The term cellular respiration is an oxidation-reduction process in which organic food is broken-down inside the cell and energy is released, Hence it is the form of catabolic process. Cellular respiration includes both aerobic and anaerobic processes. Cellular respiration is a multi step process of breakdown of glucose to release energy.These include glycolysis, the preparatory reaction, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. ATP production is also discussed.The word glycolysis means “sugar splitting,” and that is exactly what happens during this pathway. Glucose, a sixcarbon sugar, is split into two three-carbon sugars.

1. BOTANY

2. ASSIGNMENT TOPIC:
RESPIRATION
ITS TYPES
&
CYCLES

4. CONTENTS:
• DEFINATION OF RESPIRATION
• TYPES OF RESPIRATION
• CYCLES OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION
• GLYCOLYSIS
• KREBS CYCLE
• ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
• OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
• ENEGY BALANCE OF RESPIRATION

5. RESPIRATION:
RESPIRATION IS ALSO CALLED CELLULAR RESPIRATION.
IT IS THE PROCESS OF BREAKING OF SUGAR INTO A
FORM THAT THE CELL CAN USE AS ENEGY IS CALLED
CELLULAR RESPIRATION.
EQUATION

6. TYPES:
THERE ARE TWO MAIN TYPES
OF RESPIRATION WHICH
ARE;
• AEROBIC RESPIRATION
• ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

8. AEROBIC RESPIRATION:
RESPIRATION WHICH OCCURS IN THE PRESENCE
OF OXYGEN TO PRODUCE ATP IS CALLED AEROBIC
RESPIRATION.
EQUATION:

9. STAGES OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION:
THERE ARE FOUR STAGES OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION WHICH
ARE FOLLOWING:
GLYCOLYSIS
LINK REACTIONS
KREBS CYCLE OR CITRIC ACID CYCLE
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (ETC)

10. GLYCOLYSIS:
THE PROCESS OF BREAKDOWN OF GLUCOSE IN THE
CYTOPLASM INTO TWO MOLECULES OF PYRUVATE
IS CALLED GLYCOLYSIS.TEN ENZYMES ARE NEEDED
FOR THE TEN INTERMEDIATE COMPOUND IN THIS
PROCESS.

11. STEPS OF GLYCOLYSIS:
THERE ARE FOUR STEPS OF GLYCOLYSIS:
TWO ENERGY RICH ATP KICK START THE PROCESS AT THE END
ARE TWO PYRUVATE MOLECULES.FOUR MOLECULES OF ATP ARE
MADE AND TWO NADH MOLECULES.
BOTH TYPES ARE ENERGY RICH AND USED IN OTHER CELL
REACTIONS.
IN CELLS WHICH USE OXYGEN,THE PYRUVATE IS USED IN A
SECOND PROCESS, THE KREBS CYCLE,WHICH PRODUCES MORE
ATP MOLECULES.

12. IN CELLS WHICH USE OXYGEN, THE PYRUVATE IS USED IN A SECOND PROCESS, THE KREBS
CYCLE, WHICH PRODUCES MORE ATP MOLECULES.

13. LINK REACTIONS:
IN THIS STAGE PYRUVATE FROM GLYCOLYSIS IS ACTIVELY
PUMPED INTO MITOCHONDRIA .ONE CARBON DIOXIDE
MOLECULE AND ONE HYDROGEN MOLECULE ARE
REMOVED FROM THE PYRUVATE CALLED OXIDATIVE
DECARBOXYLATION TO PRODUCE AND ACETYL GROUP,
WHICH JOINS TO AN ENZYME CALLED CoA TO FORM
ACETYL CoA. THIS IS ESSENTIAL FOR THE KREBS CYCLE.

14. KREBS CYCLE:
KREBS CYCLE IS ALSO CALLED CITRIC ACID
CYCLE. IN THIS STAGE PYRUVIC ACID
BREAKS DOWN INTO CARBON DIOXIDE IN
THE PRESENCE OF OXYGEN IN
MITOCHONDRIA.
OR
THIS IS ALSO CALLED TRICARBOXYLIC ACID
CYCLE.

