How Do People Respond To Resistance During The Holocaust

How Do People Respond To Resistance During The Holocaust
In 1939, World War II began when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party invaded Poland, causing six
million Jewish people to fear for their lives. This fear began when all people had to complete a
census and carry an identification card. Second, the Jews had to wear the Star of David and they
were forced into ghettos. Third, they were taken to the concentration and death camps. In The Diary
of Anne Frank, "Violins of Hope," and "Resistance During the Holocaust" we see different ways of
acting; actively or passively resisting Nazi rule. These stories demonstrate how people can best
respond to tyranny; by actively resisting because it breaks the war machine, brings some hope, and
can lead to the withdrawal of opposing forces.
First, active resistance was beneficial because it broke the Nazi war machine. Partisans under the
tyrannical Nazi rule attacked structures of military and strategic importance. "They attacked
German–held railroads, bridges, and military installations."(par. 6 pg. 4) Why this is so important is
because it slows the progression of the Nazis, makes defences weak for Allied troops to attack, and
drains Axis manpower. Partisans attacking bridges and railroads will ... Show more content on
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Many of the non–Jewish wanted all invaders out of their country and to not be under Nazi rule.
"Non–Jewish partisans joined the fight either as ultra–nationalists who wanted to rid their their
countries of all foreigners, or as socialists–leftists who wanted to combat fascism." (par. 17 pg. 4)
What these men and women wanted to rid their country of were fascists and foreign invaders.
However, some others may say that resisting is futile and will only cause even more loss of life.
What these people didn't realize was that communism and fascism must be stopped at all costs. If
those ideologies were allowed to spread millions would lose their lives at the under those extreme
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The United Nations
Each of the 193 Member States of the United Nations is a member of the General Assembly. States
are admitted to membership in the UN by a decision of the General Assembly upon the
recommendation of the Security Council. Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an
Austrian–born German politician who was the leader of theNazi Party (German:
Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP); National Socialist German Workers
Party). He was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and Führer ("leader") of Nazi Germany
from 1934 to 1945. As effective dictator of Nazi Germany, Hitler was at the centre of World War II
in Europe and the Holocaust. Hitler was a decorated veteran of World War I. He joined the precursor
of the NSDAP, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hitler aimed to eliminate Jews from Germany and establish a New Order to counter what he saw as
the injustice of the post–World War I international order dominated by Britain and France. His first
six years in power resulted in rapid economic recovery from the Great Depression, the denunciation
of restrictions imposed on Germany after World War I, and the annexation of territories that were
home to millions of ethnic Germans–actions which gave him significant popular support. Hitler
sought Lebensraum ("living space") for the German people. His aggressive foreign policy is
considered to be the primary cause of the outbreak of World War II in Europe. He directed large–
scale rearmament and on 1 September 1939 invaded Poland, resulting in British and French
declarations of war on Germany. In June 1941, Hitler ordered an invasion of the Soviet Union. By
the end of 1941 German forces and the European Axis powers occupied most of Europe and North
Africa. Failure to defeat the Soviets and the entry of the United States into the war forced Germany
onto the defensive and it suffered a series of escalating defeats. In the final days of the war, during
the Battle of Berlin in 1945, Hitler married his long–time lover, Eva Braun. On 30 April 1945, less
than

The Rise and Subsequent Fall of the Third Reich Essay
The Rise and Subsequent Fall of the Third Reich
Living in the crumbled remains of Germany, or the Weimar Republic, in the 1920's was a dismal
existence. Hyperinflation was rampant and the national debt skyrocketed as a result of the punishing
features of the Treaty of Versailles. During the depression, however, a mysterious Austrian emerged
from the depths of the German penal system and gave the desperate German people a glimpse of
hope in very dark times. He called for a return to "Fatherland" principles where greater Germany
was seen as the center of their universe with zealous pride. Under Hitler's leadership, Nazi Germany
rapidly grew and expanded, continually approaching the goal of world domination and the
"Thousand–Year ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Young Adolf eventually became so irritated that he packed up his things and moved to Vienna, a
vibrant city full of opportunity. While in Vienna, Hitler was exposed to all that large, cosmopolitan
cities have to offer, particularly a wide array of political views. Growing up, Hitler was never truly
exposed to anti–Semitism, power lust, and tremendous pride for his "people." Yet in only a matter of
months in Vienna, he was exposed to this and much more. He first read of anti–Semitic sentiments
in pamphlets and newsletters but soon after was able to conjure his own sentiments about the
"inferior" races.
At the outbreak of World War I, Adolf Hitler felt it was his duty to fight for his "Fatherland" even
though he grew up and currently lived in the Austro–Hungarian Empire. He believed that Austria
had always been a part of Germany because both peoples shared a common language, culture, and
blood. He requested to join the Sixth Bavarian division where he fought bravely for the German
Empire. After a British gas attack in 1918, he remained in the hospital as political unrest began to
divide Germany. Like the October Revolution in Russia, Germany was experiencing its own small
communist revolution following World War I. Upon returning to his regiment in Munich only
months later the Munich "Soviet Republic" was already beginning to unravel. As a

The Great Depression Provided A Political Opportunity For...
hitlerwas a complete asshole that killed loads of jews and thought it was fun to form the nazis Under
Hitler 's leadership and racially motivated ideology, the Nazi regime was responsible for the
genocide of at least 5.5 million Jews hitler shot himself and his fam,ily as britain marched on berlin
After World War I, Hitler returned to Munich.[72] With no formal education or career prospects t the
time of Hitler 's release from prison, politics in Germany had become less combative and the
economy had improved, limiting Hitler 's opportunities for political agitation. The Great Depression
provided a political opportunity for Hitler. Germans were ambivalent to the parliamentary republic,
which faced strong challenges from right– and left–wing extremists. The moderate political parties
were increasingly unable to stem the tide of extremism, and the German referendum of 1929 helped
to elevate Nazi ideology.[120] The elections of September 1930 resulted in the break–up of a grand
coalition and its replacement with a minority cabinet. Its leader, chancellor Heinrich Brüning of the
Centre Party, governed through emergency decrees from President Paul von Hindenburg.
Governance by decree would become the new norm and paved the way for authoritarian forms of
government.[121] The NSDAP rose from obscurity to win 18.3 per cent of the vote and 107
parliamentary seats in the 1930 election, becoming the second–largest party in parliament.[122]
Hitler and NSDAP treasurer Franz Xaver

