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37
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား
ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား

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ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ  (ဂါမဏိ ဘာသာျပန္သည္)ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ  (ဂါမဏိ ဘာသာျပန္သည္)
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ (ဂါမဏိ ဘာသာျပန္သည္)ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလႈပ္ရွားမႈသမုိင္း ကိုဗဟိန္းမွသည္ ေက်ာ္ကိုကုိအထိ – ေအာင...
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလႈပ္ရွားမႈသမုိင္း ကိုဗဟိန္းမွသည္ ေက်ာ္ကိုကုိအထိ – ေအာင...ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလႈပ္ရွားမႈသမုိင္း ကိုဗဟိန္းမွသည္ ေက်ာ္ကိုကုိအထိ – ေအာင...
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလႈပ္ရွားမႈသမုိင္း ကိုဗဟိန္းမွသည္ ေက်ာ္ကိုကုိအထိ – ေအာင...ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳသမိုင္း (ေအာင္ေဝး)
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳသမိုင္း (ေအာင္ေဝး)ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳသမိုင္း (ေအာင္ေဝး)
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳသမိုင္း (ေအာင္ေဝး)ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံလုံးဆိုင္ရာေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္၏ ႏိုင္ငံေရး သုံးသပ္ခ်က္ စာတမ္း
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံလုံးဆိုင္ရာေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္၏ ႏိုင္ငံေရး သုံးသပ္ခ်က္ စာတမ္းျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံလုံးဆိုင္ရာေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္၏ ႏိုင္ငံေရး သုံးသပ္ခ်က္ စာတမ္း
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံလုံးဆိုင္ရာေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္၏ ႏိုင္ငံေရး သုံးသပ္ခ်က္ စာတမ္းဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတိုးတက္ေရး အျခားနည္းလမ္းမ်ား
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတိုးတက္ေရး အျခားနည္းလမ္းမ်ားျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတိုးတက္ေရး အျခားနည္းလမ္းမ်ား
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတိုးတက္ေရး အျခားနည္းလမ္းမ်ားဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
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ျမန္မာ့မင္းခမ္းေတာ္မ်ားႏွင့္အမ်ိဳးသားျပတိုက္တြင္ ျပသထားေသာ နန္းတြင္းသံုး ေရႊထ...ျမန္မာ့မင္းခမ္းေတာ္မ်ားႏွင့္အမ်ိဳးသားျပတိုက္တြင္ ျပသထားေသာ နန္းတြင္းသံုး ေရႊထ...
ျမန္မာ့မင္းခမ္းေတာ္မ်ားႏွင့္အမ်ိဳးသားျပတိုက္တြင္ ျပသထားေသာ နန္းတြင္းသံုး ေရႊထ...ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဗိသုကာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း – တကၠသိုလ္ေန၀င္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဗိသုကာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း – တကၠသိုလ္ေန၀င္းျပည္ေထာင္စုဗိသုကာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း – တကၠသိုလ္ေန၀င္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဗိသုကာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း – တကၠသိုလ္ေန၀င္းဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ျပည္ေထာင္စုေရြးေကာက္ပြဲေကာ္မရွင္ဥပေဒ
ျပည္ေထာင္စုေရြးေကာက္ပြဲေကာ္မရွင္ဥပေဒျပည္ေထာင္စုေရြးေကာက္ပြဲေကာ္မရွင္ဥပေဒ
ျပည္ေထာင္စုေရြးေကာက္ပြဲေကာ္မရွင္ဥပေဒဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုင္ရာ တပိုင္းတစအျမင္ ရဲေဘာ္ေက်ာ္သန္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုင္ရာ တပိုင္းတစအျမင္ ရဲေဘာ္ေက်ာ္သန္းျပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုင္ရာ တပိုင္းတစအျမင္ ရဲေဘာ္ေက်ာ္သန္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုင္ရာ တပိုင္းတစအျမင္ ရဲေဘာ္ေက်ာ္သန္းဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ျပည္ေထာင္စု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ျပန္တမ္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ျပန္တမ္းျပည္ေထာင္စု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ျပန္တမ္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ျပန္တမ္းဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 

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ဝဏၰသီရိ   ညီေတာ္အာနႏၵာ၏တစ္သက္တာမွတ္တမ္း(ဒု)ဝဏၰသီရိ   ညီေတာ္အာနႏၵာ၏တစ္သက္တာမွတ္တမ္း(ဒု)
ဝဏၰသီရိ ညီေတာ္အာနႏၵာ၏တစ္သက္တာမွတ္တမ္း(ဒု)
 
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လူထုဦးလွ စစ္အခ်ဳပ္ႏွင့္ေထာင္
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လူထုတုိက္ပဲြ ေျမေအာက္လက္စြဲ – မုိးသီးဇြန္ – နစ္ေနမန္း – ခင္မမမ်ဳိး
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လူထုတုိက္ပဲြ ေျမေအာက္လက္စြဲ – မုိးသီးဇြန္ – နစ္ေနမန္း – ခင္မမမ်ဳိး
 
လူထုစိန္၀င္း အစိုးရကမိဘလား ျပည္သူက မိဘလား
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ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ
 
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ (ဂါမဏိ ဘာသာျပန္သည္)
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ  (ဂါမဏိ ဘာသာျပန္သည္)ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ  (ဂါမဏိ ဘာသာျပန္သည္)
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ (ဂါမဏိ ဘာသာျပန္သည္)
 
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလႈပ္ရွားမႈသမုိင္း ကိုဗဟိန္းမွသည္ ေက်ာ္ကိုကုိအထိ – ေအာင...
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလႈပ္ရွားမႈသမုိင္း ကိုဗဟိန္းမွသည္ ေက်ာ္ကိုကုိအထိ – ေအာင...ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလႈပ္ရွားမႈသမုိင္း ကိုဗဟိန္းမွသည္ ေက်ာ္ကိုကုိအထိ – ေအာင...
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလႈပ္ရွားမႈသမုိင္း ကိုဗဟိန္းမွသည္ ေက်ာ္ကိုကုိအထိ – ေအာင...
 
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳသမိုင္း (ေအာင္ေဝး)
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳသမိုင္း (ေအာင္ေဝး)ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳသမိုင္း (ေအာင္ေဝး)
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳသမိုင္း (ေအာင္ေဝး)
 
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံလုံးဆိုင္ရာေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္၏ ႏိုင္ငံေရး သုံးသပ္ခ်က္ စာတမ္း
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံလုံးဆိုင္ရာေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္၏ ႏိုင္ငံေရး သုံးသပ္ခ်က္ စာတမ္းျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံလုံးဆိုင္ရာေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္၏ ႏိုင္ငံေရး သုံးသပ္ခ်က္ စာတမ္း
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံလုံးဆိုင္ရာေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္၏ ႏိုင္ငံေရး သုံးသပ္ခ်က္ စာတမ္း
 
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတိုးတက္ေရး အျခားနည္းလမ္းမ်ား
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတိုးတက္ေရး အျခားနည္းလမ္းမ်ားျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတိုးတက္ေရး အျခားနည္းလမ္းမ်ား
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတိုးတက္ေရး အျခားနည္းလမ္းမ်ား
 
ျမန္မာ့မင္းခမ္းေတာ္မ်ားႏွင့္အမ်ိဳးသားျပတိုက္တြင္ ျပသထားေသာ နန္းတြင္းသံုး ေရႊထ...
ျမန္မာ့မင္းခမ္းေတာ္မ်ားႏွင့္အမ်ိဳးသားျပတိုက္တြင္ ျပသထားေသာ နန္းတြင္းသံုး ေရႊထ...ျမန္မာ့မင္းခမ္းေတာ္မ်ားႏွင့္အမ်ိဳးသားျပတိုက္တြင္ ျပသထားေသာ နန္းတြင္းသံုး ေရႊထ...
ျမန္မာ့မင္းခမ္းေတာ္မ်ားႏွင့္အမ်ိဳးသားျပတိုက္တြင္ ျပသထားေသာ နန္းတြင္းသံုး ေရႊထ...
 
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဗိသုကာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း – တကၠသိုလ္ေန၀င္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဗိသုကာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း – တကၠသိုလ္ေန၀င္းျပည္ေထာင္စုဗိသုကာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း – တကၠသိုလ္ေန၀င္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဗိသုကာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း – တကၠသိုလ္ေန၀င္း
 
ျပည္ေထာင္စုေရြးေကာက္ပြဲေကာ္မရွင္ဥပေဒ
ျပည္ေထာင္စုေရြးေကာက္ပြဲေကာ္မရွင္ဥပေဒျပည္ေထာင္စုေရြးေကာက္ပြဲေကာ္မရွင္ဥပေဒ
ျပည္ေထာင္စုေရြးေကာက္ပြဲေကာ္မရွင္ဥပေဒ
 
ျပည္ေထာင္စုလႊတ္ေတာ္ဆိုင္ရာဥပေဒ
ျပည္ေထာင္စုလႊတ္ေတာ္ဆိုင္ရာဥပေဒျပည္ေထာင္စုလႊတ္ေတာ္ဆိုင္ရာဥပေဒ
ျပည္ေထာင္စုလႊတ္ေတာ္ဆိုင္ရာဥပေဒ
 
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုင္ရာ တပိုင္းတစအျမင္ ရဲေဘာ္ေက်ာ္သန္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုင္ရာ တပိုင္းတစအျမင္ ရဲေဘာ္ေက်ာ္သန္းျပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုင္ရာ တပိုင္းတစအျမင္ ရဲေဘာ္ေက်ာ္သန္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုင္ရာ တပိုင္းတစအျမင္ ရဲေဘာ္ေက်ာ္သန္း
 
ျပည္ေထာင္စု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ျပန္တမ္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ျပန္တမ္းျပည္ေထာင္စု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ျပန္တမ္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ျပန္တမ္း
 