15. STEPS:
WHEN OXYGEN IS PRESENT ACETYL CoA IS PRODUCED FROM THE PYRUVATE
MOLECULE CREATED FROM GLYCOLYSIS.
ONCE ACETYL CoA IS FORMED AEROBIC OR ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION CAN
OCCUR.
WHEN OXYGEN IS PRESENT THE MITOCHONDRIA WILL UNDERGO AEROBIC
RESPIRATION WHICH LEADS TO THE KREBS CYCLE.
IF OXYGEN IS NOT PRESENT FERMENTATION OF THE PYRUVATE MOLECULE WILL
OCCUR.
IN THE AEROBIC RESPIRATION WHEN ACETYL CoA IS PRODUCED FROM THE
PYRUVATE MOLECULE IS OXIDIZED
TO CO(2) CARBON DIOXIDE WHILE AT THE SAME TIME IT REDUCING NAD TO
NADH.

16. THEN NADH CAN BE USED BY THE
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN TO CREATE
FURTHER ATP ASPART OF OXIDATIVE
PHOSPHORYLATION.
TO FULLY OXIDIZED THE EQUIVALENT OF
ONE GLUCOSE MOLECULE TWO ACETYLE
COA MUST BE METABOLIZED BY THE
KREBS CYCLE.
TWO WASTE PRODUCTS H(2)O WATER
AND CO(2) CARBON DIOXIDE ARE CREATED
DURING THIS CYCLE.

17. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN:
ELETRON TRANSPORT CHAIN IS A SET OF
ENZYMES WHICH IS LOCATED ON THE
INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE AND
MAIN SOURCE OF ENERGY IN AEROBIC
PATHWAY OF ENERGY GENERATION.

18. OVERVIEW:
THE MITOCHONDRIA HAS:
OUTER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE
INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE
INTER MEMBRANE SPACE
MATRIX OF MITOCHONDRIA
THE CLOSE SECTION OF MITOCHONDRIAL
MEMBRANE SHOW THE STRUCTURE OF ELECTRON
TRANSPORT CHAIN.
INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE CONTAIN 4
SETS OF ENZYME COMPLEXES.

19. ETC COMPLEXES:
THERE ARE FOUR ELECTRON CHAIN COMPLEXES IN INNER
MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE WHICH ARE NAMED AS ROMAN
NUMERALS FROM 1 TO 4.
COMPLEX I
COMPLEX II
COMPLEX III
COMPLEX IV

20. COMPLEX I:
THE FIRST COMPLEX OF ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN IS NAMED AS:
NADH DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX
REDUCE FORM OF REMOVES HYDROGEN CONTAIN FMN AND
NADH FE-S
OR
NADH – OXIDO – REDUCTASE
FROM OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS
IT IS L-SHAPED PROTEIN COMPLEX. IT CARRY ELECTRONS FROM NADH TO THE SECOND
COMPLEX.

21. COMPLEX II:
THIS COMPLEX IS NAMED AS:
SUCCINATE-DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX
REMOVES HYDROGEN FROM CONTAIN FMN
SUCCINATE FE-S
IT ALSO A PART OF KREBS CYCLE. IN WHICH SUCCINATE OXIDIZED
INTO FUMARATE. FADH2 IS PRODUCED IN THIS REACTION WHICH
IS USED FOR DONATION OF ELECTRONS IN THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT
CHAIN.FE-S (IRON- SULPHUR) CLUSTERS ARE PRESENT IN THIS COMPLEX.

