FOR CLASS X CBSE STUDENTS

1. BY SEEMA BHARDWAJ
 TGT ENGLISH KVVP, NEW DELHI

2. Plants that
Heal

3. What makes plants
medicinal or therapeutic?
 Primary metabolites: needed for the life
of a plant; includes sugars, amino acids,
proteins, fats and nucleic acids
 Secondary metabolites: chemicals that
are needed for specific stages of
development; have various metabolic
activities
 3 major classes of secondary metabolites:
alkaloids, terpenoids and phenolics

4. Alkaloids
 bitter tasting organic compounds
containing nitrogen
 one of the most important medicinally
active compounds
 examples: morphine, caffeine,nicotine

5. Terpenoids
 unsaturated hydrocarbons of plant resins
and oils
 examples:
 1. isoprene
 2. essential oils
 3. taxol
 4. rubber

6. Phenolics
 compounds with -OH group attached to an
aromatic ring
 Examples:
 1. flavonoids (purple pigments)
 2. tannins (brownish coloration)
 3. lignins
 4. salicylic acid

7. How are medicinal plants
used?
 compress
 decoction
 essential oils
 extracts
 cloth soaked in warm or cool
herbal solution and applied
directly to injured areas
 tea made from bark, root,
seed and simmered for 20-
30 minutes
 derived from plants through
steam distillation or cold
pressing
 made by pressing plants and
soaking in alcohol or water
 plants put into vinegar and
left to stand for 2 or more

8.  infusion
 ointments
 poultices
 powder
 leaves, flowers and other
parts of the plants are
steeped, not boiled for 5-10
min. in hot water
 an extract,tea, pressed juice
or powdered from a herb is
added to a salve
 hot, soft mass of herbs
spread on cloth and applied
for up to 24 hours on areas
of the body

9. Ethnobotanical Approach
 1. A cosmological view of the universe is
incorporated
 2. A cultural context within which health
care is given
 3. A repertoire of pharmaceutical
substances is utilized

10. Comparison of diseases
 Indigenous
 GI 15%
 Derma 15%
 Inflam 12%
 Renal-blood11%
 Nervous 10%
 Antimicro 9%
 Ob/gyn 7%
 Cardivas 2%
 Western
 Nervous
29%
 Renal-blood
17%
 Ob/gyn
14%
 Antimi
12%
 Cardiovas

11. Comparison bet. herbal
medicines and
conventional drugs
 Conventional
 based on isolated
chemicals
 many made
synthetically
 not part of the
natural energy
cycle and so are
deficient in energy
 Herbal medicine
 based on whole
plant
 all are natural
 are energy rich as
they use the sun's
energy

12.  use unnaturally
high concentrations
of chemicals
 more dramatic in
their action
 lower the vitality of
the body
 use natural
substances
 are slower to work
 enhance vitality of
the body

13. Selected medicinal
plants developed
from Ethnobotanical
sources

14. Cinchona sp. (Rubiaceae)

15.  source of quinine
 bark used against malaria
 malaria is the world's greatest killer
 Cinchona was discovered by the Jesuits in
South America used by the Indians

16. Filipendula ulmaria
(Rosaceae)

17.  Source of salicylic acid
 bark is boiled but very bitter and can
cause stomach ache
 no. 1 used for aches and pains and
resulted to aspirin

18. Rauvolfia sp.
(Apocynaceae)

19.  used by the Hindu people of Nepal and
India
 originally used to treat snakebites because
the root resembled a snake
 is now used to treat hypertension due to
the chemical reserpine

20. Atropa belladonna
(Solanaceae)

21.  also called deadly nightshade because it is
very poisonous
 women use drops from the leaves to make
their pupils expand and produce wide-
eyed, innocent look
 used to treat glaucoma

22. Erythroxylum coca
(Erythroxylaceae)

23.  coca leaves
 used by Peruvians to control hunger
 source of cocaine which act on the central
nervous system so that the coca chewer
feel invigorated and relatively immune to
fatigue and hunger

24. Papaver somniferum
(Papaveraceae)

25.  Opium
 called “joy plant” b the Sumerians
 Arabs brought the plant to China
 no. 1 choice as an analgesic in the form of
morphine and codeine(very potent
alkaloids)

26. Digitalis purpurea
(Scrophulariaceae)

27.  contains digitoxin and digoxin
 used for atrial fibrillation or irregular
heartbeats

28. Ephedra sinica
(Ephedraceae)

29.  part used are the stems
 contain ephedrine
 also called ma huang in China
 stimulates the central nervous system and
may decrease appetite and elevate mood

30. Syzygium aromaticum
(Myrtaceae)

31.  contains eugenol which cures toothache
 very aromatic and can be used as spice

32. Physostigma venenosum
(Fabaceae)

33. Pilocarpus jaborandi
(Rutaceae)

34.  source of physostigmine and pilocarpine
respectively
 both used for glaucoma

35. Camellia sinensis
(Theaceae)

36.  active ingredient: caffeine
 stimulant
 contain theophylline which is a diuretic and
used for asthma
 also contain essential oils that are good
antibacterial and antifungal agents

37. Catharanthus roseus
(Apocynaceae)

38.  important chemicals are vinblastine and
vincristine
 used in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease
and pediatric leukemia

39. Cannabis sativa
(Cannabaceae)

40.  active ingredient is THC
(tetrahydrocannabinol)
 used as an anti-emetic

41. Philippine Medicinal
Plants (DOH)
 Akapulko (Cassia alata)

42. Ampalaya( Momordica
charantia)

43. Banaba (Lagerstroemia
speciosa)

44. Bawang, Bauang / Garlic
(Allium sativum)

45. Bayabas (Psidium
guajava)

46. Ginger (Zingiber
officinale)

47. Gumamela (Hibiscus
rosa-sinensis Linn)

48. Lagundi (Vitex negundo)

49. Oregano (Origanum
vulgare)

50. Pansit-Pansitan
(Peperomia pellucida
Linn.)

51. Sabila or Aloe Vera
(Aloe barbadensis)

52. Sambong (Blumea
balsamifera L.)

53. Milk Thistle (Silybum
marianum)

54. Tsaang Gubat or Wild Tea
(Ehretia microphylla
Lam.)

55. Yerba Buena (Mentha
spicata)