ျပည္ခုိင္ၿဖဳိး (သုိ႔) စစ္အာဏာရွင္၏ ေဒါက္တုိင္မ်ား

  • 1.
  • 2. jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; pmtk y f t rnf jynfcdkif+zdK; odk@r[kwf ppftm%m&Sifpepf. a'gufwdkifrsm; xk w f a 0onf h c k E S p f / v 2008 ckEp/f rwfv S tk y f a & 500/ yxrt}udrf pmtk y f ' D Zd k i f ; /tjyif t qif NDD-DRD a&;om;/ xk w f a 0/ jzef @ csd okawoeESifhrSwfwrf;wifXme 'Drdkua&pDESifhzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk quf o G , f & ef v d y f p m NDD-DRD P.O Box 179 Mae Sot, Tak 63110, Thailand ndddrd07@csloxinfo.com 2
  • 3. m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk rmwdum pmrsufESm trS m pm ed ' gef ; 7 tcef ; (1)? jynfaxmifp}k uH@cia&;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;toif;zG@J pnf;yk? kd f H 9 9 tcef ; (2)? toif;om;opf wd;k cs@J paqmif;jcif;enf;AsL[mrsm;ESihf ynma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ k use;f rma&;tygt0if tjcm;u¾rsm;wGif toGitrsK;d rsK;d jzifh f 0ifa&muf pGuzufvm;jcif;? f -ynma&;u¾ -pD;yGm;a&;u¾ -tpd;k &Xmersm; -twdutcHtiftm;pkrsm; k f 12 tcef ; (3)? jynfwi;f vlrtzG@J tpnf;rsm;tm; toGitrsK;d rsK;d jzifh xde;f csKyfvmjcif;? G _ f -jynfo@l tusKd ;awmfaqmif -jrefrmEdiitwGi;f &Sd Ediiwumat*siprsm; kfH kfH fD -twkta,mif vlxaxmufcyrsm;/ vlpva0;yGrsm;ESihf k H JG k l J qef@usi&wcsyrsm; f _ f JG -tusiysuvmbfpm;r_rsm; hf f 26 26 28 33 tcef ; (4)? jynfci+f zdK;toif;. Ediia&;t=urf;zufrrsm;? kd kfH _ -pGr;f tm;&Sirsm; f -jynfo@l ppfrsm;/ vk+H cKHa&;wyfz@JG rsm; -axmufvr;f a&;ESihf owif;ay;rsm; S -vlom;rqefpm t=urf;zuf&uEurrsm; G dk f S f _ -bmoma&;yÉdyuQrsm; ay:ayguvmatmif f 47 47 49 51 55 58 12 15 16 20 20 35 44 3
  • 4. jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; zefw;D vkyaqmifjcif; f -a&$0ga&mifawmfvea&; Sf -vlra&;ESihf bmoma&;qdi&m tcrf;tem;rsm;/ v_y&m;r_rsm; _ kf fS wGif [ef@wm;aESmuf,urrsm; S f_ -a':atmifqef;pk=unfEitzG@J csKyf. pnf;&k;H a&;c&D;pOftwGi;f S hf [ef@wm;aESmuf,urrsm; S f_ tcef ; (5)? jynfci+f zdK;toif;. tem*wf Ediia&;pDrcsursm;? kd kfH H f -Ediia&;tjyiftqif kfH -jynfci+f zdK;ESihf Ediiwumtajctae kd kfH -trsK;d om;nDvmcH 4 63 64 68 70 78 78 78 80 81
  • 5. m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk trS m pm e0wppftpdk;&u 1990 arv taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ.&vm'fudk vpfvsL&_ ausmcdi;f cJt+yD; 1993 ckEp/f pufwbFm(15)&ufae@wif jynfci+f zdK; ac: jynfaxmifp}k uH@cif k h S G kd kd a&;ESiz@HG +zdK;a&;toif;udk pwifz@JG pnf;xlaxmifcjhJ cif; jzpfygonf? trsKd ;om;a&;toif;}uD; hf tjzpfEihf yGxwxm;aomfvnf; xdtoif;}uD;. A[dem,utzG@J / twGi;f a&;rSL;tzG@J Eihf S J k f k k S A[dtvkytr_aqmif tzG@J 0iftm;vH;k rSm tm%modr;f ppfAvcsKyrsm;jzpfa=umif; awG@&&onf? k f kd f f Sd jynfcdkif+zdK;toif;udk jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmf t"Gef@&Snf=umpGm wnfwef@ cdi+f rJa&;/ wdi;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm; csp=f unfa&;/ EdiiawmftcsKyftjcmtm%mESihf e,fajrwnf k k kfH wH@ci+f ra&;/ Ediiawmfz@HG +zKd ;wd;k wufa&;ESihf at;csr;f om,maom acwfrEiiawmf}u;D ay:ayguf kd J kfH D kd f H vma&;twGuf umuG,apmifa&Smuf&ef t"dÏmefjyKv#uf zG@J pnf;xlaxmifxm;onf[k qdk f h aomfvnf; vufawG@wirl jynfci+f zKd ;toif;onf ppftm%m&Sipepf t"Ge@f &n=f umpGm wnf Gf kd f S wH@ci+f rJa&;twGuf a'guwitjzpfEiom toH;k cscc&onfukd awG@&&ayonf? kd f kd f S hf H hJ Sd jynfci+f zdK;toif;onf ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;ESihf Edii0efxrf;rsm;tygt0if kd kfH vlxvwef;pm; tv$mtoD;oD;udk rrSeuefaom enf;vrf;rsKd ;pHjk zifh twif;t=uyfor;f oGi;f k l f d zG@J pnf;xm; toif;tzG@J wpfck jzpfonf@tjyif ppftpd;k &.vky&yfrsm;udk enf;rsKd ;pHjk zifh axmufcH f 0ef; &Hay;a&;/ twdutcHEiia&;orm;rsm;udk t=urf;zufwucurrsm;tygt0if enf;rsKd ; k f kd f H kd f kd f _ pHjk zifh qef@usiwucua&;/ wd@k uom wpdurwfrwf vkyaqmifay;cJ&a=umif; awG@&&ayonf? f kd f kd f kd k f f h Sd jynfo@l 0efxrf;tm;vH;k ygwEiia&;ESihf uif;&Si;f &rnf[k twif;t=uyf vufrwf D kd f H S a&;xd;k cdi;f cJaom ppftpd;k &onf ,cktcg jynfo@l 0efxrf;trsm;pk yg0ifaeaom jynfci+f zdK; k h kd toif;tm; Ediia&;ygwwcktjzpf ajymif;vJz@JG pnf;&ef ajcvSr;f jyifv#u&onf? 2005 ckEpf kfH D f Sd S 'DZifbm(6)&ufae@wif &efue+f rKd @ wuUov&yomvrf;opf&Sd jynfci+f zKd ;A[dXmecsKyfY usi;f y G k kd f d f kd k jyKvkycaom owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGwif jynfci+f zdK;taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; AdvcsKyfaX;OD; u f hJ J G kd k f Ediia&;tajctaeESihf vlxqENtay:rlwnf+y;D jynfci+f zKd ;toif;udk Ediia&;ygwtjzpf ajymif; kfH k kd kfH D vJz@JG pnf;aumif; zG@J pnf;&rnf[k xkwaz:ajymqdconf@tjyif wdi;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nD!wa&; f k hJ k G f ygwD (wpn). taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; (AdvrLS ;}u;D a[mif;) OD;cifarmif}u;D uvnf; jynfcif k f kd +zdK;toif;onf 2010 ckEpf taxGaxGa&G;aumufywif Ediia&;toGiaqmifaom toif; S JG G k f H f tzG@J tjzpf ul;ajymif;+y;D yg0if,O+f yKd i&eftpDtpOf&onf[k ,ckEpf azaz:0g&vtwGi;f 'Dyat S f Sd S D D *smrefowif;Xmeod@k xkwaz:ajymqdconfukd awG@&&onf? f k hJ Sd ,ckvnf; etzppftpd;k &u 4if;wd@k . zG@J pnf;yHtajccHOya'(rl=urf;)udk vmrnf@ k arvwGif jynfv;kH u|wf qENc,yjJG zifh twnfjyKrnf@ausnmcsuEihf 2010 ckEpwif taxGaxG H l fS Sf G a&G;aumufyopfjyKvkyrnf@ ausnmcsursm;udk xkwjf yefconf@ azaz:0g&v(9)&ufae@rpI JG f f hJ D S 5
  • 6. jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; jynfci+f zdK;toif;onf etz. zG@J pnf;yHtajccHOya'(rl=urf;)udk jynfovxwpf&yfv;kH rS kd k l l k axmufcray;=u&ef wpfjynfv;kH wGif enf;rsKd ;pHjk zifh pnf;&H;k v_y&m;v#u&onf? tqdyg Oya'udk HJ fS f Sd k qef@usiuef@uurnf@orsm;udvnf; enf;rsKd ;pHjk zifh +cdr;f ajcmuf[ef@wm;r_rsm; jyKvkyv#u&Sd f G f l k f f onfuawG@ &onf? 4if;tjyif 2010ckEpf taxGaxGa&G;aumufyY 0ifa&muf,O+f ydKif&ef t kd S JG S wGuf a'ocHjynfovxtay: =oZmanmif;aom jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;. trnfpm&if;rsm;udk l l k kd vnf; }uKd wifjyKpkv#u&onf? f Sd 'Drua&pDEiz@HG +zdK;wd;k wufa&;tiftm;pk. okawoeESihf rSwwrf;wifXme (NDDkd S hf f DRD) taejzifh jynfci+f zKd ;toif;. v_y&m;aqmif&urrsm;ESiywfoufonf@ rSwwrf;rSw&m kd fS G f_ hf f f rsm;udk pepfwus pkaqmif;+y;D rSwwrf;wifxm;cJonftjyif xl;jcm;csursm;udvnf; tywfpOf f h h f k jynfwi;f owif;oH;k oyfcsuf (Weekly Inside News Commentary) rsm;jzifh tcgtm;av#mf G pGm oH;k oyfaz: jycJonf? jynfci+f zKd ;toif;. twGi;f o&kyrersm;udk EdiiwumrS avhvmod&Eif h kd fSf kfH Sd kd ap&eftwGuf “The White Shirts” trnf&Sd pmwrf;wpfapmifukd 2006 ckEp/f arvwGif S t*Fvybmomjzifh xkwa0jzef@csc+hJ yD; jzpfygonf? d f f d ,ckwpf}udrwivnf; “jynfci+f zdK; od@k r[kwf ppftm%m&Sipepf.a'guwirsm;” f Gf kd f f kd f trnf&Sd pmwrf;udk jrefrmbmomjzifh a&;om;jyKpkI jzef@a0vduygonf? &nf&,csurm k f G f f S jynfci+f zdK;toif;wGif ta=umif;trsKd ;rsKd ;a=umifh yg0ifae=u&olrsm;tygt0if jrefrmjynfol kd wpf&yfv;kH taejzifh ppftm%m&Sirsm;u jynfci+f zdK;toif;tm; rnfonf@&nf&,csujf zifh f kd G f zG@J pnf;ay;xm;+yD; rnfo@kd toH;k csaeonfukd trSetwdi;f / t&dtwdi;f / odjrifoabmayguf f k S k em;vnfvm=u+y;D trSm;trSeukd a0befyi;f jcm; qH;k jzwfEiap&ef &nf&,yga=umif; rdwquf f kd kd f G f f wifjytyfygonf? okawoeESihf rSwwrf;wifXme f 'Drua&pDEihf zG@H +zdK;wd;k wufa&;tiftm;pk kd S 2008 ckEp/f rwfv (1)&uf S 6
  • 7. m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk ed ' gef ; 1990 jynfEp/f jrefrmEdiitaxGtaxGa&G;aumufywif rJtjywftowfjzifh tEdi& hS kfH JG G kf &Scaom trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf. a&G;aumufy&vm'fukd ppftpd;k &u todtrSwf rjyKcJh d hJ kd JG ay? xd@k tjyif ppftpd;k &onf ‚if;wd@k csKyuixm;aomtm%m qufvufwnf+rap&eftwGuf f kd f J jynfovxukd enf;rsK;d pkjH zifh pnf;¶H;k odr;f oGi;f &ef jynfci+f zdK; (ac: ) jynfaxmifpk }uhcia&;ESihf l l k kd H kd f zG+H zdK;a&;toif;udk zG@J pnf;wnfaxmifconf? jynfxa&;0ef}uD;XmewGif rSwwrf;wif&mY hJ J f jynfo@l tusK;d udk o,fy;kd aqmif&u&ef vlra&;tzG@J tpnf;wpfctaejzifom rSwywifcaomf G f _ k h f kH hJ Gf l l k _ vnf; vufawG@wir_ jynfovxtm; t=urf;zuf/ +cdr;f ajcmufrrsm;a=umifh emrnfq;kd jzihf ausm=f um;vmchonf? J jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J ukd zG@J pnf;jcif;jzifh vlxvwef;pm;ESihf t&yfom;v_y&m;r_tm;vk;H ukd kd k l fS csKyfui+f y;D aemiftem*wf Armjynf.Ekiia&;udk xde;f csKyf&ef }uKd ;yrf;cJonf? jynfci+f zKd ;tzJ@G u kd dfH h kd OD;aqmif+yD; etzppftpd;k &. vrf;jyajrykaxmufca&;ESihf vlxpnf;¶k;H a&;vkyief;rsm;udk vkyf H H k f aqmifconf? wcsewnf;Yyif vlxacgi;f aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; yk*Kd~ vfa&; ykwf hJ d f k cwfrrsm;udvnf; vkyaqmifconftjyif *smr%DemZDygw. &Sy!wyfz@JG uo@kd vlru/f vl&rf; _ k f hJ h D f dk hJ kd um;tvkyrsm;udyg vkyaqmifconf? f k f hJ jynfci+f zKd ;toif;onf ppftm%m&Sipepf oufq;kd &Snapa&;twGuf jynfovx. kd f f l l k ae@pOfb0rsm;udk enf;trsK;d trsK;d jzifh xde;f csKyf&ef tm;xkw}f udK;yrf;cJonf? jrefrmjynf. h ynma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlra&;e,fy,frsm;tay:wGivnf; ‚if;wd@k . =oZmvGr;f rd;k r_ rsm;pGm _ f &Saeonf? jrefrmhvabmiftzG@J tpnf; wpfcv;Hk udvnf; tm%m&SippfAvrsm;. pdwwi;f us d l k k f kd f f kd jyefvnfz@JG pnf;&ef }uKd ;yrf;cJonf? txl;ojzifh jrefrmEdiitwGi;f twkutcHtiftm;pkrsm;ESihf h kfH d f 'Drua&pDa&;v_y&m;olrsm;udk qef@usionfh Ediia&;t=urf;zufrtrsm;pkwif jynfci+f zdK; kd f S f kfH _ G kd toif;u ud,wiu,us yg0ifywfywfconfukd awG@&onf? TuJo@kd vlruqefqef &rf; k f kd f kd f hJ h kd f um;onf@tjyKtr_rsm;onf ,ae@ jrefrmjynfv@l tzG@J tpnf;twGi;f ysE@HS v#u&aeaom t H f dS a=umufw&m;rsm;. t"du tajccHta=umif;w&m;rsm; jzpfayonf? jrefrmppftpd;k &onf ‚if;wd@k . vufuiwwf jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J ukd tok;H jyKI jynfol kd f k dk rsm;t=um; ta=umufw&m;v$r;f rd;k aeatmif rnfo@kd yif pDrzef;wD;xm;cJaomfvnf; jrefrm H h jynfwi;f &Sd 'Drua&pDa&;v_y&m;olrsm;ESihf omrefjynforsm;onf taESmiftzG@J uif;aom vGwf G kd fS l vyfrtppftrSeukd &,l&ef qH;k jzwfc=hJ uonf? 8 av;vk;H vlxta&;awmfy}Hk u;D ESihf 2007 ckEp/f _ f k S =o*kw/f pufwifbmvrsm;twGi;f ay:ayguconf Ak'bmom &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm; OD;aqmif f hJ < cJonfh a&$0ga&mifawmfvea&;}uD;onf xif&m;onf@ oufaoom"ursm;jzpfconf? h Sf S hJ jynfci+f zdK;toif;}uD;. xdyyi;f &mxl;rsm;udvnf; ppftm%m&Sif etz ppfAvf kd f kd k kd 7