22. COMPLEX III:
IT IS CALLED CYTOCHROME REDUCTASE. IT IS ALSO
KNOWN AS Q-CYTOCHROME C OXIDOREDUCTASE.
CYTOCHROMES:
ARE A GROUP OF PROTEINS WHICH HAVE HEME AS THEIR
COMPLEXES AND OTHER PROSTHETIC GROUPS.THEY ALSO
CONTAIN IRON CORE (IN WHICH IRON EXISTS AS OXIDIZE
AND REDUCE FORM).
Fe2+ Fe3+

23. THE THIRD COMPLEX HAS THREE NUMBERS OF CYTOCHROMES:
CYTOCHROME B
CYTOCHROME C1
CYTOCHROME C
CYTOCHROME B AND C1 EXCEPTS ELECTRONS FROM ETC AND TRANSPORT
THEM TO CYTOCHROME C WHICH THEN TRANSPORT THESE ELECTRONS
TO THE 4TH COMPLEX.

24. COMPLEX IV:
THIS COMPLEX IS NAMED AS:
CYTOCHROME C OXIDASE
CONTAIN HEME & COPPER UNITS
CYTOCHROME C OXIDASE:
THIS COMPLEX OXIDIZED THE CYTOCHROME C (CYT C).
IT RECEIVES ELECTRONS FROM CYT C AND SEND IT TO
COMPLEX IV WHICH USE THESE ELECTRONS FOR
REDUCTION OF O2 INTO H2O.THEREFORE IT IS CALLED
CYTOCHROME C OXIDASE.

26. CELLULAR RESPIRATION BALANCE SHEET:
GLYCOLYSIS-IN CYTOPLASM:
2 ATP FROM SLP(SUBSTRATE-LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION)
2 NADH 2 NADH(2) 4 ATP
PYRUVATE OXIDATION-MATRIX OF MITOCHONDRIA:
2 NADH 3 ATP (FROM CHEMIOOSMOSIS)
KREBS CYCLE-MATRIX OF MITOCHONDRIA:
2 ATP FROM SLP
6 NADH 18 ATP (FROM CHEMIOSMOSIS)
2 FADH(2) 4 ATP( FROM CHEMIOSMOSIS)

27. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION:
RESPIRATION WHICH OCCURS IN THE ABSENCE OF
OXYGEN IN CYTOPLASM AND PRODUCE 2 MOLECULE
OF ATP PER GLUCOSE MOLECULE.
EQUATION:

28. TYPES:
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION IN PLANTS:
GLYCOLYSIS
(CYTOPLASM)
FERMENTATION
SUB-TYPES :
ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
(CYTOPLASM)

29. FERMENTATION:
THE PROCESS IN WHICH DECARBOXYLATES PYRUVATE CONVERT INTO
ACETALDEHYDE WHICH IS REDUCED TO ETHANOL.THEN NADH REGENRATE
NAD^+ TO CONTINUE GLYCOLYSIS IS CALLED FERMENTATION.
EQUATION:

30. EXAMPLE:
IT OCCURS IN ANAEROBIC MICROORGSNISMS SUCH AS YEAST.
TYPES OF FERMENTATION:
ALCOHLIC FERMENTATION:
IT TAKES PLACE IN YEAST AND SOME BACTERIA AND YIELDS
ONLY THE 2 ATP MOLECULE,PRODUCED IN GLYCOLYSIS.
EQUATION:

31. LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION:
IT IS A METABOLIC PROCESS BY WHICH GLUCOSE AND OTHER SIX CARBON SUGARS ARE
CONVERTED INTO CELLULAR ENERGY AND THE METABOLITE LACTATE,WHICH IS LACTIC
ACID IN SOLUTION.
EQUATION:
EXAMPLE:
IT OCCURS IN SOME BACTERIA AND ANIMAL CELLS,SUCH AS MUSCLE CELLS .