How Did Rommel Build The Atlantic Wall
The Atlantic Wall was the name given by Nazi Germany to an extensive coastal defensive structure
built on Hitler's orders that stretched all the way from Norway, along the Belgium and French
coastline to the Spanish border. The Atlantic Wall covered a distance of 2687 kilometers and it
formed the central part of Hitler's 'Fortress Europe'. The Atlantic wall was built specifically to repel
an Anglo– American invasion of continental Europe. The construction of the Wall started in May
1942 and ended in august 1944. The building project was vast and most of it was done along the
French coastline where it thought by the German high command that the short distance between
Britain and the French coastline would make it the likely spot for an invasion. ... Show more content
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We had to go. Naturally we weren't enthusiastic, but it is not as if we had any choice. The conditions
were not terrible. We weren't beaten or anything and we got a basic wage. At the start we could go
home on Sundays, but after Stalingrad they put up barbed wire and we were stuck inside the work
camp. Of course we knew we were building defenses for the Germans, and it felt bad. I remember at
the end of the war, my two brothers came home. One had been a prisoner, the other a deportee. I felt
so bad I did not want to go to the party celebrating their return. But I do think the wall should be
preserved now. It is important to remember what happened – the ignominy of it all, the cataclysm
that we had to endure." (Rene–Georges

Electronic Warfare During WWII
During World War 2 what was once thought be only be an enabler that the British and US would
utilize both Germany and Japan began to utilize Electronic Warfare as a means to target Allied
Forces During the beginning of World War 2 The Wehrmacht (Nazi German Defense Forces) prior
to the beginning of WWII consisted of three branches. The Heer (Army Ground Forces) which
consisted of the Kriegsmarine (Navy) and the Luftwaffe (Airforce). The Wehrmacht from 1935–
1945 is believed to have had over 18.2 million members total during the time frame across the
military.
During World War II, over 13 million soldiers served in the German Army, of whom over five
million became casualties. Separate from the army, the Waffen–SS (Armed SS) was a multi–ethnic
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
LORAN is a pulsed hyperbolic system. Which means that hyperbolic lines of position are
determined by noting differences in time of reception of synchronized pulses from widely spaced
transmitting stations, primary and secondary, A primary station broadcasts an uninterrupted series of
pulses of fixed duration and at a fixed rate. A secondary station, 200–300 miles away, automatically
transmits its own signals, maintaining a frequency and pulse duration in accord with those of the
primary station. The secondary station maintains a fixed time difference between its reception of the
primary signal pulse and the sending out of its own. The identified time difference of arrival of the
two pulses locates the craft some where on a curve and every point of which is located at a constant
difference in distance between the stations.

Battle of Calabria
BATTLE OF CALABRIA (BATTLE OF PUNTA STILO) – 1940
INTRODUCTION
1. In the history, the Struggle for the Middle Sea describes the naval war fought in the
Mediterranean and Red Sea with five great navies that participated: a. Great Britain's Royal Navy. b.
Italy's Regia Marina. c. France's Marine Nationale. d. United States Navy. e. German Kriegsmarine.
2. It examines the national essential that made the Mediterranean such a vital theater for each of
these powers and it analyses their actions and performances over the entire five–year campaign from
1940 to 1945. Particularly in this coverage of naval surface combat during that time is filled with
fresh perspectives and same supported by wide–ranging research in ... Show more content on
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Later Axis plans to invade the island so invaluable to the Allied cause came to nothing.
MAJOR NAVAL STRENGTHS
9. Major naval strengths and command control function of the belligerents of allied and axis are the
United Kingdom, Australia and Italy navies are tabulated below:
Description | Belligerents | | United Kingdom, Australia | Italy | Commanders and leaders | Admiral
Andrew Cunningham | Admiral Inigo Campioni | Aircraft Carrier | 1 | – | Battleships | 3 | 2 | Heavy
Cruisers | – | 6 | Light Cruisers | 5 | 8 | Destroyers | 16 | 16 |
ORIGIN OF BATTLE
10. The Battle of Calabria, (known to the Italian Navy as the Battle of Punta Stilo) was a naval battle
during the Battle of the Mediterranean in World War II. It was fought between the Italian Royal
Navy (Regia Marina) and the British Royal Navy and the Royal Australian Navy. The battle
occurred 30 miles to the east of Punta Stilo, the "toe" of Italy (Calabria), on 9 July 1940.
11 When World War II opened, it was much to the surprise of the Italian forces who, like many in
Europe, did not expect conflict until 1941 at the earliest. At the time their forces in Libya were ill–
equipped for war, and the Italian fleet was forced to start large supply operations in order to bring
them up to fighting condition.

Woodrow Wilson 's Treaty Of Versailles
Beginning in the mid 1930's, Adolf Hitler along with his Nazi party rose to power alongside an army
of massive proportions despite the fact that Germany was on strict limitations following world war I.
Shortly after the ending of world war I, Woodrow Wilson's 'Treaty of Versailles' stated that Germany
would be held accountable for 'the Great war', meaning not only was Germany forced to pay
reparations for war debt, but, under the treaty, Germany was restricted to many limitations. Wilson's
treaty consisted of fourteen major guidelines stating Germany must retreat from all land annexed
that were not Germanic states, and Germany was prohibited to form a mobile army, air force, or
Kriegsmarine. Despite the 'Treaty of Versailles of 1919', Adolf Hitler and the Nazi regime pursued
exactly what the treaty clearly stated they were completely forbidden to do and somehow without a
single shot being fired by Great Britain, the United States, France, or the Soviet Union. There are
several factors that contribute to Hitler's ability to form an enormous army and annex several
countries unscathed and with little to no resistance. The main reason for why Hitler was able to re–
establish a gargantuan army is communism. At this period in history, many countries were truly and
utterly afraid of the spread of communism which meant that Western European countries wanted no
interaction between them and the Soviet Union unless it was necessary to their well being. In fact,
western European

Winston Churchill Dbq
Let us...brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves, that if the British Empire and its
Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will still say, This was their finest hour.
"This was their finest hour" is a quote by Winston Churchill, the British wartime Prime Minister.
Winston Churchill was appointed the Prime Minister of Britain in 1940, shortly after Neville
Chamberlain resigned after his unpopular appeasement policies were ignored by Hitler, with his
reputation tarnished by the British defeat in Norway. One month into Churchill's appointment,
France, who before the war was said to have the best army in mainland Europe, was defeated within
a month and a half. On the previous day, Vichy France, a Nazi Germany–friendly puppet state, was
propped up, headed by Marshal Petain after a French armistice was agreed. General Maxime
Weygand, while in England, called the Battle of France over. Churchill, leading the only Allied
nation remaining fighting on the Western Front, faced disaster.
Churchill made this quote during a speech which was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The quote informs the citizens of potential rewards and the legacy that would be left behind by them
should the war be won. It boosted pride among the British Isles, and morale drastically

