There are hundreds of diseases of livestock and pet animals that can be printed through properly used quality vaccines. This presentation summarises different types of vaccines used by veterinarians to control/ prevent diseases. The presentation enlists the vaccine-preventable diseases of pets and livestock, and also the different vaccines used.

1. Veterinary Vaccines
Bhoj R Singh
Head, Division of Epidemiology, ICAR-
Indian Veterinary Research Institute,
Izatnagar-243 122, India

2. Types of Vaccines
• Whole pathogen vaccine: Live & Inactivated
• Subunit vaccines: Toxoids, Protein antigens etc.
administered with adjuvants or through virus-
like particles (VLPs) or through bacterial
“ghosts,” bacteria that have been emptied of
their contents, especially their DNA.
• Vectored vaccines: Bacteria & Viral vectors
• Nucleic acid vaccines: RNA & DNA, DNA plasmid
vaccines.

3. Major groups of vaccines
• Modified-live (attenuated): a vaccine that contains an intact but
weakened pathogen which stimulates an immune response but
does not cause clinical disease.
• Inactivated (killed): a vaccine that contains a completely inactivated
pathogen, which is no longer infectious. These vaccines often
contain an adjuvant, which is a compound added to help improve
the protective immune response.
• Recombinant: a vaccine that is produced using genetic engineering
technology and using specific genetic material from a pathogen to
produce proteins which will stimulate an immune response when
the animal is vaccinated.
• Toxoid: a vaccine that is based on inactivated toxins produced by
pathogens. These vaccines stimulate immunity and protect the
animal against these toxins.

4. Live versus killed vaccines
• Living virus/ bacterial vaccines: Infect host
cells and grow briefly. The infected cells then
process the viral antigens, triggering a
response dominated by cytotoxic T cells, a
type-1 response.
• Killed organisms and purified antigens
(subunit vaccines) stimulate responses
dominated by antibodies, a type 2 response.

5. DNA plasmid vaccines
• DNA plasmid vaccine is used to protect horses against West Nile
virus infection. This approach has been applied experimentally to
produce vaccines against:
• Avian influenza virus
• Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
• Rabies virus in dogs and cats
• Canine Parvovirus
• Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus
• Feline Immunodeficiency Virus
• Feline Leukemia Virus
• Porcine Herpesvirus
• Foot-and-mouth Disease Virus
• Bovine Herpesvirus-1 related disease
• Newcastle disease virus

6. Alphavirus Replicons
• RNA vaccines effectively induce the production of
endogenous antigens.
• RNA are more stable than DNA plasmids and are
more efficient because they need only to enter
the cell cytoplasm rather than the nucleus.
• RNA vaccines may also be constructed in such a
way that they are self-replicating.
• These are usually derived from Alphaviruses such
as Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. They
generate large amounts of endogenous antigen
when they replicate for a brief time within cells.

7. Vectored vaccines
• The most widely used vaccine viral vectors are
large DNA viruses like Poxviruses (Fowlpox,
Canarypox), Vaccinia virus, Adenoviruses, and
some Herpesvirus. These viruses have a large
genome that facilitates insertion of new genes.
They also express relatively high levels of the
recombinant antigen.
• Commercially available for:
– Avian influenza virus
– West Nile virus and influenza virus in horses
– Feline leukemia virus
– Rabies virus vaccine for vaccinating wildlife

8. DIVA or gene deleted vaccines
• Deliberate deletion of the genes that code for proteins associated
with virulence is an increasingly attractive procedure.
• First used against the Aujeszky disease Herpesvirus in swine
through removal of the thymidine kinase gene, responsible to
return from latency, such viruses can infect neurons but cannot
replicate and cause disease.
• Streptomycin-dependent Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella
multocida. These mutants depend on the presence of streptomycin
for growth. When used in a vaccine, the absence of streptomycin
will eventually result in the death of the bacteria, but not before
they have stimulated a protective immune response.
• aroA & htrA deleted Salmonella Abortusequi, can infect but can’t
multiply is host body temperature goes above 102oF but in the
meantime they