32. ENERY BALANCE OF RESPIRATION:
(ATP YIELD PER MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE)
COMPLETE OXIDATION OF GLUCOSE MOLECULE THROUGH GLYCOLYSIS,
CONVERSION OF PYRUVIC ACID TO ACETYL CoA AND KREBS CYCLE LEADS TO NET
FORMATION OF FOUR MOLECULES OF ATP BY SUBSTRATE LEVEL
PHOSPHORYLATION (TWO DURING GLYCOLYSIS AND TWO IN KREBS CYCLE) ; TWO
MOLECULES OF NADH2 IN THE CYTOSOL, EIGHT MOLECULES OF NADH2 AND TWO
MOLECULES OF FADH2 IN THE MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX.

33. STEPS OF ENERGY BALANCE:
• THE OXIDATION OF 8 NADH2 MOLECULES PRODUCED IN MITOCHONDRIAL
MATRIX LEAD TO GENERATION OF 24 ATP MOLECULES ; THREE PER
NADH2 MOLECULE.
• FOUR MOLECULES OF ATP ARE GENERATED IN THE OXIDATION OF
SUCCINIC ACID TO FUMARIC ACID.THESE MAKE THE TOTAL 28 ATP
MOLECULES.
• ADDITION OF TWO ATP MOLECULES FORMED DURING SUBSTRATE LEVEL
PHOSPHOTYLATION IN KREBS CYCLE via GTP BRINGS THE TOTAL ATP
SYNTHESIZED TO 30.

34. TWO ATP MOLECULES ARE GENERATED DURING SUBSTRATE LEVEL
PHOSPHORYLATION IN GLYCOLYSIS AND FOUR FROM OXIDATION OF NADH2
PRODUCED DURING GLYCOLYSIS.
ADDITION OF THESE SIX ATP MOLECULES BRINGS THE TOTAL ATP SYNTHESIS
TO 36 MOLECULES.
THUS, THERE IS A TOTAL YIELD OF 36 ATP MOLECULES PER GLUCOSE
MOLECULE COMPLETELY OXIDIZED TO CO2 AND WATER.

35. OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION:
THE SYNTHESIS OF ATP IN THE PRESENCE OF OXYGEN IS CALLED OXIDATIVE
PHOSPHORYLATION.
THE BREAKDOWN OF FOOD PRODUCES ATP IN OUR BODY.
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION:
OXYGEN ATP SYNTHESIS
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION ACCOUNTS FOR A SMALL FRACTION OF ATP
GENERATED IN LIVING CELLS OF HIGHER PLANTS.

36. STEPS OF OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION:
THERE ARE THREE STEPS FOR PRODUCTION OF ATP:
GLYCOLYSIS
PYRUVIC ACID OXIDATION
KREBS CYCLE
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (ETC)
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

37. GLYCOLYSIS:
THE BREAKDOWN OF GLUCOSE INTO PYRUVIC ACID (3 CARBON
MOLECULE) IS CALLED GLYCOLYSIS.
PYRUVIC ACID OXIDATION:
IN THIS PROCESS THE THREE CARBON MOLECULE OXIDIZED AND
GIVE A PROTON WHICH IS CONVERTED INTO TWO CARBON
MOLECULE.
KREBS CYCLE:
TWO CARBON MOLECULE CONVERTED INTO A WATER MOLECULE.
THE NADH2 AND FADH2 ARE PRODUCED IN THE KREBS CYCLE
AND OXIDIZED TO PRODUCED ATP.

38. PROCESS:
THE NUMBER OF ATP MOLECULES SYNTHESIZED DEPENDS UPON THE
NATURE OF THE ELECTRON DONOR.
ELECTRONS DERIVED FROM OXIDATION OF NADH2 MOLECULE PRODUCED IN
THE MATRIX RESULT IN GENERATION OF THREE ATP MOLECULES.
FADH2 ENTERS THE RESPIRATORY CHAIN ,ONLY TWO MOLECULES OF ATP ARE
GENERATED FOR EACH MOLECULES OF SUCCINIC ACID OXIDIZED TO FUMARIC
ACID.
THE ATP GENERATION TAKES PLACE AT THREE SITES THAT EXIST ALONG
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN.