Vaccinations

SUSAN SCHOENIAN (Shāy-nē-ŭn)Sheep & Goat SpecialistWestern Maryland Research & Education Centersschoen@umd.edu – www.sheepandgoat.com,[object Object],2011 Ewe and Doe Management Webinar Series,[object Object],Small Ruminant Program,[object Object]

2011 Ewe and Doe Management Webinar Series,[object Object],Jan 13 I. Late Gestation,[object Object],Jan 20 II. Vaccinations,[object Object],Feb 3 III. Parturition,[object Object],Feb 10 IV. Neonatal Care,[object Object],Feb 17 V. Lactation,[object Object],Feb 24 VI. Weaning,[object Object]

A biological substance given to stimulate the body’s production of antibodies and provide immunity against a disease.,[object Object],Usually prepared from the agent that causes the disease or a synthetic substitute.,[object Object],What is a vaccine?,[object Object]

Antigen,[object Object],Proteins that white blood cells recognize and produce antibodies against.,[object Object],Stimulates the immune system to develop antibodies to the antigens.,[object Object],Characteristics of antigens are stored in memory cells which rapidly produce antibodies if that type of antigen is recognized.,[object Object],Vaccine = antigen(s) + adjuvant,[object Object],Adjuvant,[object Object]

Blood flow (with white blood cells) to injection site,[object Object],How do vaccines work?,[object Object],ANTIBODY PRODUCTION,[object Object],Tissue reaction at injection site,[object Object]

From Understanding Vaccination Programs (timing is everything) by Joe Rook, DVM http://old.cvm.msu.edu/extension/Rook/ROOKpdf/Vacsbmlt.PDF,[object Object]

PROPHYLACTIC,[object Object],To prevent disease Examples: clostridial diseases, (certain) abortions, rabies, bacteria pneumonia,[object Object],To treat or control diseaseExamples: antitoxins, soremouth, caseous lymphadenitis, footrot,[object Object],Two reasons to use vaccines,[object Object],THERAPEUTIC,[object Object]

Prepared from dead microorganisms.Examples: clostridial diseases, abortion, footrot, caseous lymphadenitis, rabies,[object Object],Uses live bacteria or viruses to stimulate immunity.Example: soremouth,[object Object],Uses weakened bacteria or viruses to stimulate immunity Example: bacterial pneumonia,[object Object],Produced from disease-causing organisms isolated from sick animals.Examples: caseous lymphadenitis, soremouth, mastitis,[object Object],Vaccine types,[object Object],3) MODIFIED LIVE,[object Object],1) KILLED,[object Object],2) LIVE,[object Object],4) AUTOGENOUS,[object Object]

1) TOXOID,[object Object],Delayed immunity,[object Object],Long-term immunity,[object Object],Multiple shots,[object Object],2 shots during initial course, at least 10 days apart,[object Object],Annual or semi-annual boosters,[object Object],Prophylactic (prevent),[object Object],Examples: clostridial disease, CL, abortion, rabies, bacterial pneumonia, footrot,[object Object],Immediate immunity,[object Object],Short-term immunity,[object Object],One shot,[object Object],Therapeutic or prophylactic,[object Object],Example: clostridial diseases,[object Object],Two kinds of vaccines,[object Object],2) ANTITOXIN,[object Object]

What can you vaccinate sheep and goats for?,[object Object],Clostridial diseases,[object Object],Soremouth,[object Object],Abortion,[object Object],Caseous lymphadenitis,[object Object],Footrot,[object Object],Bacterial pneumonia,[object Object],Rabies,[object Object],Autogenous,[object Object],Other,[object Object],Future,[object Object]

Clostridial diseasesClostridia are anaerobic bacteria that occur widely in nature,[object Object],Enterotoxemias,[object Object],Type A (bloody gut),[object Object],Type B (dysentery),[object Object],Type C (hemorrhagic enteritis, bloody scours),[object Object],Type D (pulpy kidney disease, “classic” overeating),[object Object],Type E (enteritis),[object Object],Cl. Tetani (tetanus),[object Object],Cl. Septicum(malignant edema),[object Object],Cl. Novyi(black disease),[object Object],Cl. Haemolyticum(red water),[object Object],Cl. chauvoei(blackleg,[object Object],Cl. Botolinum(botulism),[object Object]