The Battle Of The Atlantic
The Battle of the Atlantic
(03 September 1939 to 08 May 1945)
I. Background
The Battle of the Atlantic was the longest continuous military campaign in World War II, running
from 1939 to the defeat of Germany in 1945. At its core was the Allied naval blockade of Germany,
announced the day after the declaration of war, and Germany 's subsequent counter–blockade. It was
at its height from mid–1940 through to the end of 1943. The Battle of the Atlantic pitted U–boats
and other warships of the Kriegsmarine (German Navy) and aircraft of the Luftwaffe (German Air
Force) against the Royal Canadian Navy, Royal Navy, and Allied merchant shipping. The convoys,
coming mainly from North America and mainly going to the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union,
were protected for the most part by the British and Canadian navies and air forces. These forces
were aided by ships and aircraft of the United States from September 13, 1941. The Germans were
joined by submarines of the Italian Royal Navy (Regia Marina) after their Axis ally Italy entered the
war on June 10, 1940.
As an island nation, the United Kingdom was highly dependent on imported goods. Britain required
more than a million tons of imported material per week in order to be able to survive and fight. In
essence, the Battle of the Atlantic was a tonnage war: the Allied struggle to supply Britain and the
Axis attempt to stem the flow of merchant shipping which enabled Britain to keep fighting. From
1942 onwards, the Germans also

The Spanish Republic
The Republicans were well supported by their outreach in international brigades due to the fact that
many of the individuals were in opposition to the growing mass in the monarchical society and also
the idea of the Roman Catholic church being re–established as a figure in the head of state. Many of
the individuals who joined the international brigades did it so that they could combat the
Nationalists' war against fascism and still hold their tradition of radical communist or socialist
beliefs. There were many units that had came to support the ideals of the republic as they
represented the largest foreign support of the Republicans. On average there were 40,000 foreign
nationals found within the regimes of the International Brigades, however ... Show more content on
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While the success of Ethiopia in the Second Italo–Ethiopian War made Italy certain about its energy,
a Spanish partner would in any case secure Italian control of the Mediterranean Theater of
Operations. The Royal Italian Navy assumed a significant part in the Mediterranean barricade, and
at last Italy supplied automatic weapons, mounted guns, airship, tankettes, the Aviazione Legionaria,
and the Corpo Truppe Volontarie to the Nationalist cause. The Italian CTV would, at its crest, supply
the Nationalists with 50,000 men. Italian warships joined in breaking the Republican naval force's
bar of Nationalist–held Spanish Morocco and partook in maritime siege of Republican–held Málaga,
Valencia, and Barcelona. In aggregate, Italy furnished the Nationalists with 660 planes, 150 tanks,
800 ordnance pieces, 10,000 assault rifles, and 240,000

Pride Of War
Pride of man through strength of steel has won many a battle of thought. The second world war was
a war on all fronts, waged from coast to coast and mountain to valley. From the icy fjords of
Norway to the arid deserts of North Africa, German steel had transformed a world in dissent in to a
world at war. U–boats ravaged the Atlantic, Panzers blitzed through France and Poland, and the
armies of the fatherland forged an empire of such a size that it rivaled that of the ancient roman
empire. The pride of a broken people, marshaled by the onslaught of hostile foreign resentment and
mistreatment stemming from the first world war and impassioned through the words of one of the
most infamous leaders in history, had transformed the downtrodden nation ... Show more content on
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This was because one of the requirements of the Treaty of Versailles, Article 190, stated that the
Kriegsmarine had to surrender most of their warships to the Allies and put a cap on the amount of
commissioned warships the Kriegsmarine could have at any given time. The exact restrictions were
that the Kriegsmarine could not have more than 6 battleships, 6 cruisers, 12 destroyers, and 12 u–
boats. However on June 18, 1935, the German and British foreign ministers signed the Anglo–
German Naval Agreement, which allowed for an increase in the number of commissioned ships that
the Kriegsmarine could have. Still, the Kriegsmarine was in no shape to take on the British royal
navy, which was considered at the time by many to be the strongest navy in the world and certainly
one of the largest. This is most likely why Britain signed the agreement, putting naive confidence in
their navy's ability to handle anything and everything that the Kriegsmarine could put up against
them. What the naval strategists in Britain did not realize though, was that by depleting the
Kriegsmarine to next to nothing, it gave German engineers and designers the opportunity and
motivation to create a brand new modern fleet consisting of the types of ships that would most
benefit the Kriegsmarine in a fight against Britain. Because of the resounding success of the u–boat
during the first world

History of Cryptography
In the history of cryptography, the Enigma was a portable cipher machine used to encrypt and
decrypt secret messages. More precisely, Enigma was a family of related electro–mechanical rotor
machines — comprising a variety of different models. The Enigma was used commercially from the
early 1920s on, and was also adopted by the military and governmental services of a number of
nations — most famously by Nazi Germany before and during World War II. The German military
model, the Wehrmacht Enigma, is the version most commonly discussed. The machine has gained
notoriety because Allied cryptologists were able to decrypt a large number of messages that had
been enciphered on the machine. The intelligence gained through this source — ... Show more
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For example, the pin corresponding to the letter E might be wired to the contact for letter T on the
opposite face. The complexity comes from the use of several rotors in series — usually three or four
— and the regular movement of the rotors; this provides a much stronger type of encryption. When
placed in the machine, a rotor can be set to one of 26 positions. It can be turned by hand using a
grooved finger–wheel which protrudes from the internal cover when closed, as shown in Figure 2.
So that the operator knows the position, each rotor has an alphabet tyre (or letter ring) attached
around the outside of the disk, with 26 letters or numbers; one of these can be seen through a
window, indicating the position of the rotor to the operator. In early Enigma models, the alphabet
ring is fixed; a complication introduced in later versions is the facility to adjust the alphabet ring
relative to the core wiring. The position of the ring is known as the Ringstellung ("ring setting").
The rotors each contain a notch (sometimes multiple notches), used to control the stepping of the
rotors. In the military versions, the notches are located on the alphabet ring. The Army and Air Force
Enigmas came equipped with several rotors; when first issued there were only three. On 15
December 1938 this changed to five, from which three were chosen for insertion in the machine.
These were marked with Roman numerals to distinguish them: I, II, III, IV and V, all with single
notches