  • 8. jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; csKyfrsm;u &,lxm;onfukd awG@&&onf? jynfci+f zKd ;toif;onf etz ppftm%m&Sirsm;ESihf dS kd f wom;wnf; jzpfaeojzifh jynfci+f zKd ;toif;u vkyaqmifaom t=urf;zufrrsm;ESihf vl@tcGihf dk f _ ta&;csKd ;azmufrreor#onf tm%m&Sippftpd;k &rS usL;vGecsK;d azmufjcif;om jzpfayonf? _Sf f f ‘ud,tm;ud,u;kd ud,0efu,xrf;jcif;onf oef@pifrejf rwf+y;D a&&Snwnfwef@ k hf k f k hf kd f G f cdi+f rJygonf? xd@k a=umifh toif;.&HyaiGukd toif;om;wd@k . pkaygi;f vkytm;jzifh &SmazGo;Hk pGJ k Hk f rnf’[k jynfci+f zdK;toif;. tajccHpnf;rsO;f rsm;t& tajccHrY jyXmef;xm;onf? od@k &mwGif kd l vufawG@tm;jzihf ‚if;wd@k . ud,yip;D yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;wGivnf;aumif;/ toif;&HyaiG &SmazG k f dk f f f Hk ok;H pG&mYvnf;aumif;/ wdi;f jynf.b¾maiGrsm;ESihf &ky0wˆKrsm;udk &,lo;Hk pGjJ cif;/ &if;ES;D jrKyfEI J k f HS tusK;d tjrwf&mazGjcif;ESihf tqifqifaom ppftpd;k &,E ,m;wd@k . yHy;kd ulnrj_ zifom vkyuif S h h W h D h f kd aqmif&uv#u&onfukd aw@&ayonf?1 G f f dS G etzppftpd;k &u }uKd ;udixm;onfh trsKd ;om;nDomcHukd ,H=k unfaxmufca=umif; kf H jyo&ef vlpva0;yGrsm;udk jynfci+f zdK;toif;u wpfjynfv;kH Y OD;aqmifusi;f ycJonf? jynfol k l J kd h vlxtm; twif;t=uyfwufa&mufap&ef +cr;f ajcmufci;f apr_rsm;wGif wufºupmyg0ifconf? k d dk GG hJ rnfo@kd yifjzpfap jynfci+f zdK;toif;udk Ediia&;ygwwpfctoGif ajymif;vJz@JG pnf;&ef tvm; kd kfH D k tvmESiywfowfI txl;pd;k &drp&mjzpfae+yD; xdvyaqmifrreor#onf etz ppfAvcsKyf hf f k kf _Sf kd f rsm;twGuf tm%mudk qufvufcsKyuixm;Edi&ef }uKd yrf;tm;xkwjf cif;om jzpfayvdrrnf? f kd f kf hf trnfcH t&yfom;tpd;k &wpfcukd [efjyzG@J pnf;Edia&;twGuf OD;wnfaejcif;om jzpfayonf? k kf ppftpd;k & oufq;kd &Snaeor#umvywfv;Hk vltcGita&;csK;d azmufrrsm;vnf; qufvuf f hf _ jzpfay:ae+yD; jynforsm;taejzifh tzdEycb0rS vGwajrmuf&mvrf; &Svrrnf r[kway? l dS f H f d d hf f ,ckwifjyxm;aom pmwrf;wGif jynfci+f zKd ;toif; zG@J pnf;wnfaqmufy/kH toif;0if dk pkaqmif;ykH pkaqmif;enf;rsm;/ jynfci+f zKd ;ESihf EkiiwumtzG@J tpnf;rsm;.tajctae/ jynfci+f zKd ; kd dfH kd toif;. tem*gwEiia&;&yfwnfcsu/f vlpva0;yGrsm;/ ombma&; yÉdyuQrsm;ESihf t=urf; f kd f H k l J zufwucurrsm;jzpfay:vmatmif zefw;D vkyaqmifaeykrsm;udk vufvr;f rDor# wifjyxm; kd f dk f _ f H S ygonf? Tpmwrf;udkzwf&_jcif;tm;jzifh jynfolvlxktaejzifh jynfaxmifpk}uH@cdkifa&;ESifh zG@H +zKd ;a&;toif;. Zmwdo&kyreukd ud,wiu,us avhvmod&cihf &&Svrrnfjzpfayonf? fSf k f kd f kd f dS G d d hf jynfci+f zdK;toif;tm; axmufctm;ay;aejcif;onf jynfovxtm; zdEyaeaom etz kd H l l k dS f ppftpd;k &udk axmufcaejcif;omjzpfa=umif; od&vmayvdrrnf? wqufwnf;Yyif jynfovl H dS hf l xktm;vk;H Ekiia&;tod Ed;k =um;vm+y;D +ir;f csr;f a&;ESihf 'Drua&pDyef;wdiopfqo@kd wnDw!$wf dfH d kd kf D wnf; av#mufvr;f Edi=f urnf jzpfayonf? S k 8
  • 9. m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk tcef ; (1) jynf a xmif p k } uH @ cd k i f a &;ES i f h z G H @ +zd K ;a&;toif ; zG J @ pnf ; yk H ? jynfci+f zdK; (ac: ) jynfaxmifp}k uhcia&;ESiz+HG zdK;a&;toif;udk 1993 ckEp/f pufwif kd H kd f hf S bmv 15 &ufae@wif toif;tzG@J zG@J pnf;a&;qdi&mOya' Association Law (SLORC Law G kf 6/88) atmufwif ppftpk;&u uruxjyKI zG@J pnf;wnfaxmifcjhJ cif; jzpfonf? jynfxa&; G d J 0ef}uD;XmewGif rSwwrf;wif&mY jynfotusK;d udk o,fy;kd aqmif&urnf@ vlra&;tzG@J wpfck f l G f _ taejzifom rSwywifcaomfvnf; wu,fvufawG@wirl ppftm%m&Sif oufq;kd &Snapa&; h f kH hJ h Gf f twGuf w&m;0ifygwwpfctoGif zefw;D +yD; Ediia&;avmuxJo@kd 0ifa&muf&ef ajcvSr;f jyif D k kfH ae+yD jzpfonf? 2005 ckEp/f 'DZifbmv (6)&ufae@ eHeufyi;f &efue+f rKd @/ wuUov&yomvrf;&Sd S dk k kd f d f jynfci+f zKd ; A[dXmecsKywif jyKvyconfh owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGwif jynfci+f zKd ; taxGaxGtwGi;f kd k f G k f hJ J G kd a&;rSL; OD;aX;OD; (ac: ) AdvcsKyfaX;OD;u Ekiia&;tajctaeESihf vlxqENtay:rlwnf+y;D tzG@J 0if k f dfH k (22)oef;ausm&aom jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J ukd Ekiia&;ygwwpf&yftjzpf ajymif;vJz@JG pnf;aumif; f dS kd dfH D zG@J pnf;rnf[k t&dytjrGuf ajym=um;cJonf? f h wqufwnf;Yyif toif;.pkz@JG y/Hk avhusioif=um;ay;ykEihf v_y&m;r_rsm;t& etz hf HS fS ppftpd;k &onf ‚if;wd@k .tm%mwnf+rJa&;twGuf jynfci+f zdK;toif;udk Ekiia&;awmifyH kd dfH (Political Wing) wpfctaejzifh tok;cs&ef&nf&,+f yD; zG@J pnf;cJonfrm xif&m;ayonf? k H G h S S jynfci+f zdK;toif;tm; A[dem,uESifh em,utzG@J rsm;/ taxGtaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;/ dk k wGzuftwGi;f a&;rSL;/ A[ktvkyraqmifaumfrwDEihf t+rJwrf;tzG@J 0ifrsm;jzifh zG@J pnf;xm; J d f _ S onf? txl;ojzifh A[dem,utzG@J 0ifrsm;wGif wyfrawmfumuG,a&;OD;pD;csKyf/ 'kw,wyfr k f d awmfumuG,a&;OD;pD;csKy/f umuG,a&;OD;pD;csKyf (=unf;)/ umuG,a&;OD;pD;csKy(av)/ umuG,f f f f f a&;OD;pD;csKyf(a&)/ ppfr[mAsL[m avhvma&;Xme}uD;rSL;/ ppfa&;csKyf/ ppfaxmufcsKyf/ ppfO;D pD; t&m&ScsKy(=unf;)ESihf ppfwi;f rSL;rsm;tm;vk;H yg0ifonfukd awG@&&onf? A[dem,utzG@J 0ifrsm; d f kd Sd k jzpf=uonfh ppfwi;f rSL;rsm;onf oufqi&m jynfe,fEiwi;f toif;rsm;wGif em,ursm; kd kd f S hf kd 2 jzpfae=uonfukd awG@&&onf? xd@k tjyif toif;. taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;/ twGi;f a&;rSL; Sd tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESihf A[dtvkytr_aqmifaumfrwDtzG@J 0ifrsm;udvnf; ppftpd;k & 0ef}uD;rsm;/ 'k k f k 0ef}uD;rsm;ESihf zG@J pnf;xm;onfukd awG@&onf? jynfci+f zKd ;toif;udk wdi;f tqif/h c¶ditqif/h +rKd @e,ftqif/h &yfuutqif/h aus;&Gm kd k kf G f tqif[I us,us,jf yef@jyef@ zG@J pnf;xm;+yD; toif;udk txufratmufo@kd qifuqifuJ h l f S h J h vkyyicitm%mtyfEi;f xm;aom zG@J pnf;ykrsKd ;jzifh vnfywfaqmif&uonf? od@k aomfvnf; f kd f G hf S H G f jynfci+f zdK;toif;. A[kXmecsKyfrS aus;&Gmrsm;&Stoif;cGrsm;txd &mxl;}uD;rsm;udk ppfwyf dk d d J 9
  • 10. jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; xdyyi;f t&m&S}d uD;rsm;uom qkyuixm;onf? xd@k jyif jynfci+f zdK;toif;onf jrefrmEdiiH f kd f kd f dk kf w0Sr;f vH;k &Sd aus;&Gm&yfuuf &,u OuUXrsm;ESihf +rdK@e,f r,u OuUXrsm;udvnf; vkyyicihf G k k f kd f G tm%mrsm; ay;tyfxm;onfukd awG@&onf? xdo@kd vkyyicitm%mrsm; ay;tyfxm;jcif; k f kd f G hf onf oufqdkif&mwm0ef&Sdolrsm;udk t=urf;zufr_rsm;/ vl@tcGifhta&;csdK;azmufr_rsm;ESifh vmbfay;vmbf,rrsm; ydrusL;vGevmap&ef wGe;f tm;ay;ouJo@kd jzpfaeonf? l _ k kd f h toif;.vkyief;rsm;udk ykrevy&m;aqmif&uEi&eftwGuf etztm%mydirsm; f HSf _fS G f kd f kf u &kyyi;f qdi&m taxmuftulypPn;f rsm;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;tcGitvrf;rsm;udk pDpOfaqmif&uay; f kd k f hf G f 3 kd k kf kd onf? jynfci+f zKd ;toif;¶H;k rsm;udvnf; toif;.e,ursm;jzpfaom a'oqdi&m ppfwi;f rSL; rsm;tjyif oufqi&m jynfe,f/ wdi;f wm0efcH A[dtvkytr_aqmifaumfrwDtzG@J 0if 0ef}u;D kd f k k f rsm;. yH@y;kd aqmif&urj_ zihf zG@J pnf;avh&onf? xd@k a=umifh jynfci+f zdK;toif;rsm;ESihf &H;k rsm;onf G f Sd kd ppftpd;k &. pD;yGm;a&;taxmuftyH@rsm;&&d+S yD; ykrevnfywf aqmif&uaeEdijf cif; jzpfonf? H S f G f k txufazmfjyyg zG@J pnf;ykrsm;udk =unfjh cif;tm;jzifh jynfci+f zdK;toif;onf etzppf H kd tm%m&Sirsm;u zG@J pnf;ay;xm;aom vufuiwwtzG@J wpfck taejzifomru etz tm f kd f k f h %m&Sirsm;ud,wif yg0ifaeaom tm%m&tzG@J tpnf;}u;D wpfck jzpfaeonfukd awG@Eionf? f k f dk kd f jynfci+f zdK;toif;. taxGaxGtwGi;f a&rSL;jzpfol v,f,mpduysK;d a&;ESihf qnf kd k f ajrmif;0ef}uD;Xme 0ef}uD; (AdvcsKyf)OD;aX;OD;u jynfci+f zdK;toif;. OD;wnfcsursm;onf EdiiH k f dk f kf awmf+ir0yfyjd ym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzG@J (e0w) (1997 ckEptxd ac:a0:ok;H pGcaom ppftpd;k & df Sf J hJ trnf). OD;wnfcsursm;ESihf tvm;wljzpfa=umif;/ toif; pwifz@JG pnf;wnfaxmif+yD; &uf f owWywftenf;i,ftwGi;f Y xkwazmfajymqdconf?4 f k hJ jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0ifrsm;tm;vH;k onf jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdiiEihf jrefrmEdiiom;wd@k dk kfHS kfH tm; opPm&S&ef/ 'd@k wm0efta&;oH;k yg;twdi;f vduemusi}hf uH&ef/ at;csr;f om,m+yD; acwfrD d k k f zG@H +zdK;wd;k wufaom Ediiawmfopf}uD;ay:xGe;f vm&ef/ r&yfrem; }udK;yrf;tm;xkw=f u&efEihf kfH S toif;}uD;.usi0wf(Code of Conducts)rsm;udk vduem&ef usr;f opPm useq=kd u&onf?5 hf k f df 'd@k wm0efta&;oH;k yg;rSm jynfaxmifpr+ydKuGa&;/ wdi;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nD!wr_ r+ydKuGa&;ESihf k J k $ f J tcsKyftcsmtm%mwnfwci+f rJa&; wd@k jzpfonf? jynfci+f zdK;toif;onf Ediia&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ hH dk dk kfH vlra&; OD;wnfcsu(12)&yf zG@H +zdK;wd;k wufa&;udvnf; OD;wnfaqmif&u&onf? jynfci+f zdK; _ f k G f kd toif;u csrwxm;aom tqdyg OD;wnfcsu(12)&yfEihf 'd@k wm0efta&; (3)yg;wd@k rm wu,f S f k f S S vufawG@wif tESpom&tm;jzifh uif;rJ+h yD; 0g'jzef@csa&;r#om jzpfayonf? G f d od@k aomfvnf; jynfci+f zdK;toif;onf Ediia&;ygwrsm;udk wduf¶u+f cdr;f ajcmufae kd kfH D k kd aom t=urf;zufrrsm; jzpfay:vmatmif toH;k jyKEdionfh tcsu(4)&yfyg jynfo@l oabm _ kf f xm;rsm;udk csrwconf? tqdyg jynfo@l oabmxm;(4)&yfrm jynfytm;ud;k ykqe¶;kd / tqd;k jrif S f hJ k S df 0g'rsm;tm; qef@usi=f u/ Ediiawmfat;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG@H +zKd ;wd;k wufa&;udk aESmif,uzsuf D kfH h S f 10
  • 11. m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk qD;olrsm;tm; qef@usi=f u/ Ediiawmf.jynfwi;f a&;udk 0ifa&mufpuzuf aESmuf,uaom kfH G G f S f jynfyEkiirsm;tm; qef@usi=f u/ jynfwi;f jynfy tzsuorm;rsm;tm; bH&efotjzpf owfrwf dfH G f k l S acsre;f =u [lIjzpfonf? jynfci+f zdK;toif;.vkyief;onf tqdyg tcsu(4)csuukd udiqI _ kd f k f f k f JG ppftpd;k &tm; xdyg;vmolreor#ukd tjrpfjywfacsre;f &efyif jzpfonf? S f _ jynfci+f zKd ;toif;udk ppftm%m&Sioufq;kd &Snap&efEihf ppftpd;k &tm; qef@usivm kd f f S f olrsm;udk wducuacsre;f &ef &nf&,z@JG pnf;xm;onf@tavsmuf jynfci+f zKd ;toif;rS usL;vGef k f kd f _ G f kd aom vky&yftm;vk;H twGuf etzppftpd;k &xHwiom vH;k 0 wm0ef&ayonf? jynfci+f zdK; f Gf dS dk toif;tm; tm%mv$ajymif;ay;jcif;onf etzppftpd;k &taejzifh omreft&yfom; tpd;k & J wpf&yfukd trnfcwpfctaejzifom zG@J pnf;ay;+y;D ‚if;wd@k .tm%mudk qufvufcsKyfuixm; H k h kd f Edia&;twGuf }udK;yrf;r_wpfcyifjzpfayonf? kf k ----------------------------- 11