Overeating disease,[object Object],Type C affects lambs and kids under one month of age,[object Object],Type D (classic overeating) affects lambs and kids over one month of age,[object Object],Affects sheep and goats at any age.,[object Object],Higher risk at time of docking, castrating, and disbudding, especially if rubber rings are used.,[object Object],Overeating disease and tetanus (CD-T) The only universally recommended vaccine for sheep and goats,[object Object],Tetanus,[object Object],Image source: National Animal Disease Information Service (NADIS) - UK,[object Object]

Recommended CD-T vaccination protocol for ewes and does,[object Object],Vaccinate ewes and does with CT-D toxoid 4 to 6 weeks prior to lambing and kidding.,[object Object],Why?,[object Object],Provide active immunity to ewes and does.,[object Object],Elevate immunity in colostrum ,[object Object],Transfer immunity to offspring via colostrum.,[object Object],But…,[object Object],Females that have never been vaccinated will require two doses of vaccine (4 weeks apart) prior to parturition, e.g. 4 and 8 weeks prior to parturition.,[object Object],Do not vaccinate within 14 days of parturition.,[object Object],Immunity may not last as long in goats.,[object Object]

Don’t forget to vaccinate bucks, rams, and wethers.,[object Object]

Recommended vaccination protocol for lambs and kids,[object Object],Vaccinate lambs and kids with the CD-T toxoid when they are approximately 6-8 and 10-12 weeks of age.,[object Object],Why?,[object Object],Passive immunity from colostrum begins to decline after 4 weeks and is completely gone by the time the lambs and kids are 12 to 16 weeks of age.,[object Object],Earlier vaccinations (< 4 weeks) may not be as effective.,[object Object],Immature immune systems of lambs and kids.,[object Object],Interference of maternal antibodies.,[object Object]

What if the dam wasn’t vaccinated(or the lamb or kid didn’t consume any (or enough) colostrum)?,[object Object],A pre-lambing/kidding vaccination is the only way to provide protection from type C overeating.,[object Object],Give tetanus anti-toxin at the time of docking, castrating, and/or disbudding.,[object Object],Vaccinate lambs and kids from unvaccinated dams when they are approximately 4 and 8 weeks of age.,[object Object],Antitoxins can be given in the event of a disease outbreak.,[object Object]

What about the 7 or 8-way clostridial vaccines? (e.g. Covexin-8),[object Object],Use if your flock or herd is at high risk for clostridial diseases contained in the multi-strain vaccines.,[object Object],Probably not necessary on most farms.,[object Object],Same protocol as CD-T,[object Object],5 ml injection,[object Object]

What else can you vaccinate sheep and goats for?,[object Object],Soremouth,[object Object],Abortion,[object Object],Chlamydia spp. (Enzootic),[object Object],Campylobacter spp. (Vibrio),[object Object],Caseous lymphadenitis (CL),[object Object],Footrot,[object Object],Bacterial pneumonia,[object Object],Rabies,[object Object],Other,[object Object],Future,[object Object]

Soremouth (contagious ecthyma, orf),[object Object],Vaccinate only if the disease (virus) is already present on your farm or your animals are at high risk.,[object Object],You show, exhibit, or consign,[object Object],You buy and sell,[object Object],You loan and borrow,[object Object],Topical application.,[object Object], Administer to scarified, hairless, protected area.,[object Object],Safe for pregnant females,[object Object],Don’t vaccinate near flank,[object Object],Some colostral immunity conferred ,[object Object],Vaccinate kid or lamb crop,[object Object],Vaccinate at least 6 weeks before show,[object Object],LIVE VACCINE!,[object Object],Be careful. ,[object Object],Wear disposable gloves. ,[object Object],Is contagious to people.,[object Object]

Footrot,[object Object],Vaccinate only if there is a history of footrot on the farm.,[object Object],Vaccines do not cover all strains of footrot.,[object Object],Won’t completely eliminate footrot,[object Object],Reduces the incidence and severity of footrot.,[object Object],Vaccinate prior to exposure periods (wet periods),[object Object],Abscesses are common at injection sites.,[object Object]

Vaccinate only if flock or herd has a confirmed history of CL.,[object Object],Reduces incidence and severity of disease.,[object Object],Can be given in combination with clostridial vaccines.,[object Object],[object Object]

Must develop autogenous vaccine.Caseous lymphadenitis (CL),[object Object]