JAPANESE STRATEGIC FAILURES IN THE SPRING OF 1942
Essay
"After successfully executing operations in the Southeast and the Southwest Pacific by the spring of
1942, what should Japan have done next?"
"I can run wild for six months ... after that, I have no expectation of success."
Unconfirmed quotation attributed to Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, Commander–in–Chief Japanese
Combined Fleet.
Setting the stage Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto is believed to have foretold of the suffering that was to
befall Japan, and in fact was said to have argued heavily against waking a "sleeping giant." Did
Yamamoto recognize the shortcomings of Japan's war strategy even before the first shots were fired?
Planners of the first strike at Pearl Harbor, including Admiral Fukodome, argue that the ... Show
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Even in the years leading up to the war, Japan's military believed in the superiority of their
technology and personnel. For instance, even when Japanese naval leaders correctly perceived the
shift of carrier–based aircraft becoming the predominant offensive capability, they made the error of
believing that American naval air would never be a worthy opponent. 2 pg. 359
Once success is tasted, the possibility of failure becomes less believable. The Japanese were able to
move so swiftly in the Pacific in the first 6 months of war that they seemingly believed that they
could continue uncontested indefinitely. Once again, as in their early victories in the Russo–
Japanese War over three decades earlier, Japan possessed in the stronger hand at the outset of
conflict, because they were the initiators the conflict and had the capability to plan for all of the
moves they would make at the outset. Their opponents in both wars were initially left with no choice
but to only be able to react to Japanese attacks, and in only limited fashion were the opponents able
to turn the tables and force the Japanese to react. An example of being able to 'turn the tables' was
the April 1942 Doolittle raid, which forced the Japanese to change their operational plan to one of
requiring the destruction of the U.S. carrier fleet. The fact

The World Of The Great Britain
Great Britain had one of the greatest and strongest navies in the world which allowed it to gain,
protect and control its colossal empire. Germany had an efficient army due to the fact that it was in
the middle of Europe which risked encirclement at all time, however its navy was lacking during the
1900's because it was far from the sea and whatever waters it was close by, Britain ruled over and if
not, Germany would be stopped by potential enemies. The German Kriegsmarine wanted to become
more powerful in order to expand its rather trivial, compared to the British and French, empire.
Thus, the Kriegsmarine began to expand and innovate. This threatened Britain due to the fact that it
relied on its navy to keep its island nation protected ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hence, they also build their own armies and this continues on between all the nations until their
resources run out. Provided that each country was armed to the teeth, each of them could now risk
the possibility of war. Had they not had these immense armies, they would not have risked waging a
war due to their uncertain victory.
The chain of events, better known as A.R.S.E., are the short term issues which led to the beginning
of the First World War. This means that unlike the other reasons, it did not begin years or even
decades ago, but rather began in the year and days before the Great War.
Like all the reasons, the chain of events' impacts was set into motion after it was sparked by the
assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand with his expectant wife, Sophie, during an open top
parade in Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia.
The first of these effects – A – was Austria–Hungary's declaration of war. Austria–Hungary hated
Serbia because Serbia was nationalist and hoped to unite with the Serbs in the Austro–Hungarian
empire in order to create a large Serbian state. They also hated Serbia due to the Bosnian crisis in
1908–09. During which Austria–Hungary annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina, infuriating the Serbs
because they had hoped to make Bosnia part of a greater Serbian state. After appealed to for help,
Russia called for an international conference to discuss the annexation. Austria–Hungary was
backed by Germany when they refused to attend. Russia and

Attack of the Soviet Union on Finland
The attack of the Soviet Union on Finland in 1939 definitively determined that nei–ther the
Germans nor the Allies could avoid including Scandinavia in their strategic planning considerations
any longer. All great powers including Germans, Great Britain and Soviet Union have political or
economic interest in Scandinavia so sooner or later it was obvious that the conflict should emerge on
Scandinavia Peninsula.
After the defeating of Poland in September 1939, Russia wanted to extend its influ–ence over the
Baltic and forced Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia to sign treaties that allowed Russia to establish
military bases in each of the three Baltic Countries. Next, the USSR, took advantage of its non–
aggression pact with Germany to make several far–reaching demands on Finland in order to recover
former territory lost after the World War I. Finland refused so the Winter War started. After the
World War I, the Soviet Union started to build its Arctic capabilities, improving the conditions of
Murmansk Port and building the White Canal connecting Baltic Sea and Arctic Ocean. Finland was
important part of Soviet plans for development Arctic capabilities and the Northern part of Norway
as well. After the winter war, Finland expected protection and support from the Allies side, but it
was effectively blocked by Soviet and German activities. This resulted in Finland being drawn
closer to Germany, first as a counterbalance to prevent current Soviet pressure and later to help
regain lost

Political Ideology and Other Factors Leading to the...
Political Ideology and Other Factors
Leading to the Holocaust & WWII
Contents
Introduction........................................................................................................................................2
Political Ideology................................................................................................................................3
Government
Economies
Fascism.................................................................................................................................................5
Socially
Economical
Origin
Nazism..................................................................................................................................................6
Economically
Socially
Foreign Influences and the Military
Time Line of Key Events Leading to the Holocaust.........................................................................9
History of Adolph Hitler & Nazi Party
Uprising..............................................................................12
Hitler's Upbringing World War I
Post World War I
Mein Kampf
Rebuilding
Politics
Heinrich Bruning
Hitler runs for office
New Chancellor in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Needless to say the people were not happy and it helped lead to the Germany people wanting
changes.
When Adolph Hitler came into power he brought with him his Nazi party and their ideas which
align with Fascism. Fascist believes fascism is a "third Way" in economic policy. It is superior to
uncontrolled capitalism that only benefits the few rich who hold the capital. It is also suppose to be
superior to state controlled communism. This will also be looked at in greater detail in the fascism
section of the paper.

