of growth of future Slums.
ADMISSIBLE COMPONENTS
• Provisioning of Housing and basic civic infrastructure and amenities
• In Slum development/improvement/up gradation Transit Housing for in situ
redevelopment
• Rental Housing and Dormitories
• Social infrastructure including Community halls, Child care centers,
• Informal markets, Common workplaces/livelihoods center.
RAY APPROACH SUMMARY :

2.3. B. CRIME PREVENTION THROUGH HOUSING DESIGN
PRINCIPLES
1. Surveillance. Involves the location and use of physical features, electrical and
mechanical devices, activities, and people to maximize visibility. It creates a risk of
detection for intruders and a perception of safety for legitimate users.
2. Access control. Employs people, electrical and mechanical devices, and natural
measures to create a perception of risk to intruders and deny them access to
targets. It also guides legitimate users safely through the environment.
3. Territoriality. Uses physical features and activities to express ownership and control
of the environment and promotes pride in the environment.
It also discourages presence of outsiders by controlling the movement of people and
vehicles, having someone are responsible for maintaining all areas in the
environment for their intended uses, and delineating public, semipublic/private, and
private spaces, and controlling the movement of people and vehicles.
4. Maintenance. Allows the continued use of areas for their intended uses and
maintains the effectiveness of measures employed for surveillance, access control,
and territoriality.
IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER
1. Allow for clear sight lines,
2. Provide adequate lighting,
3. Minimize concealed and isolated routes,
4. Avoid entrapment,
5. Reduce isolation,
6. Promote land use mix,
7. Use of activity generators,
8. Create a sense of ownership through maintenance and management,
9. Provide signs and information and
10. Improve overall design of the built environment.

2.3. C. HEALTH PRINCIPLES IN HOUSING
• Principles" may be defined as rules for guiding thought and action, based on experimental.
• Clinical or epidemiological findings. As such, they have been deliberately left General. The
evidence on which they are based varies in quality. Many of them require situation-specific
Adaptations, to bring them in line with circumstances (climate, culture), preferences (choices of
locations and housing materials), and the availability of resources to provide and improve
Housing.
• The general nature of these principles distinguishes them from housing standards.
PRINCIPLES RELATED TO HEALTH NEEDS
The relationships between housing conditions and human health are set Forth in six major
principles, some of which include a number of subdivisions.
The subjects of the major principles are:
• Protection against communicable diseases.
• Protection against injuries, poisonings and chronic diseases.
• Reducing psychological and social stresses to a minimum.
• Improving the housing environment.
• Making informed use of housing.
• Protecting populations at special risk
• Protection against communicable diseases
• Adequate housing provides protection against exposure to agents and vectors of
communicable diseases, through Safe water supply, sanitary excreta disposal,
• Disposal of solid wastes drainage of surface water, personal and domestic hygiene,
safe food preparation, and structural safeguards against disease Transmission
REDUCING PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL STRESSES TO A MINIMUM
Adequate housing helps people's social and psychological development and reduces to a
minimum the psychological and social stresses connected with the housing environment.
IMPROVING THE HOUSING ENVIRONMENT
• Suitable housing environments provide access to places of work, essential services
and amenities that promote good health.
• Three provisions are of special concern to health.
• Security and emergency services
• Health and social services
• Access to cultural and other amenities.
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