When to vaccinate,[object Object],After abortion outbreak or diagnosis of causative agent.,[object Object],If risk of abortion is high,[object Object],Purchased ewes,[object Object],Open flock,[object Object],Maiden ewes,[object Object],Given before breeding; repeat vaccination.,[object Object],No vaccine (in U.S.) for toxoplasmosis; no approved vaccine for salmonella.,[object Object],AbortionChlamydia spp. and Campylobacter spp.,[object Object]

Bacterial pneumonia,[object Object],Consider vaccination ifflock or herd experiences high losses due to pneumonia and the cause of pneumonia is bacterial (not environmental).,[object Object],Pasteurella (pneumonia),[object Object],Nasalgen®Parainfluenza 3 (PI3),[object Object],Questionable efficacy,[object Object]

If required or risk is high,[object Object],Public access to animals,[object Object],Fairs, shows, and festivals,[object Object],Agro-tourism,[object Object],Petting farm,[object Object],Public grazing,[object Object],Risk management,[object Object],Livestock have contact with wildlife,[object Object],People have a lot of contact with livestock,[object Object],High value animals or pets,[object Object],Rabies,[object Object]

Other vaccines,[object Object],Epididymitis ,[object Object],Not recommended,[object Object],Not effective,[object Object],Interferes with testing,[object Object],Bluetongue,[object Object],Not all serotypes,[object Object],Not commonly given,[object Object],Anthrax,[object Object],Not commonly given,[object Object],Foot-and-mouth disease,[object Object],Not given in FMD-free countries,[object Object],U.S. has vaccine bank,[object Object],Johne’s disease,[object Object],Not available in U.S.,[object Object],Autogenous,[object Object],Examples: CL, soremouth, mastitis,[object Object]

Roundworms,[object Object],Developed in UK,[object Object],Trials currently underway in Australia,[object Object],Largest grant every to be award for animal health in the EU,[object Object],Meningeal worm,[object Object],At one point, was being investigated (for camelids),[object Object],Future vaccines,[object Object]

DO’S,[object Object],Always follow directions on label.,[object Object],Most vaccines are subcutaneous injections.,[object Object],Use clean needles and syringes,[object Object],Clean needle for each animal ,[object Object],Change every 15 to 20 animals when using an automatic vaccination tool.,[object Object],Use ½ or ¾ inch 18 to 20 gauge needles.,[object Object],Use a different needle for drawing vaccine out of bottle.,[object Object],Vaccination do’s and don’t’s,[object Object]

Store vaccines properly.,[object Object],Heat and freezing can make vaccines ineffective.,[object Object],Do not allow vaccines to reach room temperature. ,[object Object],Observe proper withdrawal times (21 days for CD-T).,[object Object],Keep epinephrine on hand in case of adverse reactions to vaccines.,[object Object],Discard unused vaccine.,[object Object],Record vaccine use.,[object Object],Vaccination do’s and don’t’s,[object Object],DO’S,[object Object]

DON’T’S,[object Object],Don’t vaccinate wet or dirty animals.,[object Object],Don’t vaccinate unfit, unhealthy animals.,[object Object],Don’t vaccinate pregnant females within 14 days of parturition.,[object Object],Don’t vaccinate very young animals.,[object Object],Don’t give vaccinations in the leg or loin areas.,[object Object],Never mix vaccines.,[object Object],Vaccination Do’s and Don’t’s,[object Object],Over ribs,[object Object],Neck,[object Object],Axilla,[object Object]

Ten reasons for vaccine failureEven when vaccines are used properly, they are not 100 percent effective.,[object Object],Gave wrong vaccine,[object Object],Incorrect dose,[object Object],Incorrect route of administration,[object Object],Inappropriate timing,[object Object],Vaccinating at the wrong age.,[object Object]

Ten reasons for vaccine failureEven when vaccines are used properly, they are not 100 percent effective.,[object Object],Failure to complete vaccination program before field challenge occurs.,[object Object],Improper storage of vaccine,[object Object],Using leftover vaccine.,[object Object],Contamination of syringes and multi-dose guns.,[object Object],Vaccinating unfit, unhealthy animals.,[object Object]

WHY VACCINATE?,[object Object],WHY NOT VACCINATE?,[object Object],Manage disease risk,[object Object],Prevent and control disease,[object Object],Disease risk is high,[object Object],“Insurance” against disease outbreak,[object Object],Cost < Loss (long-term),[object Object],Increase value of livestock,[object Object],Disease risk is low,[object Object],Cost > Loss (long-term),[object Object],[object Object],Vaccination cost = vaccine + labor + localized tissue damage.,[object Object]

Vaccinations

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