Fascism
Fascism has an underlying, Darwinist outlook, that nations, races and people, are constantly in a
struggle where it is survival of the fittest and the strong survive by conflicting with the weak. This
argues that the only way for a nation to be successful is to weed out the weak (sick, poor, Jewish,
etc.) that pull down on the nation while simultaneously promoting the strong. The problem with
mixing biological theories (Darwinism) and political theories (Fascism) is just that, they are two
different areas and need different considerations.
There are no set positions, left, right, center, for the general idea of Fascism. Neither is there a set of
rules which it is comprised of. It is safe to say there is no one definition that is all inclusive because
Fascism can be very different depending on how it is employed. It is debated in many different
opinions of what it represents. With that said, since there is no one all inclusive

The Battle of the Atlantic Essay
The Battle of the Atlantic During WWII, the Germans attempted to force Britain into surrender by
preventing vital supplies from reaching her across the Atlantic Ocean. Explain why by mid 1943, the
British had gained the upper hand in the Atlantic. The Battle of the Atlantic was a key event in
deciding the outcome of WWII. The Atlantic was Britain's lifeline, the only route to the great
'factory' that was the USA with it's vast production capabilities. British control of the Atlantic was
essential in order to sustain supplies. German superiority in the Atlantic would have deprived Britain
of commodities, starving her into almost certain surrender and prevented American access to
mainland ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There were several reasons allowing the British to reduce the U–boat peril, each of varying
significance, and these are outlined below. In the early years of the war, escort ships were unable to
give adequate warnings of a U–boat's presence. The only means of detecting a U–boat, other than
the human eye, that the escorts possessed was ASDIC, which located the U–boat by bouncing sound
waves off its hull. This was only useful when the U–boat was under the water and as generally, U–
boats only submerged to attack, by the time ASDIC detected a U–boat the convoy was already in
danger. ASDIC gave no advance warning of a U–boat and thus there was no opportunity to reroute a
convoy away from the danger. However, advances in technology meant that by 1942 the escorts
would have several more means of detection. One such method was radar. By May 1942, 236 ships
carried centimetric radar, an accurate radar using a wavelength of 10cm and able to detect a U–boat
at a distance of several miles. This was important because it allowed convoys to make a course away
the U–boat but more significantly it enabled escorts to home in and attack. Another 'ace' that the
British had up their sleeve was HF/DF (High Frequency Direction Finder or 'Huff–Duff). This
detected U–boat radio transmissions thereby estimating their position and

The Battle Of Britain Is Regarded As The Most Famous...
The Battle of Britain is regarded as the most famous military engagement of World War II. The fall
of France in June 1940 to Nazi Germany not only left Britain as the only European power working
actively against the Germans but also left them vulnerable to bombing campaigns launched from
Northern France, having only to travel twenty–five miles across the English Channel to reach targets
in south–east England1. The quick surrender of France allowed German forces to direct their
attention towards Britain. Although Hitler had publicly stated a desire to negotiate peace terms with
Britain, preparations had been made for an amphibious invasion of the British Isles, codenamed
Operation Sealion2. German High Command was aware of the fact that ... Show more content on
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The Battle of Britain marked a major turning point in the war, akin to the Battle of Moscow in the
east, as it was the first time the German advance had been stopped. Had Britain fallen to the Third
Reich during the summer of 1940, the repercussions would have been enormous. Hitler would have
completed his conquest of Europe; there would have been no possibility of an invasion on the
beaches of Normandy, enabling Hitler to dedicate more resources for Operation Barbarossa, the
invasion of the Soviet Union. The invention of radar, known as Radio Direction Finding (RDF) at
the time, by the Department of Scientific and Industrial research in 1934 initially allowed aircraft to
be detected at a distance of thirty–eight miles. By 1937, improvements to RDF had enabled it to see
aircraft at a range of one hundred miles, complete with the bearing of enemy aircraft4. The British
recognized the potential of RDF to be used simultaneously with other electronic and communication
aids to provide an early–detecting system. The development of an early–warning system was
essential to the British war effort due to the length of the coastline being so close to enemy–
occupied territory, with important commercial, industrial and military centres well within the range
of enemy aircraft5. An early–warning system also had two distinct advantages over traditional
aircraft patrolling of the British coastline. It

Alan Turing Major Accomplishments
Alan Turing "Alan Turing (1912–54) was a British mathematician who made history. His breaking
of the German U–boat Enigma cipher in World War II ensured Allied–American control of the
Atlantic." Alan Turing has made a great impact on the development of theoretical computer science,
provided a formalization of the concepts of algorithm and computation with the Turing machine,
which can be considered a model of a general purpose computer. He is widely considered to be the
father of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence. His major accomplishments are
listed as following: During the World War II, Alan Turing led the works of the British World War II
codebreaking station which name is the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at
Bletchley Park, which was tasked with solving German naval (Kriegsmarine) Enigma messages. By
producing the modified Bombe which was a device previously found by Polish scientists that known
as 'Bomba', Alan took their early versions and developed it into an electromechanical machine that
could find settings for the Enigma machine, which greatly helped in the breaking of the Enigma
code used by the German forces, and finally ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By inventing the Turing Machine, a hypothetical machine which manipulates symbols on a strip of
tape according to a table of rules, in 1935, he is widely considered as the father of Artificial
Intelligence. He believed that computers would be able to learn and devised the Turing Test, which
would text whether a computer was really intelligent. To this day, no computer has passed the test,
as yet, and all stored–programme digital computers are modelled on this

Battle Of Britain Research Paper
The Battle of Britain in World War II
Name
Institution
The Battle of Britain in World War II
The Battle of Britain was an encounter between British air force, the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the
German air force, the Luftwaffe. The aerial battle took place in the United Kingdom in 1940.
Germany had planned an invasion, named "Operation Sealion", in Britain. For Germany to execute
the attack successfully, they had to eliminate the British air force to avoid it from interfering with
the invasion. German's first attack was in August of 1940 on British airfields and cities targeting to
bring out the RAF and wipe them down (Tedder, 2010). Britain used its RADA technology, even
with Germany's underestimation, to decode Germany's communication ... Show more content on
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Even after The British won over the Germans, Hitler continued to control all of Western Europe, and
the German success dominated the headlines as opposed to the British success. Germany continued
to bomb Britain, and they claimed other combat success, like under Wehrmacht with the Soviet
Union. However, what was clear was that Germany had for the first time in world history been
matched in military power and technology. Britain acquired a significant victory in its strategic
plans over German's poorly planned and coordinated strategies. Previously, Germany had overcome
its opponents quickly and rudely to prevent them from uniting and producing modern weapons
(Browne, 2004). Hitler's strategy succeeded in France, Denmark, Poland, Norway, Belgium, and
Netherlands. Hence, the success of Britain meant that the Battle of Britain would be an extended
war against the superior Allied resources that Germany would apply to embarrass Britain. Hitler
understood that a defeat by Britain would create a major enemy in the West when it embarked on
attacking the Soviet Union. Further, the United States would get more time to rebuild its forces and
arms and would have a significant ally when it went into