  • 12. jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; tcef ; (2) jynfcdkif+zdK;toif;. toif;om;opf wdk;csJ@pkaqmif;jcif;enf;AsL[mrsm;ESifh ynm tjcm;u a&;/ pD ; yG m ;a&;/ usef ; rma&;ES i f h tjcm; u ¾rsm;wG i f 0if a &muf p G u f z uf a er_ r sm;? jrefrmEdiiwif jynfci+f zdK;toif;0if ta&twGuonf ae@csi;f ncsi;f w[kex;kd kfH G kd f f wd;k wufrsm;jym;vmcJonf? 1996 ckEpf aESmif;ydi;f umvrsm;wGif toif;0ifaygi;f (5) oef;ausmf h S k 6 r#om &Sconf? od@k aomfvnf; 2007 ckEpwif jynfe,f/ wki;f tqifh toif;aygi;f 17 oif;/ d hJ S f G d c&kitqifh toif;aygi;f 66 oif;/ +rdK@e,ftqifh toif;aygi;f 320/ &yfuuaus;&Gm tqifh df G f toif;aygi;f 15334 oif; zG@J pnf;cJ+h yD;/ toif;0iftjzpf todtrSwjf yK+yD;ol 24 'r 5 oef;txd tqrwef wd;k wufrsm;jym;vmcJonf?7 jrefrmjynfvO;D a& pkpaygi;f (55) oef;ausmf h l k &Sonfteuf (24) oef;ausmonf jynfci+f zdK;toif;0ifrsm; jzpfvmcJonf? tb,fa=umifh d h f dk h Tod@k wd;k wufrsm;jym;vm&oenf;? jynfaxmifp}k uH@cia&;ESiz@HG +zdK;a&;toif;. zG@J pnf;ykY toif;om;pkaqmif;&mwGif kd f hf H qEN&orsm;udom pkaqmif;a=umif; azmfjyxm;onf? toif;om;rsm;udk t&G,a&muf+y;D onfh Sd l k f ouf}u;D toif;om;ESihf t&G,ra&mufao;onfh oufi,ftoif;om;[lI (2)rsK;d cGxm;onf? f J touf (10) rS touf (18)ESpt=um; &Sorsm;udk oufi,ftoif;om;rsm;/ touf (18)ESpf f d l txuf&orsm;udk ouf}u;D toif;om;rsm;tjzpf owfrwxm;onf?8 dS l S f jynfci+f zKd ;tm%mydirsm;onf toif;om;opfpaqmif;&mwGif qENtavsmuf[k kd kf k ok;H E_e;f xm;aomfvnf; wu,fvufawG@wirl toif;0ifjzpf&efqENr&Saom tpd;k &0efxrf;rsm;/ h Gf d ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;&Sirsm;yg0ifonfh jrefrmjynfovxukd toif; f f l l k 0ifrsm;jzpfvmatmif pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra&;/ ynma&;/ use;f rma&;ESihf tjcm;u¾rsm;wGif enf;rsK;d _ pkjH zifh rufv;kH ay; qGaqmifpnf;&k;H jcif;rsm; jyKvkyconf? xd@k jyif enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh +cdr;f ajcmuf J f hJ t=uyfuiI twif;t"rRpaqmif;jcif;rsm;vnf; jyKvyconf? Tonfrm jynfci+f zKd ;toif; kd f k k f hJ S kd . t"du toif;om;pkaqmif;a&;enf;AsL[m tppftrSersm;jzpf+yD; jrefrmhv@l tzG@J tpnf;. f t"dutcef;u¾rsm;wGif wjznf;jznf; ae&m,lvmcJonf? vlxtwGi;f Yvnf; ta=umufw h k &m;rsm;ESihf pd;k &drpwrsm; ydrw;kd yGm;vmapcJonf? fd f k kd h jynfci+f zKd ;tm%mydirsm;onf jynfovxukd enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzihf vdrvnfvnjhf zm;I kd kf l l k f S ppftpd;k &vufuiwwf jynfci+f zKd ;toif;od@k 0ifa&mufapcJonf? toif;om;opfrsm; pkaqmif; kd f k kd h &mwGif jynfovx. tdraxmifpk pm&if;Z,m;rsm;udk =unfI touf(15) ESprS (30)ESpf l l k f h f twGi;f &Sorsm;udk jynfci+f zdK;toif;0if tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ touf (30)ESihf (40)t=um; d l kd &Sorsm;udk pGr;f tm;&SitzG@J 0ifrsm; tjzpfvnf;aumif; twif;t"rR pm&if;xnfoi;f cJonf? d l f h G h 12
  • 13. m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk touf(18)ESptxuf trsK;d orD;rsm;udvnf; ppfAvcsKyuawmfrsm; OD;aqmifonfh trsK;d orD; f k kd f f 9 d a&;&mtzG@J wif twif;t"rR 0ifa&mufapcJonf? xd@k jyif rdom;pktzG@J 0ifrsm; jyefvnfpppfay; G h onf[qI &Gmol&mom; trsm;tjym;udvnf; jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0if av#mufvmrsm;udjk znfh k kd G k dk $ &ef twif;tusyf zdtm;ay;cJ=h uonf? tjcm;enf;vrf;wckrm a&G;aumufyrsm;twGuf S JG oef;acgipm&if; aumufconf[qI jynfovxukd jynfci+f zKd ;toif;od@k vdrvnfowoi;f f H k kd l l k dk f G f G 10 cJjh cif;jzpfonf? txl;ojzifh toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef wpfenf;wzHtm;jzifh ysuuuf (od@k )jiif;qef k f G olrsm;udk ynma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ use;f rma&;ESihf vlra&;udprsm;wGif trsK;d rsK;d taESmuft,Suf _ P ay;+y;D tcGitvrf;rsm; enf;yg;atmif jyKvyconf? om"uwpfctaejzifh yJc;l wki;f / ausmuf hf k f hJ k d }u;D +rKd @e,f&dS vufeufuiu&ifwi;f &if;om;rsm; xde;f csKyf&me,fajrrsm;wGif v,f,mvkyief; kd f dk f jzifh toufarG;ae=uaom &Gmom;rsm;udk tm%mydirsm;u 1993 ckEpwif vufeufuioyef kf Sf G kd f l k rsm;ESihf tquftoG,vyonf[pypum twif;t"rR a&G@ajymif;cJ+h yD; ‚if;wd@k v,f,majr f kf k G f JG rsm;wGif v,f,mvkyuiciuyg wm;jrpfywyifconf? od@k aomfvnf; tm%mydirsm;u tqdk f kd f G hf kd d f hJ kf ygv,form;tcsK@d ukd ‚if;wd@k taejzifh jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&mufygu qk;H &_;H oGm;cJaom kd h 11 v,f,majrrsm;udk jyefvnfvyuiciay;rnf[k pnf;&k;H qGaqmifconf? tm%mydirsm; k f kd f G hf J hJ kf taejzifh &d;k om;r_r&Sonfrm odomxif&m;vSayonf? d S S jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef zdtm;ay;r_ trsm;qH;k cH&olrsm;rSm ausmif;ol kd ausmif;om;/ vli,frsm;/ tpd;k &0efxrf;rsm;eSihf pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;&Sirsm; jzpfonf? ausmif;ol f f ausmif;om;rsm;onf jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k r0ifrae& twif;tusyf 0ifa&mufae&jcif; kd a=umifh tzG@J 0ifrsm; jzpfae=uonf? tpd;k &0efxrf;rsm;tygt0if tpd;k &twGuf tvkyvyuif f k f kd aeonfh rnforqdk jynfci+f zKd ;toif;od@k wm0efwpfctaejzihf 0ifa&muf&ef owfrwjf yXmef; l dk k S xm;onf? pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm; xlaxmifvyuivorsm;taejzihvnf; jynfci+f zKd ;toif;od@k f k f kd f kd l f dk 0ifa&mufygu tudsK;tjrwf tcGitvrf;rsm; &&Srnf[k ar#mvifxm;=uonf? xd@k a=umif@ hf d f h pD;yGm;a&;orm;rsm;onf jynfci+f zKd ;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef qENr&Saomfvnf; ‚if;wk@d .vkyief; dk d f rsm; tqifajyacsmarG@apa&;ESihf ae@pOf&ioef &yfwnfa&;wd@k twGuf toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef Sf qH;k jzwfc=hJ uonf? jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0if pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;&Sirsm;onf ‚if;wd@k . ae@pOf vkyief;cGif kd f f f rsm;wGif txl;tcGita&;rsm;taejzihf tcGeuif;vGwci&&Sjd cif;ESihf tm%mydirsm;. tquf hf f f G hf kf rjywf [ef@wm;aESmuf,urrsm;rS uif;vGw=f uonf? xd@k jyif twdutcH Ediia&;ygw0ifrsm; S f_ k f kfH D kd kd f f G f kd uvnf; oufqi&mygw/D tzG@J tpnf;rsm;rS E_wxuapI jynfci+f zKd ;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef zdtm;ay;jcif;/ +cr;f ajcmuft=uyfuijf cif;/ rufv;Hk ay;jcif; pojzifh enf;vrf;trsK;d rsK;d udk toH;k jyK d kd I qGaqmifpnf;&k;H cJonf? J h jrefrmEdiiwif ppftpd;k &ESihf wdi;f &if;om;vufeufuitzG@J rsm;t=um; tqufrjywf kfH G k kd f 13
  • 14. jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; jzpfym;aeaom jynfwi;f ppfrsm;a=umifh jynfovxrsm;onf jrefrmppfwyf. twif;t"rR G G l l k ay:wmqJjG cif;udk r=umc% &ifqiae&onf? aus;&Gmrsm;&Sd vli,fv&,rsm;onf jynfci+f zKd ; kd f lG f kd tzG@J 0ifjzpfygu(od@k ) jynfci+f zKd ;toif;od@k 0ifa&mufygu a&S@wef;ppfrsuEmrsm;wGif ay:wmxrf; dk fS aqmif&jcif;rS vGw+f ir;f cGihf &&S=d uonf? xd@k a=umifh vli,ftrsm;pkonf jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifjzpf&ef d kd pdwtm;xufoefc=hJ uonf? Oyrmtm;jzihf weoFm&Dwi;f / avmif;vHòk rd@e,f/ a&csr;f / awmif f kd wGi;f arSm/f jyif;awmponfh aus;&Gmrsm;wGif jrefrmppfwyf cr& (401)u ay:wmzrf;qD;pOf jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0if 12 OD;/ trsK;d orD; 37 OD;ESihf usetrsK;d om; 17 OD;/ pkpaygi;f 66 OD;udk zrf; kd f k qD;rdconf? xdupukd òr@d e,fjynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;u c&dijf ynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J xH wdi=f um;awmif;qdk hJ k dP kd k kd k ojzifh jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0iftm;vH;k ESihf trsK;d orD; 37 OD;udk jyefvway;cJonf?12 kd $ f h xd@k jyif jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifuwfjym;&Sv#if rnforqdk EdiitwGi;f vGwvyfpm c&D; kd d l kfH f G oGm;vmEdionf? toif;0ifu'fjym;udk Ekiiom;rSwywifwckuo@kd tok;H jyKEionf? rdom;pk kf kd f H f Hk hJ kd f tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESihf rdwaqGtaygi;f toif;rsm;. aetdrrsm;wGif ntdywnf;ckv#ivnf; vGwf f f f d f 13 vGwvyfvyf wnf;cdEionf? txl;ojzifh jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0ifu'fjym; udiaqmifxm;jcif; f k kd f dk kf a=umifh tusKd ;tjrwf&&Sorsm;rSm jrefrm¶d[if*smrsm; jzpfonf? jrefrm¶d[if*smrsm;taejzifh d l k k jynfci+f zdK;toif;0ifuwfjym;rsm;udk jyoEdiygu jrefrmEdiitwGi;f wGif vGyvyfpm c&D;oGm; kd kf kfH f G vmEdionf? tpPvmrfbmom0ifrsm;jzpfonfh ¶d[if*smvlrsKd ;rsm;onf jynfwi;f c&D;oGm;vm kf k G a&;wGif jrefrmEdiiom; pdppfa&;uwfjym;rsm; r&Saoma=umifh tcuftcJrsm; r=umc% awG@ kfH d }uKH &onf? xda=umifh jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0ifuwfjym; vuf0,f&jdS cif;onf ‚if;wd@k twGuf c&D;oGm; k dk vma&;udk ydrv,ul acsmarG@apcJonf?14 k kd G f h jynfci+f zdK;toif;0ifrsm;onf aus;vufa'orsm;&Sd tdr,mjcHajrrsm;udvnf; t kd f k 15 hf zd;k tcenf;enf;jzifh aqmufvyaexdicihf &&S=d uonf? txl;tcGita&;rsm;taejzifh jynf kf kfG cki+f zdK;twGi;f a&;rSL;rsm;. aetdrrsm;wGif w,fvze;f v_i;f rsm;wyfqifay;jcif;/ (um;r&Saomf d f Dk d d vnf;)wpfvv#if "gwq*gvH (60) xkway;jcif;/ EkiijH cm;c&D;pOfrsm;apvGwjf cif;/ pojzifh f D f df tzG@J 0ifr[kworsm;ESihf tcGitvrf;rsm;pGm uGmjcm;aeonfukd awG@&onf?16 +rdK@e,fjynfcif f l hf kd +zdK; tr_aqmifrsm; e,fajrpnf;&k;H a&;c&D;pOfrsm;xGu&mwGivnf; jynfe,frS pufb;D rsm;ESihf f f 17 qdiu,frsm; axmufyay;cJonf? EkiijH cm;c&D;pOfrsm;wGivnf; jynfci+f zdK;tqifqifrS t kf hH h df f kd h h vkytr_aqmiftzG@J 0ifrsm;/ toif;0ifrsm;tm; vli,fa&;&mudp&yfrsm;ESihf pyfvsO;f Iaomf f P vnf;aumif;/ EdiiwumtawG@t}uHK &&Sa&;twGuaomfvnf;aumif; jynfyEdiirsm;od@k kfH d f kfH apv$way;cJonf? 1995 ckEprS 1997 ckEptwGi;f jynfci+f zKd ;toif;rS toif;om; OD;a&(160) f h Sf Sf kd OD;udk tm&SEihf Oa&my&Sd Ekiiaygi;f (20)ausmo@kd tacguta&twGutm;jzifh (65)acguf S dfH f f f 18 yd@k aqmifapv$wconf? f hJ jynfci+f zKd ;tm%mydirsm;taejzifh toif;om;pkaqmif;&mwGif pD;yGm;a&;/ ynma&;/ dk kf 14
  • 15. m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk vlra&;e,fy,frsm;/ tpd;k &Xmersm;ESihf twdutcHtiftm;pkrsm;twGi;f enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzihf _ k f 0ifa&mufpuzufaeykrsm;udvnf; qufvufazmfjyoGm;ygrnf? G f H k ynma&; ,ae@jrefrmjynf. ynma&;pepfukd avhvm=u!frnfqv#if jynfci+f zdK;toif;. h kd kd =oZmvGr;f rd;k r_ rsm;pGm&Saeonfukd awG@&rnfjzpfonf? jrefrmEkiiwif tajccHynmtqifjh zpf d dfH G aom pmoifausmif; pkpaygi;f (40521)ausmif;ESihf tqifjh rifynmtqifjh zpfaom wuUovf k h kd ESihf aumvdyaygi;f (64)ck &Sonf? tajccHynmtqifwif q&m/ q&mraygi;f (240878)OD;ESihf f d h G ausmif;om; ausmif;olaygi;f (7783400)OD; &S+d y;D / tqifjh rihynmtqifwif q&m/ q&mraygi;f f h G (10232)OD; ESihf ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olta&twGuf (705784)OD; &Sonf?19 tpk;d &0efxrf; d rsm;jzpfonfh ausmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm;onf jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k wm0efwpfctaejzihf r0if kd k rae& 0ifa&muf&ef owfrwjf yXmef;xm;onf? txl;ojzihf ausmif;om;vli,ftrsm;pkonf S ud,yiqENrygyJ jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzihf zdtm;ay;cHc&olrsm; k f kd f kd hJ jzpfonf? ‚if;wk@d taejzihf toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef jiif;qefcygu ausmif;rSxwypf&ef +cdr;f hJ k f ajcmufjcif;/ pmar;yGrsm;wGif 0ifa&mufajzqdcihf rjyKjcif;/ pmar;yGatmifrwf jynfratmif J kG J S h DS 20 ray;jcif;/ pojzifh enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh +cdr;f ajcmuft=uyfuijf cif;rsm; jyKvkyconf? kd f hJ Oyrmtm;jzifh 2006 ckEp/f =o*kwv (3)&ufae@wif jrefrmEdiitv,fyi;f jrif;+cH S f G kfH kd tpd;k &enf;ynmaumvdyrS ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;rsm;udk jynfci+f zKd ;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef f kd tm%mydirsm;u zdtm;ay;+cdr;f ajcmufconf? c&kif jynfci+f zdK;tm%mydirsm;. trde@f t& kf hJ d kd kf [kqum tqdygaumvdyrS enf;jyq&m/ q&mrrsm;u jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0ifyprsm;udk wapmif kd k f kd Hk H v#if (200)usyEe;f jzifh ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;rsm;udk twif;t"rRa&mif;csconf? tu,fI f_ hJ jynfci;f +zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&efjiif;qdygu pmar;yG0ifa&mufajzqdcirjyK[kvnf; +cdr;f kd k J k G hf 21 ajcmufajymqdconf? tcsK@d aom ausmif;om;rsm;.tqdt& jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k r0if k hJ k kd a&mufv#if jynfwi;f jynfy avhvma&;c&D;rsm;/ pm=unfwuo;Hk pGcirsm;/ um,avhusicef; G h kd f J G hf hf 22 oifwef;rsm;wufa&mufjcif;/ ponftcGita&;rsm; qk;H &_;H onf[k qdonf? h hf k xd@k jyif 2006 ckEp/f =o*kwv (15) &ufpjJG zifh xkwjf yefaom ArmEdiiv;Hk qdi&m ausmif; S f kfH kf om;or*~tzG@J csKyf (EdiijH cm;a&;&maumfrwD) owif;xkwjf yefcsuwivnf; jrif;+cH+rdK@ tpd;k & kf f Gf enf;ynmaumvdyf (*swp)rS ausmif;om;rsm;udk rjzpfrae jynfci+f zKd ;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef D DD dk c&kdifat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifhzGH@+zdK;a&;aumifpD (c,u)ESifh +rdK@e,fjynfcdkif+zdK;tzGJ@0ifrsm;u ausmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm;rSwqifh zdtm;aycJonf[k azmfjyxm;onf? toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef h vufrwrxd;k onfh ausmif;om;rsm;udk ausmif;ac:csef rSwwrf;ray;[kqI ausmif;om;rsm; S f d f kd rSm ausmif;ac:cserjynfv#if pmar;yG0ifa&mufajzqdci@f r&rnfup;kd &draoma=umifh qENr&SyJ df h J kG kd f d 15
  • 16. jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; rausreyfjzifh vufrwx;kd cJ&onf? S f h &Hzef&cg ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;rsm;udk jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&mufap&ef }udK H dk wifaqG;aEG; wdiyifjcif;r&SyJ tjcm;vkyief;wpfcukd ta=umif;jyum jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k kf d f k kd oGwoi;f cJonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh rE av;+rKd @wif touf(12)ESptxuf&dS ausmif;ol/ ausmif; f G h W G f om;rsm;tm;vk;H udk Ediiom;pdppfa&;uwfjym; xkway;&eftwGu[aom ta=umif;jycsujf zifh kfH f f l yufpyd@k p"mwfyrsm;udk a'ocHtm%mydirsm;xH ay;tyf&ef q&m/ q&mrrsm;rS awmif;cHchJ f kH kf onf? ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;rsm;u ‚if;wd@k xH jynfci+f zdK; toif;0ifu'fjym;rsm; a&mufvm kd aomtcseusrS ‚if;wd@k ."gwyrsm;udtoH;k csI jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0ifrsm;tjzpf t"rRowoi;f df f kH k dk G f G cHvu&a=umif; od=u&onf?23 kd f ausmif;om;vli,fwpfO;D csi;f pD. ynma&;qdi&m tcGitvrf;rsm;onf jynfci+f zKd ; kf hf kd toif;0ifjzpfjcif;/ rjzpfjcif;tay:wGif rlwnfae+y;D toif;om;pkaqmif;&mwGif ynma&;tcGihf tvrf;rsm;udk rufv;kH wpfctaejzifh toH;k jyKcJonf? ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olrsm;udk toif; k h 0ifrsm;tjzpf pnf;&k;H odr;f oGi;f &mwGif ynma&;ESihf c&D;oGm;vma&udprsm;Y vG,ul acsmarG@ P f ap&ef pDpOfay;rnf[k jynfci+f zdK;tm%mydirsm;u rufv;Hk rsm;ay;cJonf? txl;tcGita&; kd kf h hf wcktaejzifh jynfci+f zKd ;toif;wGif wufwufºuºG uG yg0ifaqmif&uaeonfh jynfci+f zKd ;toif; kd G f kd 0if ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olrsm;udk Edii&yfjcm;od@k ynmawmfoiftjzpf oGm;cGijhf yKrnf[k ynm kfH a&;0ef}uD;Xmeu trde@f xwjf yefconf?24 ausmif;om;/ ausmif;ol trsm;pkonf toif;0if k hJ jzpf&ef qENr&Saomfvnf; ynma&;ESihf tjcm;tcGitvrf;rsm;a=umifh toif;0ifrsm; jzpfvmcJh d hf =uonf? xd@k jyif wmcsvw+f rKd @rS jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifwpfO;D .tqdt& toif;od@k 0ifa&mufaom D d kd k ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olrsm;onf oufqi&m bmom&yfrsm;wGif tenf;qk;H trSwf (20)cef@ kd f 25 tydaqmif; &&da=umif; od&onf? toif;vkyief;rsm;wGif tcseueI ausmif;oifcef;pmrsm; k S f df kf udk rvduEicaomfvnf; tcsewefv#if vktyfonftrSwrsm;udk jznfay;cJonf? jynfwi;f k f kd f hJ df d h f h h G c&D;oGm;vma&;udprsm;wGivnf; Ediiom;pdppfa&;u'fjym;rvdtyfyJ jynfci+f zdK; toif;0if P f kfH k dk 26 u'fjym;jzihf vGwvyfpm oGm;vmcGi&&donf? xd@k jyif xl;c|eaom toif;0ifausmif;ol/ f G hf S f ausmif;om;rsm;udk vl&nfc|efrsm;tjzpf jynfcdkif+zdK;acgif;aqmifrsm;u todtrSwfjyKI *k%jf yKqkcs;D jrSic@J onf? Tod@k jzifh tjcm;aom ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;udyg jynfci+f zdK; hf k kd toif;od@k 0ifa&mufvmatmif qGaqmifpnf;&k;H cJ=h uonf? J pD ; yG m ;a&; jynfaxmifp}k uHcia&;ESihf zG@+H zdK;a&;toif; tm%myditqifqifonf oufqi&m h kd f kf h h kd f jynfe,f/ wdi;f em,ursm;ESihf jynfe,f/ wdi;f wm0efcH A[dtvkytr_aqmifrsm;. oabmwl k k k f 16
  • 17. m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk cGijhf yKcsur&bJ rnfonfp;D yGm;a&;vkyief;udr# vkyuijf cif;rjyK&ef XmecsKyf. 1995 ckEp/f f h f k f kd S Zefe0g&v 23 &ufpyg pmtrSw-5§}u@H cia&;§95 (061) jzifvnf;aumif;/ jynfaxmifp}k u@H D JG f kd f h cdia&;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;toif;/ &yfuu§aus;&Gmrsm;udk pD;yGm;a&;tvk@d im rnfonfp;D yGm;a&; kf G f S h vkyief;udr# vkyuicirjyKa=umif; XmecsKyf. 1995 ckEp/f Zefe0g&v 23 &ufpyg pmtrSwf k f kd f G hf S D JG f 5§}uH@cia&; §95 (547)jzifvnf;aumif; !$e=f um;xm;onfukd awG@&onf? kd f h od@k aomfvnf; 1995 ckEp/f Zlviv 9 &ufae@wif jyKvyonfh jynfci+f zKd ; A[dtvkyf S dk_ f G kf kd k tr_aqmiftzG@J (11§95)tpnf;ta0;rS jynfe,f§wdi;f §c&ki§+rKd @e,f jynfaxmifpk }u@H cia&; k df kd f ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;toif;rsm;onf toif;.&HyaiGtwGuf pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm; vkyuicijhf yK&ef Hk f f kd f G qk;H jzwfconf? tqdygp;D yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm; vkyaqmif&mwGivnf; pnfrsO;f / pnf;urf;rsm;ufkd hJ k f f f txl;owdjyK vkuemaqmif&uom;&ef XmecsKyf. 1995 ckEp/f Zlviv 27 &ufae@pyg pm d f G f G S d_ f JG trSwf 5§}uH@cia&;§95 (547)jzifh !$e=f um;cJonf? pD;yGm;a&;vkyief; vkyaqmif&mwGif kd f h f f vkuem&rnfh pnf;urf;csursm;rSmd f f (u) EkiiEivrsK;d twGuf tusK;d ,kwaprnfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm; jyKvkyjf cif;rjyK&ef? d f H S hf l f f (c) toif;tqifqif. pnf;&k;H a&;udk xdcuaprnfh tjcm; pD;yGm;a&;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;rS aqmif h h kd f &Guaeonfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;wGif 0ifa&muf,O+f ydKifaqmif&ur_ rjyK&ef? f f S G f (*) toif;tqifqif. *k%oumudk !_;d EGr;f ao;odrapaom/ toif;0ifrsm;. tusipm&dwW h h f d Q f hf ysujf ym;apaom/ trsm;jynforsm;.tjrifwif rwifw,faom pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm; aqmif l G h f &Gujf cif; rjyK&ef? (Oyrm-t&ufqivyief;/ om;owfvyief;) ponfw@dk jzpfonf?27 kd f k f kf trSewu,fvufawG@wirl jynfci+f zKd ;toif;onf pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm; vkyaqmif f Gf dk f f &mwGif azmfjyygtcsursm;ESihf qef@usiaeayonf? jynfci+f zKd ;toif;u jrefrmEdii. pD;yGm;a&; f f dk kfH tcef;uÀwpfck &,lxm;jcif;onf etzppftpd;k &tm; aps;uGup;D yGm;a&;pepftwGi;f &Sd f pD;yGm;a&;tiftm;rsm;udk tvG,wul xde;f csKyfEiatmif vrf;zGiay;cJonf?28 f kd f hf h jref*%jf rifur%onf jynfci+f zKd ;toif;. t"dupD;yGm;a&;vkyief;jzpfonf? 1995 k h k` D dk f ckEpqef;rSpI e0w(,ck etz). yHy;kd r_jzifh usyf 68 oef; &if;ES;D jrKyfEI “jref*%jf rif” ukr%D Sf h HS k h ` udk wnfaxmifcjhJ cif;jzpfonf? e0w (etz)u v$ay;onfh '*Hòk r@d opfajrmufyi;f yifv&wem J kd kH aps;}uD;&Sd qdicef; 382 cef; a&mif;&aiG usyf 39 oef;ESihf vpOfim;&rf;c usyf 6 aomif;cGEihf kf S J S e0w (,ck tez)u v$ay;onfh ajreDue;f aps;rSvnf; usyoef; 200 &&Sconf? xd@k a=umifh J k f d hJ jynfcdkif+zdK;toif;onf EdkifiHydkift&if;tjrpfrsm;udktoHk;ðy+yD; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&uc&m wpfEptwGi;f usyaiG 36 ukaÉausmEihf qdicef;iSm;crsm;vnf; vpOfoef;csI G f hJ Sf f fS kf D 29 &&Sconf? 1995 ckEp/f pufwifbmv jynfci+f zKd ;ESpywfvnf tpnf;ta0;od@k wifoi;f aom d hJ S dk f G 17
  • 18. jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; tpD&ifcpmt& jynfci+f zKd ;taejzihf EdiiawmfyiypPn;f rsm;udk tok;H jyKI pD;yGm;a&;vkyuic&m H kd kfH kd f f kd f hJ 30 tjrwfaiGppaygi;f 362 oef; &&Sconf? k k d hJ xd@k jyif jrefrmhausmufrsu&wemaps;uGuEihf jrefrmhp;D yGm;a&;OD;ydivrwuftygt0if f fS kf DD pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;pGmudvnf; jynfci+f zKd ;toif;u xde;f csKyfxm;onf?31 jynfci+f zdK;toif; f k kd kd onf &efuewi;f / vdi+f rdK@e,f ajrwdi;f &yfuuf trSwf (24)&Sd ajr{&d,m{u (15.507)udk vGJ k f kd _ k G ajymif;&,lxm;+y;D ‚if;ajruGursm;udk cswywwif'gpepfjzihf a'ocHv,form;rsm;tm; tiSm; f d fd f 32 csay;cJonf? ppfui;f wdi;f / rif;uif;òr@d e,fwivnf; tqifjh rifh v,f,majrazmfxwa&;rsm; h kd k Gf k f twGuf a'ocHjynfovxk axmifaygi;f rsm;pGmudk t"rRvytm;ay; apcdi;f cJ+h yD; tEdiusir_ l l kf k k f hf rsm; ðyvkyconf? ‚if;v,f{uopf (3000) teuf armfvuwif tajcpduonfh cr& 364 f hJ kd f G k f ESihf cr& 366 wyf&if;rsm;u {u (1000) pD/ rif;uif;òrd@e,f jynfci+f zdK;toif;u {u (500) dk cGa0,l+yD; useonfh {u (500) udom a'ocHjynforsm; &&Sconf?33 J f k l d hJ etzppftpd;k &. axmufytm;ay;r_ od@k r[kwf Ediiawmfyif b¾maiGrsm;ESihf ypPn;f hH kfH kd rsm;udk toH;k jyKI vkyuiaqmif&uaeaom vkyief;rsm;pGmvnf; &Sonf? Oyrmtm;jziff kd f G f f d h &xm;/ vdi;f um; ponfh c&D;onfo,f,y@kd aqmifa&;vkyief;rsm;/ tiSm;um;vkyief;/ tcGeaiG k l f f f aumufcjH cif;vkyief;/ Ediiu;l vufrwrsm;xkway;jcif;vkyief;/ pduysL;d a&;ESihf igarG;jrLa&; f kfH S f f f k f vkyief;rsm;/ ajruGursm;ESiaps;qkicef;rsm;tiSm;cspm;jcif;/ bdvyfajrtdyrsm; o,f,y@kd aqmif f f hf df f l a&;vkyief;/ aomufo;Hk a&jzef@a0jcif;vkyief;/ ausmufxwvyief;/ tkwzwvyief;/ za,mif; f f k f kf fk f kf wdif a&mif;csonfvyief;/ tif;vkyief;/ ul;wd@k vyief;/ pyg;oD;pm;csjcif;vkyief;/ yJ/ESr;f 0,f,l k h kf f kf f odavSmifjzef@jzL;jcif;vkyief;/ jynfyrS armfawmfum;rsm;/ armfawmfqiu,frsm;ESihf wm,mrsm; k f kd f udk tcGeuif;vGwpmjzifh wifoi;f jcif;vkyief;/ pojzifh ajrmufrsm;pGmaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm; f fG G f f 34 jzpf=uonf? xk@d tjyif jynfaxmifp}k uH@cia&;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;toif;onf tEkynmvkyief;rsm;wGif kd f f vnf; wjznf;jznf;csi;f v$r;f rd;k csKyfuivmcJonf? ,cifu AdvcsKyfcif!e@f OD;aqmifaom kd f h k f $ ppfaxmufve;f a&;rsm; vkyuiconfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;enf;wl“ a&$pif” AD',kd &kuu;l S f kd f hJ f GD d f xkwvya&;ukr%D zG@J pnf;wnfaxmif+y;D pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;udk pwifvyuiconf? ,cif f kf ` f k f kd f hJ ppfaxmufve;f a&;tzG@J &pOfu“ apwref ”emrnfEihf AD',/kd pD'/D ADp'D aw;pD;&D;xkwvya&; S dS S GD GD f kf rsm;omru/ &ky&ixwvya&;vkyief;rsm;udyg pD;yGm;jzpf us,jf yef@pm vkyaqmifconf? f Sf k f k f f k G f hJ AdvcsKyfcif!e@f OD;aqmifonfh ppfaxmufve;f a&;rsm;udk acsre;f +yD;onfaemufyi;f umvwGif k f $ S _ h kd xdapwrefur%ukd vuf&ppftpd;k &u odr;f ,lum ,ckjynfci+f zKd ; (ac: ) jynfaxmif}u@H cia&; k k` D dS dk kd f 35 ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;toif;u a&$pif trnfjzifh jyefvnfz@JG pnf;I vkyaqmifcjhJ cif;jzpfonf? xd@k jyif f pma&;q&mrsm;/ ¶kyf&Sifo¶kyfaqmifrsm;ESifh tjcm;tEkynmvkyfief;rsm;tay:wGifvnf; toif;0ifjzpfjcif;/ rjzpfjcif;tay:r_wnfI uef@owfcsKyfcs,rrsm; &Sconf? om"utm;jzifh f_ d hJ 18