9. Vaccine preventable diseases of Cats
• Feline Panleukopenia/Infectious Enteritis
(Feline Panleukopenia or Parvovirus, FPV)
• Feline Rhinotracheitis (Feline Herpesvirus,
FHV)
• Feline Calicivirus (FCV)
• Feline Leukaemia Virus (FeLV)
• Chlamydophila felis
• Feline Rabies

10. Vaccine preventable diseases of Dogs
• Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)
• Canine Parvovirus (CPV)
• Canine Adenovirus (CAV)
• Canine Leptospira
• Canine parainfluenza virus (CPi)
• Bordetella bronchiseptica
• Canine Rabies
• Leptospira interogans

11. Dog and Cat Vaccinations
Core Non-Core Not Recommended
Dogs
Canine distemper
virus (CDV)
Canine adenovirus
(CAV)
Canine Parvovirus
(CPV-2)
Parainfluenza virus
(PI)
Bordetella
bronchiseptica (Bb)
Leptospira
interrogans
Coronavirus
Cats
Feline parvovirus
(FPV)
Feline calicivirus
(FCV)
Feline herpesvirus
(FHV-1)
Feline leukaemia
virus (FeLV)
Chlamydia felis
Feline
immunodeficiency
virus (FIV)

12. Vaccine for other pets
• Rabbit Vaccination: To protect rabbits from two
very serious viral infectious diseases –
myxomatosis and rabbit haemorrhagic disease.
• Equine Vaccination: Important equines vaccines
include Equine Influenza, Tetanus, Equine Herpes
Virus 1 and 4 (EHV-1 and EHV-4). Other vaccines
that are authorised for use in horses include for
Equine viral arteritis, Salmonella Abortusequi,
Equine Rotavirus, Streptococcus equi
equi (Strangles), West Nile Virus, Sleeping
Sickness, Rabies, Potomac Horse Fever

13. Vaccines for horses

16. Vaccines for Sheep & Goats
• HS: At the age of 6 month for kid or lamb then before monsoon
• Brucellosis: At the age of 2 month for female kid or lamb
• Sheep/ Goat pox: At the age of 3 month & above for Kid
• FMD: At the age of 4 month for kid or lamb & above
• Enterotoxemia: At the age of 4 month for kid or lamb (If dam is
vaccinated or at the age of 1st week if dam is not vaccinated.
• PPR (At the age of 3 month for kid or lamb & above), before monsoon
• CCPP (Mycoplasma infection): At the age of 3 month & above for Kid or lamb
• BQ: At the age of 6 month for kid or lamb and then before monsoon
• Bluetongue
• Anthrax: At the age of 6 month for kid or lamb, then annually

17. Vaccines for Pigs
1 SWINE FEVER VACCINE
(i) 7 days old (for piglets from
unvaccinated mother) (ii) 3 - 4 weeks
old (piglets from vaccinated mother)
2 FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE VACCINE 3 - 4 weeks old
3. Japanese Encephalitis
????
4. Influenza
PRRS (porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome), a vaccination should
be given to sows to protect them.
Circovirus (associated with increased mortality, poor growth, and weight loss)
booster vaccination should also be given to replacement gilts prior to breeding
Gilts should receive 2 doses of Lepto, Parvo, and Erysipelas vaccines prior to
breeding.
PED (caused by Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus) vaccine

18. Vaccines for Dairy Animals
Bovine viral diarrhoea & Bluetongue

19. Vaccination in poultry birds

21. Vaccines for Pet birds
Polyomavirus vaccine: Polyomavirus can infect birds to cause APV disease at all ages
and types specially parrots, but nestlings and juveniles are the most susceptible. The
first dose at 4 weeks of age, 2nd dose 2 to 4 weeks apart, then 1 booster annually.
Pacheco’s Disease (PDV): A killed virus vaccine can be given in a series of two
injections, 4 weeks apart (yearly booster shots are required). Cockatoos and Eclectus
parrots, have had vaccination reactions such as granulomas and paralysis. Only birds
with high risk of exposure, such as pet store birds, should be vaccinated.
Salmonella Typhimurium bacterin.
Salmonella-PMV-Vac works against pigeon paramyxovirus infections and Salmonella
Typhimurium.

22. Vaccines for Fish in aquaculture