Case Report
Final Exam
Results of a fact–finding mission about the state of the war concerning the British Empire, the
German Empire, the Soviet Socialist Republics, the Kingdom of Italy, and the Empire of Japan. The
fact–finding mission was conducted at the request of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt for the
planning of future American diplomatic and military policies. The objective of the mission was to
evaluate each of the major parties currently engaged in armed conflict and create an action plan
based of the combined results of the evaluation. Each evaluation examines the diplomatic, military,
economic, and territorial state of each Country as well as any potential dangers that may be
presented to the security and interests of the United ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A founding member of the Axis Alliance, the German Empire is militarily aligned with the Kingdom
of Italy and The Empire of Japan. A close ally of the Kingdom of Italy, the German Empire has
consistently supported the Italian campaigns in both Africa the Balkans. Militarily, the German
armed forces is primarily composed of the Heer (army), the Luftwaffe (air force), and the
Kreigsmarine (navy). Recently, the Luftwaffe lost the battle of Britain conceding a decisive victory
to the RAF. Though recently defeated, The Luftwaffe proved deadly effective on the eastern front.
The main focus of the Kriegsmarine has been the constant and unrelenting blockade of Britain in the
battle of the Atlantic. To great results, the U–boat "wolfpacks" have sunk hundreds of thousands of
tons of shipping since the onset of the war. The majority of the Heer, however, is heavily engaged
along the German border with The Soviet Union. In June the Axis launched operation Barbarossa,
the invasion of the Soviet Union with over 5 million troops. Currently, the Soviet Union is losing an
immense amount of supplies, troops, and territory. The soviets have already suffered over two
million casualties and have been pushed back over 400 miles in some areas. Seemingly dominant in
all counts, the German Economy however struggles to supply their war machine

The Causes Of Naval Militarization Leading To World War
While learning about the causes of WWI, we took many factors into consideration: alliances, actions
of specific nations, nationalism, imperialism, overall tensions, and militarization. While we learned
a lot about the alliances and decisions of the European nations, I was slightly unclear on how exactly
German militarization, particularly the naval militarization, occurred. By researching the Tirpitz
Plan and its role in causing the war, I hope to better understand the motives for German
militarization and its impacts on the movement leading to world war.
German militarization prior to WWI had motives from both the domestic side and the foreign side.
The German public was growing restless and felt that Germany was turning into a second–rate
power, as it had hardly any colonies and no empire. Wilhelm II also saw this as an opportunity to
induce extreme patriotism throughout the nation, particularly in the growing middle class and boost
morale. He tried to put down the rising Social Democrats and gain more power in parliament. There
were also factors of foreign policy that contributed to this growing militarization, most notably the
desire to keep harmonious relations with Britain or cause them to be cautious when dealing with
Germany.
More specifically, the Tirpitz Plan, which was the source of most of the naval militarization, had
many foreign factors contributing to its creation. The major aim of the plan was to lead Germany to
world domination while also combating

U-Boat Tactics in World War II
In September of 2012, "Germany's last surviving U–Boat captain who helped sink dozens of U.S.
and British ships has been honoured by the modern military in his homeland seven decades after he
was twice decorated by Hitler for bravery." It may seem grim to honor a person who referred to
"American shooting season" as his hobby during the war, but it is important to recognize the
contributions of U–Boat commanders like Reinhard Hardegen. German submarines had been an
engineering vision since 1465, and preliminary German submarines were being manufactured as
early as 1850 with Sebastian Wilhelm Valentin Bauer 's Brandtaucher design. The Brandtaucher was
much improved upon during the Industrial Age, which represented the peak of Kaiserdom in
Germany. With its financial coffers relatively full, the Kaiser was able to fund designs such as those
by Vogel in 1870 and Howaldt in 1891. However, Gustav Zede designed the Forelle (named after
the much–beloved German trout fish) and it was the first "truly successful German submarine" and
was launched in 1903. From these early submarines evolved one of the world's most evocative
killing machines, the U–Boats. Leading up to the development of the U–Boat were a series of
military escalations, culminating in the start of the Great War. Throughout modern German history,
military technologies like the U–Boat have been integral to strategic planning. Even when decisions
regarding U–Boat development and deployment seemed senseless, as it

Normandy Invasion Research Paper
The Normandy Invasion may have been the single most important battle on the Western Front of
World War II. Much planning went into the siege of these beaches that ensured a tough, but
inevitable victory, as well as other factors, such as the exploitation of the Germans' ignorance of the
attack. The Allied Forces took much time in plotting the invasion of the beaches of Normandy,
France to establish a sure victory, as they'd be sacrificing many troops and resources. They also
skillfully and masterfully concocted a planned hoax by deciding they would place dummy landing
sites all around the eastern coast, set up dozens (hundreds, even) tanks to bluff an invasion of the
wrong site. They even planned to organize a faux radio network, that told ... Show more content on
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The whole war had led up to this day, especially since the plans for the invasion were being made
even as early as 1942 or 1943, after the Soviet Union requested help to relieve pressure on their
military in Eastern Europe following the Battle of Stalingrad, where they and Romania lost over
250,000 men combined. The thoughts of a soldier who had been fighting all throughout World War
II would have probably consisted of, one, wanted to go home already, but two, thinking that nothing
could be worse than what they had already experienced. They knew in their minds that they were
ready for this mission, and had the plans of the military backing up their claims of definite victory. A
soldier would, of course, hold their personal doubts and fright, but when counted among many
fellow troops willing to fight for the same cause as their own, they can't help but feel the collective
morale of their comrades and themselves. This personal morale was only boosted by the genius
work of WWII's commanders' skills in speech. The day before the actual attack, General Eisenhower
gave his men a motivational speech they'd never forget. An excerpt from the speech: "Soldiers,
sailors, and airmen of the Allied Expeditionary Force! You are about to embark upon the greatest
crusade toward which we have striven these many months. The eyes of the world are upon you."
Though General George Patton also gave his own speech that day, I won't bore you with another
quote (though Patton was far from a boring individual). Instead, you should now be able to reflect
on how important morale was for the forces getting ready to siege Normandy. The Allied troops
were physically and mentally prepared, while the Germans in Normandy, if anything, had lost
morale as they believed there was nothing to do when stationed in that