  • 19. m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk jynfci+f zdK;toif;0if tEkynm&Sirsm;taejzifh ‚if;wd@k . tEkynmvuf&mrsm;udk a&mif;cs&m kd f wGivnf;aumif;/ yHEyxwa0&mwGivnf;aumif; atmifjrifr&&S&ef tcGitvrf; ydrsm;onf? f k dS f k f f _ d hf k jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&efjiif;qdaom tEkynm&Sirsm;udk 4if;wd@k . tEkynmvkyief; dk k f f 36 rsm; ydwyifc&rnf[k +cdr;f ajcmufrrsm; jyKvkyconf? f H _ f hJ jrefrmEdiitwGi;f pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;opfrsm; xlaxmifvyui&ef vkyief;cGijhf yKcsuf kfH f k f kd f f trde@f rsm; csay;jcif;udvnf; jynfci+f zKd ;toif;u OD;pD;csKyuiconf? xdvyief;rsm;udk ,cifu k kd f kd f hJ k kf 37 f k G k f ppfaxmufvr;f a&;a[mif;rsm;rS OD;pD;vkyuiconf? vkyief;Xmewpfcwif twdutcHtif S f kd f hJ tm;pktzG@J rsm;rS tzG@J 0ifrsm;tm; tvkycef@tyfxm;onfukd awG@&ygu vkyief;&Sitaejzifh f dS f f vkyief;cGijhf yKcsuf vdipif&yor;f jcif; cH&onf? jynfci+f zKd ;toif;u &efue+f rKd @&dS um;ydi&irsm;udk f kf kf d dk k kfSf trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKy0ifrsm;tm; ,mOfarmif; (od@k r[kw) um;py,f,mtvkyrsm;wGif kd f f f cef@xm;jcif;rjyK&ef/ tu,fIvkuem&ef ysuuucygu ‚if;wd@k .vkyief;rsm;udk ydwyifjcif; d f f G f hJ f f (od@k r[kw) axmif'%f tjypfay;jcif;rsm;udk &ifqirnf[k +cdr;f ajcmuf!e=f um;cJonf?38 f kd f $ h toif;.pnf;urf;csut& toif;tqifqifh *k%oumudk !S;d EGr;f ao;odrapaom f h f d Q f toif;0ifrsm;. tusipm&dwysujf ym;apaom/ trsm;jynforsm;.tjrifrm rwifw,faom/ hf W l S h pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm; aqmif&ujf cif;rjyK&[k !$e=f um;xm;aomfvnf; vufawG@wif jynfci+f zKd ; f G G dk tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf t&ufqirsm; zGivpa&mif;csI pD;yGm;&Smaeonfukd awG@&&onf? Oyrm kd f hf S f dS tm;jzifh rE av;+rKd @/ r[matmifajr+rKd @e,f/ oDwmat;&yfuu&dS jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifvnf;jzpf/ W G f kd &yfuuat;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;aumifpD (&,u)vnf;jzpfonfh OD;at;az qkou G f d l t&ufqiukd ajymifajymifwif;wif; zGivpa&mif;csI pD;yGm;&SmcJonf?39 kd f hf S f h jrefrmjynfwi;f &Sd pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;tawmfrsm;rsm;onf jynfci+f zdK;toif;. +cdr;f G f dk ajcmufrrsm;/ taESmift,Suf ay;r_rsm;udk r=umc% &ifqi&onf? 2005 ckepf/ Ed0ifbmv _ h kd f k (4)&ufae@wif jrefrmEkiitv,fyi;f yckuL+rKd @e,frS e,fajrcH jynfci+f zKd ;twGi;f a&;rSL; wpfO;D G dfH kd U dk jzpfol udausmwifu 4if;.wynf@rsm;udtoH;k jyKI +yKd ifbufp;D yGm;a&;vkyief;&SiwpfO;D jzpfol k f h k f f ud&e0if;.vkyief;rsm;wGif rqDrqdif 0ifa&mufpuzuf+y;D touftE &m,fuyg +cr;f ajcmuf k dS f f k G f W kd d &ef&mcJonf? tqdygtwGi;f a&;rSL;onf {&m0wDjrpfavSqy. ukewifuecsvyief;rsm;udk S h k df f kf kf vnf; csKyfuixm;cJonf? r=umc%qkovkd toif;&HyaiGtwGu[ta=umif;jyI pD;yGm;a&; kd f h d kH f k orm;rsm;xHrS aiGa=u;aumufc+H y;D rdru,usKd ;twGuf ok;H pGconf?40 Ttcsuonf tjcm; d kd f J hJ f pD;yGm;a&;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;rS vkyaqmifaeaom pD;yGma&;vkyief;rsm;wGif 0ifa&muf,O+f ydKif f f S aqmif&ujf cif;rjyK& [kqonfh jynfci+f zKd ;toif;rS jyXmef;xm;onfh pnf;urf;csursm;ESihf zDvm G kd kd f qef@usif jzpfaecJonf? h 19
  • 20. jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; tpd k ; &Xmersm; tpd;k &0efxrf;rSev#if tvdtavsmuf jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0ifjzpfonf[k jyXmef;xm; f k kd aoma=umifh jrefrmEkii&dS tpd;k &XmetoD;oD;wGif wm0efxrf;aqmifaeaom Xmeqdi&m dfH kf 0efxrf;rsm;tm;vk;H onf toif;0ifciav#mufvmykprsm;udk rjznfpu&yJ tvdtavsmuf G hf $ HH hG f k jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0ifrsm; jzpfae=uonf? tcsK@d tpd;k &tr_xrf;rsm;onf ‚if;wd@k tm; today; kd jcif; od@k r[kwf ‚if;wd@k .oabmwlnrr&SbJ jynfci+f zdK;toif;0ifrsm; jzpfvm&jcif;a=umifh D _ d kd rnfonfae@&ufwif toif;od@k 0ifa&mufconfukd owdrrlrc=hJ uacs?41 h G hJ h d 2007 ckEpwif u&ifjynfe,ftwGi;f &Sd qufo,a&;XmetoD;oD;wGif wm0efxrf; Sf G G f aqmifaeaom 0efxrf;rsm;udvnf; jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef !$e=f um;vmcJonf? k kd h tvm;wlpm tm%mydirsm;u 1998 ckEprpI todtrSwjf yKxm;onfh Zlviv (3) &uf G kf S f S kd f jrefrmEdiitrsK;d orD;rsm;ae@ukd *k%jf yKonfh taejzih[qum u&ifjynfe,ftwGi;f &Sd 0efxrf; kfH f k kd rsm;tm;vk;H udk jynfci+f zdK;/ trsKd ;orD;a&;&mtzG@J Eihf rdcifEiuav;apmifa&Smufa&;toif;od@k kd S S hf h tjrefq;Hk 0ifa&muf=u&ef jynfe,f at;csr;f om,ma&;ESiz@HG +zKd ;a&;aumifp(y,u)u !$e=f um; hf D csuwpfapmif xkwjf yefconf? jrefrmEdii&wyfz@JG &JcsKyf&;kH uvnf; jrefrmEkii&dS &Jwyfz@JG 0if f hJ kfH J dfH tm;vk;H udk jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf+yD;jzpfa&; tav;xm;=uyfrwf aqmif&uom;&ef kd G f G oufqi&m+rdK@e,frsm;tm; !$e=f um;cJonf? xd@k jyif av#mufvmrwif&ao;onfh wyfz@JG 0if kd f h $ rdom;pkrsm;udvnf; wpfvtwGi;f tm;vH;k av#mufxm;&ef trde@f xw!e=f um;cJonf?42 k k f $ h tpd;k &Xmersm;Y tvkyvyui&ef qEN&orsm;onf jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifr[kwygu f k f kd f dS l dk f oufqi&m +rKd @e,fjynfci+f zKd ; OuUXESifh twGi;f a&;rSL;wk@d xrS axmufca=umif; vufrwa&;xd;k kd f kd H H S f xm;onfh axmufcpmrsm; wygwnf; ,laqmifvm&onf? tqdygaxmufcpmrsm;&&S&ef H k H d twGuf +rKd @e,fjynfci+f zKd ;OuUXESihf twGi;f a&;rSL;rsm;udk tenf;qH;k aiGusywpfaomif;cef@ ay;& kd f onf? axmufccsuryg&ygu tpd;k &tvkywpfck &&S&eftwGuf tcGitvrf; tvGeenf; H f dS f d hf f 43 yg;onf? wpkwpfa,mufonf tpd;k &0efxrf;wpfO;D jzpfvmygu tvkyukd ab;tE &m,f H f W uif;&Si;f pGm a&&SnvyaqmifEi&eftwGuf Ediia&;ESiuif;&Si;f &onf? tjzpftysuwpfct& f kf kd f kfH hf f k tpd;k &0efxrf;wpfO;D onf trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyu pDpOfcaom toem;cHpm (Petition) kd f hJ wpfctm; vufrwa&;xd;k cJjh cif;ESiywfoufI jynfci+f zdK;toif;0ifrsm;u etzppftm%m k S f fh kd ydirsm;xH wdi=f um;cJojzifh tvkyrS xkwy,fjcif;cHc&onf?44 kf k h f f hJ twd k u f t cH t if t m;pk r sm; jrefrmjynf&dS twkutcHygwrsm; txl;ojzifh trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf (NLD) d f D kd onf jynfci+f zdK;toif;. toif;om;pkaqmifa&; enf;AsL[mrsm;ESihf xdywuf &ifqiae& dk f kd kd f onf? txl;ojzifh NLD tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf ygwrS E_wxu&ef rufv;Hk ay;qGaqmifjcif;/ zdtm; D f G f J 20
  • 21. m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk ay;+cdrf;ajcmufjcif;rsm;udk ae@pOf&ifqdkifcJh&onf? jrefrmppftpdk;&owif;pmrsm;wGif NLD tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf ygwukd qef@usiEwxuaeonf[k r=umc%qdovdk a&;om;azmfjycJonf? D f_ f G f k h trSewu,ftm;jzifh ygw0iftrsm;pkonf ygwukd qef@usiI Ekwxu=f ujcif;r[kwyJ tm%m f D D f f G f ydirsm;. zdtm;rsm;ESihf rufv;Hk ay;qGaqmif pnf;&k;H jcif;rsm;a=umifh Ekwxuc&jcif;jzpfonf? kf J f G f hJ tzG@J 0iftrsm;pkonf ynma&;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;tcGitvrf;rsm; ydr&&Srnf[aom ar#mvifcsuf hf k kd d l f h rsm;jzifh tzG@J csKyfrS E_wxu=f uonf? tjcm;wbufwium; tm%mydirsm;. qENrsm;udk f G Gf kf r vduavsmygu rdom;pkpm;0wfaea&;twGuf a&&Sn&yfwnfa&;udyg +cr;f ajcmufvmEkionfh k f f k d df twGuf tzG@J csKyfrEwxuc&ol trsm;tjym;&Sconf? rnfo@kd yifjzpfap tm%mykirsm;. S k f G f hJ d hJ df twm;tqD; taESmuft,Sursm;=um;xJuyif }uH@}uH@c+H yD; tzG@J csKyfvyief;rsm;udk wpkuf f k f d rwfrwf vkyaqmifaeolrsm;vnf; &Sconf? f d hJ jynfci+f zdK;toif;onf NLD ygwtm; tiftm;cse@J ap+yD; aemufq;kH wGif ygwtm; kd D d D vk;H 0zsuor;f ypfEi&eftxd xdywef;ppft&m&Srsm;. ulnyy;kd r_jzifh pepfwus pDrue;f a&;qGJ f d kd f f d D hH H d vkyaqmifconf? xd@k enf;wlpm jynfci+f zKd ;toif;onf ppftpd;k &u csrwxm;aom tao; f hJ G kd S f pdwprcsursm;twdi;f toif;om;opfrsm;udvnf; pepfwus pkaqmif;cJonf? toif;0ifopf fDH f k k h rsm; pkaqmif;&mwGif tESmuft,Suay;jcif;/ +cr;f ajcmufjcif; po!fh enf;vrf;rsm;udk toH;k jyK f d vkyaqmifaeaomfvnf; jynfci+f zKd ;toif;. xkwjf yefa=unmcsursm;ESihf tpD&ifcpm trsm; f kd f H tjym;wGir_ toif;om;pkaqmif;a&;udk ydrorarG@aom enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh aqmif&uae f k kd d f G f a=umif; azmfjyxm;onf? 2003 ckEp/f 'DZifbmv 31 &uf ae@pjJG zifh jynfci+f zdK;em,u/ vkyief;aumfrwDEihf S kd f S qyfaumfrwDrsm;tm;vk;H od@k jzef@a0aom awmifOuUvmy+rdK@e,f. vsKd @0uprcsuwpfcwif S fDH f k G jrefrmjynfwi;f &Sd trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyEihf tjcm; twdutcHtzG@J tpnf;rsm;. pdw"gwf G kd fS k f f a&;&mESihf v_y&m;r_e,fajrrsm; usO;f ajrmif;vmap&efEihf twdutcHtiftm;pkrsm;rS omref fS S k f tzG@J 0ifrsm;tm; jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&mufvmap&ef pnf;&k;H vkyaqmif&r!fh jynfci+f zdK; dk f kd toif;. pDrcsursm;udk &Si;f vif;pGm azmfjyxm;onf? wcsewnf;Yyif ‚if;OD;wnfcsursm;udk H f df f taumiftxnfazmfEi&eftwGuf jynfci+f zdK;toif;u vkyenf;vky[ef trsKd ;rsKd ;udk pepf kd f kd f f wus yHpcs pDpOfconf? Oyrmtm;jzifh pnf&;Hk a&;vkyief;pOfrsm;ESiywfoufI jynfci+f zdK; k H hJ f hf dk toif;0ifrjzpfao;olrsm;tm; toif;0ifrsm;jzpfvmatmif pnf;&k;H &efEihf toif;0iftjzpf S ryg0ifEiorsm;udk twdutcHtiftm;pkrsm;twGi;f od@k r0ifa&mufom;Ekiatmif pnf;&k;H &ef kd f l k f G df wd@k jzpfonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh qef@usibuftzG@J tpnf;rsm;.e,fajrrsm; usO;f ajrmif;vm f ap+y;D wjznf;jznf; yaysmufom;atmif; vkyaqmif&efjzpfonf? xd@k jyif pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;ESihf G f f ywfoufI twdutcHtzG@J tpnf;rsm; OD;armhrvmEdiatmif ‚if;wd@k vyaqmifaeaom k f kf k f pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk tao;pdwfavhvm+yD; tvm;o¾mefwl pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; 21
  • 22. jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; xlaxmifI ,SOòf ydivyaqmif&ef jzpfonf? xd@k tjyif omreftwdutcHtzG@J 0ifrsm;. pD;yGm; f kf k f a&;vkyief;onf jynfponft&if;tES;D r&Sygu jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0if trmcHrsm;rSwqifh yk*Kd~ va&; f h Hk h d kd f cifrifatmif aygi;f oif;+yD; &if;ES;D aiGaxmufyI ‚if;wd@k tm; jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k yg0ifvm Hh kd 45 atmif qGaqmifpnf&;Hk &efw@kd jzpfonf? J 2007 ckEp/f rwfvtwGi;f Y jyifO;D vGi+f rdK@e,f trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf twGi;f S kd a&;rSL; OD;bxl;udk tzG@J csKyfuae E_wxuay;&ef +rdK@e,fjynfaxmifp}k uH@cia&;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&; f G f kd f toif;rS OD;cifarmifat;u rufv;Hk ay; qGaqmifpnf;&k;H cJonf? OD;bxl;.tqdt& ygw0if J h k D rsm;udk tzG@J csKyfrEwxu&ef vduvpnf;&k;H &mwGif tm%mydirsm;u aiGa=u;rsm;/ *stufpf Sk f G f k f H kf D trf w,fvze;f rsm;ESihf vkyief;vkyyiciuefx&kursm; ay;urf;I pnf;&H;k cJonf? od@k aomfvnf; Dk f f kd f G hf d f h jyifO;D vGif tzG@J csKyf0ifrsm;u tm%mydirsm;. rufv;Hk rsm;udk *&krpduyJ tzG@J csKyfvyief;rsm;udk kf k f kf 46 t&Set[kerysuf qufvufvyuiom;rnf[k qk;H jzwfcsucsconf? df f k f kd f G f hJ 1998 ckEp/f Ed0ifbmvwGif jrefrmEkiiawmifyi;f urf;&k;d wef;wdi;f ppfXmecsKyfwif S k dfH dk k G jyKvkyaom tpnf;ta0;wpfcwif wufa&mufvmaom trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf tzG@J f k G kd 0ifrsm;udk trSw(19) ppfaxmufvr;f a&;Xmet}uD;tuJ AdvrL;jrifO;D u “rdrw@kd taejzifh f S k f S h d Ekiiw0Sr;f jyKvyaom jynfo@l qENazmfxwyrsm;wGif azmfxwjf yocJ=h uaom jynfow@kd .qEN dfH kf k f JG k l udk av;pm;&rnfjzpfa=umif;/ jynfovxtaejzifh NLD ygwukd w&m;r0iftoif;tjzpf wm; l l k D jrpfywyifay;&ef arwWm&yfcxm;a=umif;/ xd@k a=umifh +rw+f rKd @e,ftwGi;f &Sd ygw0ifrsm;taejzifh d f H d D ,ckvrukecif tzG@J csKyrEwxuay;=u&ef ajym=um;vda=umif;/ owfrw&uftwGi;f tzG@J csKyf f fSk f G f k S f rS Ekwxuay;&ef ysuuuorsm;udk ta&;,laqmif&uom;rnfjzpfa=umif;” xkwazmf ajym f G f f G f l G f G f =um;oGm;cJonf? tqdygowday;csuonf trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyftzG@J 0if 1000 ausmf h k f kd ESihf jynfo@l vwawmfu,pm;vS,f 200 OD;udk zrf;qD;xde;f odr;f +y;D r=umcif xGuay:vmjcif;jzpf $ f kd f f 47 onf? jynfci+f zdK;toif;onf NLD ygw0ifrsm;udk +cdr;f ajcmufI ygwrEwxuapjcif;/ kd D D S _ f G f ygwtm; qef@usi¶@H_ csjcif;ESihf ygwtm; zsuor;f ay;&ef awmif;qdaejcif;rsm;udk enf;vrf;rsKd ; D f D f d k pHk toH;k jyKI vkyaqmifconf? ppftpd;k &ydir',mrsm;ESihf owif;pmrsm;wGivnf; NLD ygwD f hJ kfDD f 0ifrsm; Ekwxuaeonfta=umif;udk r=umc% tus,cs@J I azmfjycJonf? 2006 ckepf/ f G f h f h {+yvukeyi;f wGif NLD tzG@J 0if 130 eD;yg;cef@ ygwrS E_wxuca=umif; ppftpd;k &rD',mrsm;u D f kd D f G f hJ D 48 a=unmcJonf? od@k &mwGif NLD ygwonf tzG@J 0if (4)OD;. w&m;0ifEwxupmrsm;udom h D _ f G f k &&Sconf?49 Ttcsuukd =unfjh cif;tm;jzifh tjcm;E_wxurrsm;onf twif;tusyf apcdi;f d hJ f f G f_ k cHc&jcif;om jzpfEiz,&I ygw0if(4)OD;omv#if pdwrvHaoma=umifh ygwo@kd ‚if;wd@k vy&yf hJ kd f G f dS D f k D kf rsm;udk 0efccjhJ cif;jzpfonf? H 2006 ckEp/f =o*kwvwGif jrefrmEdiitv,fyi;f ppfui;f wdi;f / a&$b+kd rdK@e,fwif S f kfH kd kd k G 22
  • 23. m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk jynfci+f zKd ;toif;u trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKytzG@J 0ifrsm;tm; +cr;f ajcmufI ygwrEwxuf kd kd f d DSk f G cdi;f cJonf? 2007 ckEp/f ZGev(11)&ufae@wivnf; rE av;wdi;f / jyifO;D vGi+f rdK@ om,muke;f k h S f Gf W k aus;&GmrS tzG@J csKyf pnf;tzG@J 0if udaersKd ;atmif.aetdro@kd &yfuuat;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf k f G f zG@H +zdK;a&;aumifpD (&,u) tzG@J 0ifrsm;/ e,fxr;f &Jrsm;/ jynfci+f zdK;ESihf pGr;f tm;&Sirsm; a&muf&Sd d kd f vm+yD; tzGJ@csKyfrS E_wfxGufay;&ef twif;tusyf zdtm;ay;cJhonf? xdk@tjyif jyifOD;vGif aemifcrf;}uD;aus;&GmrS tzG@J csKyfpnf;tzG@J 0if ud0if;Advf udvnf; ZGev(17) &ufae@Y &,urS k k k f ac:,l+cdr;f ajcmuf+yD; owif;ay;tjzpfwm0efay;tyfrukd ud0if;Advu jiif;qdconf?50 _ k k f k hJ ppftpd;k &vufuiwwf jynfci+f zdK;toif;onf tzG@J csKyfygwtzG@J 0ifrsm;udk rufv;Hk kd f k kd D trsK;d rsK;d ay;I tzG@J 0iftjzpfrS Ekwxu&ef qGaqmifpnf;&k;H cJonf? a&$b+kd rdK@e,f trsK;d om; f G f J h 'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf wGzuftwGi;f a&;rSL; OD;atmifrsK;d . tqdt& a'ocHtm%mydirsm;ESihf kd J k kf D jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf txl;ojzifh aus;vufa'o&Sd NLD ygwtzG@J 0if v,form;rsm;udk kd ygwrS Ekwxuygu twd;k vGwf pduysK;d a&;acs;aiGrsm; xkway;rnf[k rufv;Hk ay;um ygw0if D f G f k f f D tjzpfrS Ekwxuci;f cJonf? od@k aomfvnf; tzG@J 0ifrsm;rSm ygw0iftjzpfrS Ekwxu&ef qENr&Sd f G f kd h D f G f 51 S k dk ojzifh xdurf;vSr;f csuukd vufrcHc=hJ uay? 2005 ckEp/f Ed0ifbmvtwGi;f u jynfci+f zdK; k f toif;0ifrsm;onf rE av;wdi;f twGi;f &Sd NLD ygwtzG@J 0ifrsm;.aetdrrsm;od@k oGm;a&mufI W k D f ygw0ifrsm;tm; jzpfay:vmrnfh rnfonfjh yemrsK;d udrqdk umuG,ay;rnfjzpfa=umif; ajym D k f 52 qdc+hJ yD; ygwrEwxuci;f cJonf? xd@k tjyif jrif;+cH+rdK@e,f v$wawmfu,pm;vS,f OD;armif k D S _ f G f dk h f kd f armif0if;udvnf; ygwrEwxuI pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;wpfck xlaxmif&ef usyaiG oef;aygi;f rsm; k DSk f G f f f pGmudk twk;d vGwf tcsetuef@towfr&Sd acs;iSm;I pnf;&k;H cJonf? od@k aomfvnf; OD;armif d f h 53 armif0if;onf ygwrS Ekwxu&ef jiif;qdconf? D f G f k hJ jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf trsKd ;om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf tzG@J 0ifrsm;tm; tjcm;enf; kd kd vrf;trsK;d rsK;d ok;H Ivnf; taESmuft,Suay;cJonf? 1999 ckEp/f azazmf0g&v 20/21 wGif f h S D &efuewi;f tif;pde+f rKd @e,frS jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0if (3)OD;onf ayguuaus;&GmrS a'ocH&mom;(20) k f kd dk f H G ausmw@kd tm; trnfpm&if;rsm;ESiwuG oGm;a&mufI NLD ygwrS E_wxua=umif; twif; f hf D f G f t"rR vufrwa&;xd;k cki;f cJonf? tqdyg&mom;rsm;onf trSewu,f NLD tzG@J 0ifrsm; S f d h k G f r[kw=f uacs? od@k aomfvnf; jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf tqdyg&mom;rsm;tm; t}urf;zuf kd k G vky&yfrsm;wGif NLD ygwEihf ylaygi;f }upnfonf[k pGypum twif;t"rRvufrwf a&;xd;k cki;f f DS H f JG S d jcif;jzpfonf? 1999 ckEp/f Ed0ifbmvwGivnf; ppfui;f wki;f / uav;0+rKd @e,f NLD jrKd @e,fpnf; S k f kd d &ka&;aumfrwD vli,fpnf&;Hk a&;wm0efcH a':cifEi;f =unftm; vuf&&mxl;rS Ekwxuay;&ef H S dS f G f twif;t"rR zdtm;ay; vufrwa&;xd;k cdi;f cJonf? tu,fI rE_wxuv#if 4if;.cifye;f jzpfol S f k h f G f G tvkyjf yKwfrnf[k twif;t"rR zdtm;ay;I vufrwa&;xk;d cdi;f cJjh cif; jzpfonf? olrtaejzifh S f k vufrwx;kd &ef jiif;qdcjhJ cif;a=umifh tusK;d quftaejzifh vifr,m;uGm&Si;f jywfpay;&onfh S f k J 23
  • 24. jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; taetxm;od@k qdua&mufconf?54 k f hJ xd@k jyif jrefrmEkiitv,fyi;f rE av;wdi;f twGi;f &Sd rwW&mESihf wHwm;OD;+rKd @e,frsm;&Sd dfH dk W k trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyftzG@J 0ifrsm;udvnf; ygwrS Ekwxu&ef ppftpd;k & vufuiwwf kd k D f G f kd f k jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;u zdtm;ay;cJonf? rE av;wki;f trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf A[dk kd h W d kd aumfrwDtzG@J 0if a':0if;jrjr.tqdt& wHwm;OD;+rdK@e,f jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;jzpfaom udk k kd atmifjrif/h ud0if;pdeEihf udwif!e@f w@kd OD;aqmifaomtzG@J onf aus;&Gmrsm;wGif vSn@f vnfI k fS k $ NLD ygw0ifrsm;tm; tzJ@G csKyfrS Ekwxuap&ef zdtm;ay;cJonf? wHwm;OD; +rdK@e,ftwGi;&Sd D f G f h f ZD;yif&yaus;&GmrS trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKy0ifrsm;udk wpftrv#if wpfa,mufEe;f qifac:I df kd f df _ h ygw0iftjzpfrS ,cktcseEwxuygu jzpfvmrnfjh yemrsm;udk umuG,ay;rnfjzpf+yD;/ D d f k f G f f tu,fI rE_wxuygu anmifEpyiftrsK;d om;nDvmcHt+yD; tzG@J csKyftm; w&m;r0iftzG@J f G f Sf tpnf;wcktjzpf ausnmonftcseusrS jzpfay:vmonfh jyemrsm;udk jynfci+f zKd ;taejzifh h df kd 55 wm0ef,Eivrrnfr[kwa=umif; ajymqdI Ekwxuci;f cJonf? l dk f d hf f k f G f kd h &Sr;f jynfe,fta&S@yi;f / usKi;f wk+H rdK@e,f&dS trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf tzG@J 0ifrsm;udk kd d kd vnf; ygwrS EkwxuI jynfci+f zKd ;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef zdtm;ay;cJonf? ppftpd;k & vufuif D f G f kd h kd wkwf a'ocHjynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;onf NLD tzG@J 0ifrsm;.aetdrrsm;od@k oGm;a&mufvnf kd f ywf+yD; trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyftzGJ@0ifu'fjym;rsm;udk ‚if;wdk@xHay;tyfI jynfcdkif+zdK; toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef +cdr;f ajcmufajymqdconf? emcH&efjiif;qeforsm;udk enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh k hJ l +cdr;f ajcmufconf? tzG@J 0iftcsK@d rm jynfci+f zdK;tvdus vkyaqmif&ef qufvufjiif;qdc+hJ yD;/ hJ S kd k f k tcsK@d rm jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0ifrsm;u tkypz@JG +y;D wkucuvmrnfup;kd &draoma=umifh qENr&SyEihf S kd fk d f kd f kd f dJS 56 vufcc=hJ uonf? H NLD ygw0iftjzpf qufvuf&yfwnf+y; jynfci+f zKd ;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&efjiif;qef D D dk cJjh cif;. tusKd ;quftaejzifh tzG@J csKyygw0ifrsm;rSm pD;yGm;a&;t=uyftwnf;rsm;udk &ifqi}f uKH f D dk awG@=u&+y;D ynma&;qdi&mtcGitvrf;rsm;vnf; enf;yg;apcJonf? 2004 ckEpwif weoFm&D kf hf h Sf G wdi;f / +rdw+f rdK@e,frS a'ocHtm%mydirsm;u NLD ygw0ifrsm;tm; pmoifausmif;rsm;wGif k kf D ausmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm;tjzpf tvkyvyuijf cif;ud&yfqi;f &ef trde@f ay;wm;jrpfconf? f k f kd k kd hJ +rw+f rKd @e,f trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf tvkytr_aqmif wpfO;D jzpfol OD;vSxe;f (ac: ) OD;qef; d kd f G v_itm; u|e;f pk+rdK@e,f aus;&Gmwpf&m&Sd ausmif;wpfausmif;wGif tv,fwef;jyq&mtjzpf df G cef@ tyfjcif;udk jiif;qdcc&onf? a'ocHtm%mydiOuUXESihf jynfci+f zdK;OuUXrsm;u OD;vSxe;f k H hJ kf kd G tm; ac:,lawG@qum a'ocHppfaxmufvr;f a&;rsm;. !$e=f um;csut& trsK;d om;'Drua&pD Hk S f kd tzG@J csKyf0ifrsm;udk pmoifausmif;rsm;wGif wm0efxrf;aqmifcirjyKEdi[k ajymqdconf?57 G hf k f k hJ rE av;wdi;f anmif;OD;+rdK@e,f&dS trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyftzG@JG 0if usL&Siq&m W k kd f OD;aZmfaZmfuvnf; tm%mydirsm;u zdtm;ay;cJonf? OD;aZmfaZmfonf a':atmifqef; kd kf h 24