The Altmark Research Paper
In the midst of February in 1940 a tragic incident occurred involving a large auxiliary ship carrying
over 200 merchant sailors to Germany. The Altmark was offered additional support with an escort to
Bergen where the ship would have been searched upon arrival. The destroyer "Cossack" pulled
alongside the Altmark, the destroyer was immediately rammed by the altmark which succeeded in
doing so. British soldiers then freed the merchant sailors one by one just outside of Germany. The
Altmark was re floated at high tide and was sent on its way to Germany where it was normally
headed in the first place. In Britain the news got around and they were all greeted with joy of the
succession of the incident. On the other hand the Norwegians started to ... Show more content on
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Within days for planning the attack on norway, took place on February 19th. After this events moved
more swiftly. With the attack taking place in Norway this gave a swift advantage for Hitler to make
more weapons and lots of other useful plans, tactics, e.t.c. Since the outbreak of war German
warships have been trying to find the pocket battleship Admiral Graf spee and her supply ship.
Naval fleets were sent out day and night to search for this battleship to destroy or bring back for all
the supplies aboard the ship. Many of these supplies consisted of materials that could be used for
weapons food clothing and other necessary needs to keep everyone on line. The altmark had slipped
through the english channel and headed into the south atlantic. This is where the altmark would
supply the Graf spee with necessary amounts of oil and provisions to allow the battleship to
continue making forays against merchant shipping. The Graf Spee later turned into a prison boat that
carried many of the merchants that attacked the battleship. The altmark remained in the south
atlantic for a few months dew to engine problems which caused even more problems with being a
sitting duck in the middle of the atlantic

Battle of the Atlantic Notes
Battle of the Atlantic
The Battle of the Atlantic played a very significant part in World War Two. In World War Two, after
the escape atDunkirk and the inspiration of the Battle of Britain, the Battle of the Atlantic was
Britain 's next nightmare.
The Battle of the Atlantic was "the only thing that ever frightened me."
Winston Churchill.
As an island Britain needed to bring in a vast amount of food and military equipment to survive the
war.
The German submarine force (U–boats) severely damaged our ability to survive the war – hence
Churchill's quote above when he feared we would be starved out of the war.
A great deal of our raw materials came from America and therefore had to cross the Atlantic. In
normal times this journey could ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In August 1940 the US gave Britain 50 destroyers in exchange for Atlantic naval bases
The name "Battle of the Atlantic" was coined by Winston Churchill in February 1941. It has been
called the "longest, largest, and most complex" naval battle in history.
The situation changed constantly, with one side or the other gaining advantage, as new weapons,
tactics, counter–measures, and equipment were developed by both sides. The Allies gradually gained
the upper hand, overcoming German surface raiders by the end of 1942 (withdrawn on Hitler 's
orders) and defeating the U–boats by mid–1943, though losses to U–boats continued to war 's end.
Allies won because
Eight things helped the Allies to stop the U–boat menace.
1. The work of the British codebreakers at Bletchley Park in deciphering the German Enigma code
was vital in giving the Allied navies the edge in the Battle of the Atlantic. In February 1942,
however, the German code was improved, resulting in 'the Drumbeat crisis' when shipping losses
were their greatest – until March 1943, when the German code was again broken.
2. Sonar had been invented before World War I, but after 1942 the US Navy Department developed
'console sonar' which could plot accurate bearings using an echo 'ping'. Training of sonar operators
was also improved.
3. Radar was improved so that U–boats could even be detected in bad weather.
4. The British developed HF/DF ('huff–duff'), whereby

Wolfenstein Alternate Reality
The Alternate Reality of Wolfenstein
"You take freedom away from the American people, you're playing with fire" (Wolfenstein 2: The
New Colossus, 2017). The video game series Wolfenstein revolves around an alternate history
timeline where the Nazis have come to absolute power after a victory in the Second World War. In
this timeline, the Axis wins a decisive victory over the Allies; the Nazis then acquire the atomic
bomb in 1948 and proceed to nuke the city of Manhattan, New York. Upon surrender from the
United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union, Germany moves to invade Italy and Japan and
eventually puts the whole world under the swastika. The New Colossus (2017) picks up
immediately where the previous game in the series, The New ... Show more content on
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Brittanica.com defines security dilemma as "a situation in which actions taken by a state to increase
its own security cause reactions from other states, which in turn lead to a decrease rather than an
increase in the original state's security". In the context of The New Colossus, the Kreisau Circle and
the ensuing American resistance end goal is to restore America to its former glory, a utopia of
freedom and the "land of opportunity". Their rationale for doing this is to topple the Nazi
government by revolutionary means, eventually becoming their own international state once again
as the United States of America. Every action taken in the game takes power away from the Nazis
and gives it more in the hands of the

Battle Of Atlantic Essay
Battle of Atlantic By Syed Muhammad Jarrar Haider BS A&F 2k13 Introduction During the World
War 1 because of unrestricted use of submarine warfare by Germany many countries tried to restrict
the use of submarines and even abolish them but efforts failed and instead a treaty was signed by
many countries excluding Germany according to which the countries will enjoy limited naval
shipbuilding. With the entrance of France and British in World War 2 the battle of Atlantic started on
3 September 1939 till the defeat of Germany in 1945. This six year battle was the longest continuous
military campaign of World War 2. This battle pitted Germans U boats, warships and aircrafts
against the Royal Canadian navy and allied merchants and convoys which were ... Show more
The Germans sent their boats to the Caribbean and American coast under the name of Operation
Drumbeat and then they took advantage of American merchant's ships who were unescorted as well
as US failure to implement a coastal black out. At this time new Germans submarines were entering
at the rate of 20 per month. This resulted in sinking of almost 500 ships between January and June
1942. In early 1943 as the battles kept on enraging with increased ferocity between the two sides the
magnitude of losses reached their peak and level of supply of food and other necessary things
reached critically low level in Britain. Both the sides were losing their warships during the battles
but the Britain was suffering more. Then in April and May the tide of the battle turned and now
Germans were the one who were losing their ships at an increasing rate. During this time a British
convoy attacked the German boats and sunk 5 of their boats while taking no losses. This sudden
change in fortunes was because of use of several new technologies including Hedgehog anti–
submarine mortar, Leigh light and advanced radar. Leigh light allowed the aircrafts to attack the u
boats at night. During the black may as dubbed by the Germans the Germans lost about 34 u boats.
After this even though Germans did come up with some new plan and ships but their success was
short living and new submarines arrived in 1945 which was already too

Joseph Mengele and his Atrocities Essay
Three thousand twins entered Auschwitz between 1940 and 1944. Only two hundred and fifty pairs
of twins ever had the smell of freedom again. Why did this unfortunate event occur? It occurred
because the Nazis party was in control and Adolf Hitler was the Fuhrer and he wanted a perfect race.
"Right, left", what kind of a man could send people to their death with a flick of a cane, without one
scent of remorse or one inkling of guilt? –his name was Josef Mengele. (Nazi304) Hitler gave
Mengele all the resources he could and this is the main reason why he went to Auschwitz, because
the of the availability of the victims he could do his work on. The stories and pictures of Auschwitz
tell a gruesome tale of death and torture. Josef Mengele ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During his stay at Auschwitz he was nicknamed the "Angel of Death." When the trains arrived at
Auschwitz they would sit i the cars for days before being herded out like cattle. After this hellish
journey, the first thing that people saw when they left the cars was Josef Mengele, the Angel of
Auschwitz standing in his immaculate SS uniform, shining boots, perfectly brushed and pressed
shirt and pants, and glistening silver skulls.(Mengele156) He would perch there and would yell
"left!" or "right!", left meaning a quick end as you headed to the gas chambers and right meant you
were placed on a starvation diet and had to work as a slave. During this time in Auschwitz his first
and only son, Rolf, was born on March 11, 1944. His moment of happiness in Auschwitz (his
perverse perception of happiness) was short lived. In the middle of January in 1945 he fled
Auschwitz and went to Grossen– Rosen camp. He then fled before the Russians liberated it on
February 11, 1945. After fleeing Grossen–Rosen he was captured as a prisoner of war and held in a
POW camp in Munich. He stole some papers from a fellow prisoner and the American Army
released him not realizing he was part of the SS. During his life on the run he went under several
aliases, these include;

Air Superiority Case Study
Defense campaigns and establishment of air superiority by the Allies played a key role in changing
the course of the European theater of World War II. In North Africa, the RAF bombed and defeated
German commander Erwin Rommel and prevented him from reaching the vital Suez Canal, which
would have gave the Germans access to the Indian Ocean. British aircraft fired their rockets,
attacking German artillery and enemy transports. A German Panzer Commander described the
failure of his counterattack against aircraft and said, "...they [the Spitfires, Typhoons, and Mustangs]
came in hundreds, firing their rockets at the concentrated tanks and vehicles. We could nothing
against them and we could make no further progress." In addition to defense on land, the ... Show
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It was later determined that no Allied strategy in Europe was feasible until the U–boats were
destroyed. Allied forces then looked to the RAF as a possible contender to defeat the submarines
that were terrorizing the Western European coasts. Soon, airpower emerged as the most effective
weapon against the deceptive U–boats. The United States Air Force allocated several B–24
Liberators, heavy bombers that were retrofitted with radar and depth charges, to the RAF Coastal
Command, which patrolled the waters for German submarines. In the Battle of the Atlantic in 1943,
these aircraft of the RAF coastal command destroyed many U–boats out of the water and forced
Germany to withdraw their submarines from the lanes in the Atlantic, allowing ships transporting
supplies to Allied countries to travel the oceans and coasts with little resistance. Admiral Karl
Dönitz of the Kriegsmarine, the Nazi Naval Branch, realized how much the Allied aircraft were
harrying his U–boats and he stated after the war how this was the decisive factor that won the Battle
of the

Essay on Operation Overlord
Operation Overlord The Allied position in early 1942 seemed unpromising. Hitler still had all the
ground he had obtained in his blitzkrieg campaign of the previous five years and was gaining ground
in Russia. The Nazis now also had a large foothold in North Africa and were ready to seize the oil
fields of Arabia. Without large scale successful intervention by the Western Allies (Great Britain,
America and Canada) it looked very likely that Nazi Germany would win the war.
1. GREAT BRITAIN took part in Operation Overlord for a number of reasons. One such reason was
pressure from other countries. As far back as early 1942 Josef Stalin, Soviet Union premier, had ...
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The Free French also wanted their country to be liberated by Great Britain and America. The
Western Allies would have thought that beating the Germans in France would have been an essential
victory over the Germans but also an excellent position from which to mount an attack on Germany
and destroy the Third Reich.
An invasion of France would also significantly reduce the threat from U–Boats, the submarines that
patrolled the Atlantic in so–called wolf packs destroying Allied shipping. Although technological
and engineering advances meant that craft in the Atlantic Ocean could be kept safe from U–Boats
the threat still existed. Many U–Boat pens were along the French Atlantic coast and were used as
docks for the Nazi submarines. The invasion of mainland Europe and the liberation of France would
mean that these docking places would be taken out of Nazi use and the Atlantic would be safer for
international merchant shipping. Safer seas may have worked to relieve the supply stresses exerted
on Great Britain by the U–Boat wolf packs of the Kriegsmarine, the navy of Nazi Germany. Despite
all the obvious benefits of invading Europe Great Britain could not afford to take part in such a risk–
filled wartime venture if conditions were not conducive for a large scale assault on Hitler's 'Fortress
Europe'. The

Essay on Amphibious vs. Sea Power
Unclassified Paper
Naval War College
Newport, RI
FINAL EXAM
TRUE OR FALSE:
"THE ABILITY OF AMPHIBIOUS FORCE TO INFLICT GRAVE INJURY UPON THE FOE IS
USUALLY IMMENSE. THE CAPABILITY OF PURELY NAVAL FORCE TO CAUSE THE
ADVERSARY DAMAGE IS OFTEN VERY LIMITED."
by
Stewart Holbrook
Commander, U.S.N.
A paper submitted to the faculty of the U.S. Naval War College in partial satisfaction of the
Department of Strategy & Policy.
The contents of this paper reflect my own personal views and are not necessarily endorsed by the
Naval War College or the Department of the Navy.
Signature ____________________
4 March, 2005 To suggest the ability of amphibious force to inflict "grave" injury on ... Show more
However, by their nature, periphery operations, especially in unlimited war, fail to attack the
enemy's center of gravity and therefore, usually fail to inflict "grave" damage to the enemy. In rare
cases where sufficient forces are available, such as the Allied invasion of NW Europe in WWII,
truly "grave" damage can be sufficiently inflicted. But this situation is not "usually" the case.
Employing amphibious forces also carries a significant risk that damage to one's own forces will be
disproportionate with that inflicted upon the enemy. The Spartan Hoplite invasion of Sphacteria
provides an extreme example where the invading force was isolated and destroyed. A similar
example is the British WWI invasion of Gallipoli. Although not completely destroyed, the invading
force was isolated on the beachhead and severely mauled. Requirements for troop replenishment and

resupply created a festering sore that drained Britain's war effort on a secondary front removed from
Germany, the primary enemy. Damage to the Turkish forces was not "grave" and was certainly out
of proportion with the cost in any case. The allied invasion at Anzio in WWII was another similar
example of disproportionate cost/benefit, at least in its initial stages. Finally, embarking upon an
amphibious invasion often means opening a second front. Such a move can have good or bad
strategic consequences that impact the relative value of any injury caused to the foe.

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