  • 25. m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk pk=unfEihf OD;wifO;D tygt0if Ekiia&;tusO;f om;v$wajrmufa&; v_y&m;r_wif wufwuf S dfH f f S G ºuGºuG yg0ifaqmif&ucowpfa,muf jzpfonf? jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;u ‚if;tm; tzG@J csKyfrS G f hJ l dk Ekwxuv#if vufuize;f ESihf tjcm;tcGitvrf;rsm;ay;rnf[k rufv;Hk ay; qGaqmifconf? f G f kd f k hf J hJ od@k aomfvnf; OD;aZmfaZmf u tzG@J csKyrS Ekwxu&ef jiif;qdaomtcg ‚if;w&m;0ifzivpxm; f f G f k G hf S f aom usL&Siausmif;ukd jynfci+f zKd ;tm%mydirsm;u ydwyifc+hJ y;D / wynfrsm;udyg tqkygusL&Sif f kd kf f h k d 58 ausmif;rS Ekwxu&ef zdtm;ay;cJonf? f G f h jynfci+f zdK;toif;onf NLD ygw0ifrsm;tm; jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J o@kd 0ifa&mufvm kd D kd atmif enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh vkyaqmifconf? awG@qar;jref;cJaom NLD ygw0iftcsK@d . tqdk f hJ Hk h D t& tcsK@d aomygw0ifrsm;udk a'ocHjynfci+f zdK;&k;H cGrsm;od@k ac:aqmifI ygwrEwxuci;f cJh D kd J D S k f G f kd onf? tcsK@d ygw0ifrsm;udk ygwrEwxuygu w,fvze;f wpfv;Hk tygt0if &mxl;}uD;}uD;ESihf D DSk f G f Dk aiGusywpfoe;f ay;rnf[k rufv;Hk ay; qGaqmifpnf;&k;H cJonf? jynfci+f zKd ;toif;0ifjzpf&ef jiif; f d J h kd qefaeonfh ygw0ifrsm;taejzifh ‚if;wd@k .pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;wGif taESmuft,Suay;jcif;/ D f f uef@owfcsKyfcs,jf cif;rsm;udk cH=u&onf? xd@k a=umifh tqdyg ygw0ifrsm;onf ‚if;wd@k . rdom;pk k D pm;0wfaea&;uda&S;&_+y;D jynfci+f zKd ;toif;od@k qENr&SyJ 0ifc&onf? om"utm;jzifh pwd;k qdif k dk d hJ k (2)ck ydiqiaom trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyf tzG@J 0ifwpfO;D onf ‚if;.rdom;pkrsm;tygt0if k f kd f kd tm%mydirsm;. enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh aESmuf,u+f cdr;f ajcmufjcif;udk cH&onf? a'ocHjynfci+f zdK; kf S kd twGi;f a&;rSL;ESihf tjcm;+rdK@e,frS jynfci+f zdK;t&m&Sd (2) OD;onf tqdyg ygw0ifaetdro@kd oGm; kd k D f a&mufI tu,fIygwrS Ekwxu+f yD; jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&muf&ef qufvufjiif;qdk D f G kd aev#if pwd;k qditwGuf wESpwpf}urf xkway;aeonfh cGijhf yKcsuygrpfukd xkway;awmhrnf kf f d f f f r[kw[k +cr;f ajcmufajymqdconf? xd@k a=umifh ‚if;wd@k .rdom;pk a&&Snpm;0wfaea&;udk xnfh f d k hJ f oGi;f pOf;pm;+yD; ygwrEwxuI jynfci+f zdK;toif;od@k 0ifa&mufc&onf?59 DSk f G f kd hJ ------------------------- 25
  • 26. jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; tcef ; (3) jynf w G i f ; vl r _ t zG J @ tpnf ; rsm;tm; toG i f t rsKd ; rsKd ; jzih f xd e f ; csKyf v mjcif ; ? jrefrmEdiionf vlxtajcjyK vl@tzG@J tpnf;rsm; wjznf;jznf;uif;rJaeaom EkiiH kfH k h df wpfcjk zpfonf? vlra&;qdi&mvl@tzG@J tpnf;rsm;/ vlrtoif;tzG@J rsm;udk zefw;D wnfaxmifxe;f _ kf _ d odr;f &efEihf vlxt=um; yGivif;¶d;k om;r_Eihf vGyvyfaomtawG;tac:rsm; xGeum;vmapa&; S k hf S f f twGuf }uKd ;yrf;csursm;onf ppftm%m&SitycsKyfa&;pepfq;kd wpfca=umifh t&mrxifcay? f f kf k hJ ppftm%mydirsm;onf xdvra&;qdi&m vl@tzG@J tpnf;rsm;udk ‚if;wd@k . =oZmatmufo@kd kf k l _ kf enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh oGwoi;f vd=k uonf? vlrqi&mtzG@J tpnf;rsm;onf Ekii.ta&;ygaom f G _ kd f fd f H Ediia&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ ppfa&;qdi&may:vpDrsm;ESihf rnfo@kd r# qufE,ywfoufrr&S=d uay? ‚if;wd@k kfH kf G f _ onf vlxtusK;d jyKvyief;rsm;/ vlxoufomacsmifcsa&;ESihf tqifajyacsmarG@apa&;twGuf k kf k d yHy;kd ay;onfvyief;rsm;om jzpf=uonf? xdvra&;qdi&mtzG@J tpnf;rsm;onf 'Drua&pD h h k f k l _ kf kd tajccHtwjf rpfrsm;jzpfouJo@kd 'Drua&pDw;kd wufz@G +H zKd ;a&;twGuf ta&;ygaom tcef;u¾rS k h kd wpdwwa'otm;jzifh yg0ifywfoufae=uonf? f vlrqi&mtzG@J tpnf;rsm;onf ‚if;wd@k pwyg0ifpm;aom ta=umif;t&mwpf&yfukd _ kd f d f om tm&kxm; tav;ay;aqmif&ujf cif;a=umifvnf;aumif;/ ao;i,faom tzG@J tpnf; H G h rsm;jzpfjcif;a=umifvnf;aumif; rdrw@kd . &nfre;f csursm;udk xda&mufayguajrmufap&ef pGr;f h d S f f aqmifEi=f uayonf? TtzG@J tpnf;rsm;onf 'Drua&pDv@l abmif wnfaxmif&mwGif r&Srjzpf kd kd d vdtyfaom tzG@J tpnf;rsm;jzpfonf? xd@k jyif vlxutajcjyKaom vl@tzG@J tpnf;rsm;jzpfonfh k k kd tm;avsmpm ‚if;wd@k .vkyief;rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&mwGif vlx.yl;aygi;f yg0ifr_ fG f k udk &&S=d uonf? Tonfum; vlxtm; trsm;ESiy;l aygi;f aqmif&uwwfonfh tavhtusiukd k hf G f hf &&Saponf? xdtavhtusionf tem*wfjrefrmEdiiwif 'Drua&pDjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;t d k hf k f H G kd wGuf taxmuftuljyKaponf@t&mrsm; jzpfayonf? od@k aomf tm%mudk &moufyefcsKyfui&ef &nf&,csuxm;&Sonfh ppftm%m&Sif kd f G f f d AdvcsKyf}uD;rsm;onf xd@k uo@kd tajccdif wd;k wufatmifjrifvmaeaom vlra&;qdi&mtzG@J k f hJ k _ kf tpnf;rsm;udk ‚if;wd@k . =oZmatmufwixm;&S&ef }uKd ;yrf;cJ=h uonf? T}uKd ;yrf;csursm;onf Gf d f ppftm%m&Sirsm;u aºu;G a=umfaeaom “acwfrz@HG +zKd ;wd;k wufaom 'Drua&pDEiiawmfopf f SD kd kd f H }u;D xlaxmifa&;”[lonfh aqmify'Eihf zDvmqef@usiaecJonf? tpd;k &r[kwaom vlrtzG@J kfS f h f _ tpnf;rsm;jzpfonfh omoema&;tzG@J rsm;/ vlr0efaqmiftzG@J rsm;/ use;f rma&;jyKpapmifa&Smuf _ k h aomtzGJ@rsm;/ ynma&;tzGJ@rsm; ponfh atmufajctqifh vlr_a&;qdkif&mtzGJ@rsm;onf 'Drua&pDv@l abmiftwGuf a'guwirsm;jzpf=uonf? xdtzG@J tpnf;rsm;udk ppftm%m&Sirsm; kd f kd f k f 26
  • 27. m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk u ‚if;wd@k . =oZmcHtjzpf }udK;yrf;aejcif;/ zsuor;f z,f&m;jcif; od@k r[kwf xde;f csKyfaejcif; f d S rsm;onf tem*wf'rua&pDxaxmifa&;twGuf tajccHtwjf rpfrsm;udk +zdKvSaejcif;jzpf+yD;/ D kd l k J ‚if;wd@k .tm%m qufvufwnf+rJa&;twGuf OD;wnf}udK;yrf;aejcif;om jzpfayonf?60 ppftm%m&Sirsm;onf ‚if;wd@k .vufuiwwjf zpfonfh jynfci+f zKd ;toif;tm;tok;H f kd f k kd jyKI rdru,ukd jynfo@l tusKd ;awmfaqmif apwem&SitzG@J tpnf;wpfctoGijf zifh ‚if;wd@k xe;f d kd f f k d csKyfxm;aom rD',mrsm;wGif r=umc% azmfjycJonf? pmoifausmif;rsm;ESihf aq;¶Hrsm;tm; D h k taxmuftyHypPn;f rsm; vSL'ge;f jcif;/ tusO;f axmifrsm;wGif qyfjym/ aq;0g;ypPn;f rsm;ESihf h vlo;Hk ukeypPn;f rsm; vSL'ge;f jcif;/ a'ozG@H +zKd ;a&;pDrue;f rsm;wGif apwemh0efxrf;rsm;tjzpf tul f H d tnDay;jcif;/ toif;0ifrsm;tm; ynma&;ESihf enf;ynmqki&m oifwef;rsm;ay;jcif;tygt0if df v,f,mpduysK;d a&; po!fvy&m;r_trsKd ;rsKd ;wGif yg0ifvyaqmifconf? vlxu ,k=H unftm; k f h _fS kf hJ k xm;&aom apwem&Sivra&;tzJ@G tpnf;wpfctjzpf jynfovx.axmufcrukd &,l&ef f l _ k l l k H _ }udK;yrf;cJonf? wcsewnf;rSmyif vGyvyf+yD; tpd;k &r[kwaom tzG@J tpnf;rsm; (NGOs). h d f f f tcef;u¾rsm;wGiyg 0ifa&mufpuzufvm+yD; ‚if;wd@k tm; wjznf;jznf;csi;f xde;f csKyfEi&ef f G f kd f }uKd ;yrf;vmcJonf? Ediiwum ulnaxmufya&;at*siprsm;onf jynfovxtwGi;f ‚if;wd@k h kfH D Hh fD l l k tultnDrsm; jzef@a0&mwGif jynfci+f zKd ;toif;. uef@owfxe;f csKyrrsm;udk r=umc% &ifqif kd d f_ kd cJ&onf? tusK;d quftaejzihf twdutcHtiftm;pkrsm;ESihf ppftpd;k &tm; tE &,fjyKEionf h k f W kd f [k ,lqxm;olrsm;twGuf tultnDtaxmuftyHrsm;&&S&ef tcGitvrf; enf;yg;apcJonf? h d hf h tcsu(7)csuyg Ediia&;vrf;jyajrykEihf trsK;d om;nDvmcHukd axmufctm;ay;o!fh f f kfH HS H vlpva0;yGrsm;tygt0if etzppftpd;k &tm; axmufctm;ay;onfh twkta,mif vlpvl k l J H k a0;yGrsm;udk jynfci+f zKd ;toif;u wm0ef,usi;f ycJonf? xd@k tjyif 1990 a&G;aumufytEdi& J dk l h JG k f ygvreftrwfrsm;tm; a0zef¶wcsjcif;/ jrefrmjynfEiia&;tajctaeESiywfoufI a0zef D _ f kd f H hf ok;H oyfxm;aom EdiiwumtzG@J tpnf;rsm;rS xkwjf yefo!fh tpD&ifcpmrsm;/ xkwjf yefa=unm kfH H csursm;ESihf EdiiwumrD',mrsm;udk wefjyefqef@usif &_wcsjcif;rsm;tygt0if/ trsK;d om; f kfH D f 'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyfEihf twdutcHtiftm;pkrsm;tm;vk;H udk qef@usix;kd ESuonfh twkt kd S k f f f a,mif vlpva0;yGrsm;udvnf; pepfwus pDpOfusi;f ycJonf? tqdyg vlpva0;yGrsm;wGif k l J k h k k l J wufa&mufvmolrsm;rSm jynfci+f zdK;toif;0ifrsm;ESihf aus;&Gmrsm;/ +rdK@e,frsm;rS cGwrf;us kd J pepfjzifh tdraxmifpwpfpv#if tenf;qH;k rdom;pk0ifwpfO;D usEe;f rwufrae& wufa&muf f k k _ &ef zdtm;ay;cH&olrsm; jzpf=uonf? jynfovxtaejzihf xdvpva0;yGrsm;od@k wufa&muf l l k k lk l J ae&jcif;onf ‚if;wd@k tay: usa&mufvmEdionfh ab;tE &m,fq;kd usK;d rsm;udk a=umuf&@HG ae& kf W aoma=umifh jzpfayonf? 27
  • 28. jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; jynf o l @ tusd K ;awmf a qmif ppftpd;k &vufuiwwf jynfci+f zKd ; ac: jynfaxmifp}k u@H cia&;ESiz@HG +zKd ;a&;toif;onf kd f k dk kd f hf jynfovxukd tusK;d jyKaeaom vlra&;/ ynma&;/ use;f rma&; ponfh vkyief;rsm;wGif 0if l l k _ f a&mufcs,v,c=hJ uonf? xde,fy,frsm;wGif v_y&m;vkyuiaeaom jynfwi;f / jynfy tpd;k & f S f k fS f kd f G r[kwaom tzG@J tpnf;rsm;udvnf; vuf0g;}uD;tkycs,v,&ef enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzihf }udK;pm; f k f f S f vmcJonf? wcsewnf;wGif ‚if;wd@k u,wif jynfovx.u,fwif&i}f u;D rsm;ozG,f ykazmfvm h df kd f kd l l k S H cJonf? txl;ojzihf 2005 ckEp/f 'DZifbmv (5)&ufae@ &efuef jynfci+f zdK; A[dXmecsKyf&;kH wGif h S k kd k usi;f yjyKvkyaom owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGwckwif jynfci+f zdK;taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; AdvcsKyf f J G kd k f aX;OD;u tu,fI jynfovxu awmif;qdvmcJv#if jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J ukd Ekiia&;ygwwpfck l l k k h kd dfH D tjzpf ajymif;vJaumif; ajymif;vJrnf[k t&dytjrGuf ajym=um;cJ+h yD;aemufyi;f wGif jrefrm f kd Ediiv@l tzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf tpd;k &r[kwaomtzG@J tpnf;rsm;twGi;f toGio¾mef trsKd ; kfH f f rsKd ;jzifh xd;k azgu0ifa&muf csKyfuivmcJonf? f kd f h jrefrmjynfovx. tusKd ;pD;yGm;tm; apwemxufoefpmjzifh ulnaqmif&uae l l k G D G f onfh toGiazmfaqmif&ef tESpom&uif;rJonfh twkta,mif z@+HG zdK;wd;k wufa&;pDrue;f f f h H d rsm;udom jynfci+f zdK;toif;u taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&uconf? jynfci+f zdK;toif; k kd G f hJ kd uJo@kd tvm;wl zG@J pnf;xm;aom jrefrmEdiiH rdcifEiuav;apmifa&Smufa&;tzG@J / jrefrmEdiiH h kf S hf h kf trsKd ;orD;a&;&mtzG@J / jrefrmEdiiH =uufajceDtzG@J rsm;ESivnf; twlwuGy;l aygi;f I toif;tm; kf hf ESpvz,&maumif;atmif jynfo@l tusKd ;jyKtzG@J tpnf;wpfctjzpf vlxrS ,k=H unfvufcH f kd G f k k vmatmif }uKd ;yrf;tm;xkwconf? od@k aomfvnf; jynfci+f zKd ;toif;. twkta,mif zG@H +zKd ; f hJ dk wd;k wufa&; pDrue;f rsm;twGuf &HyaiGEihf vkytm;&&S&m t&if;tjrpfrsm;onf jynfovxk H d kH S f d l l xHryif jzpfaeonf? jynfci+f zdK;toif;taejzifh jynfovx. aiGa=u;rsm;ESivytm;rsm;udk S kd l l k hf k f toH;k jyKI twkta,mif zG@H +zdK;a&;pDrue;f rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&u+f yD; emrnf H d G aumif;&atmif }uKd ;pm;jcif;onf “ig;=uif;qDjzihf ig;=uif;a=umf”aejcif;omjzpfI jrefrmEdii. kfH a&&Snz@HG +zdK;a&;ESihf wnf+idra&;twGuf rsm;pGm pd;k &drp&mjzpfayonf? f f f jynfci+f zdK;toif;twGuf &HyaiGrsm;&&S&m ae&mtcsK@d ukd avhvm=unfrnfqv#if kd Hk d h kd vlxxrS enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh aumufcpaqmif;cJonfukd awG@&onf? xd@k jyif omreftoif;0if k H Hk h rsm;taejzifvnf; toif;twGuf aiGa=u;rsm;udk tvSLaiGtaejzifxnf0if&ef apcdi;f jcif; h h h k cHc&ouJo@kd vlxxrtvSLaiGrsm;udvnf; ud,wif vduvaumufcay;&onfrsm;vnf; hJ h k HS k k f kd k f H H &Sconf? cGwrf;pepft& wpfEpv#if ok;H }ur/f av;}urcef@ aus;&Gmrsm;&Sd jynforsm;xHrS tvSL d hJ J Sf d df l aiGrsm; aumufc&onf? tcsK@d a'ocH jynfci+f zdK;acgi;f aqmifyi;f rsm;taejzifh ‚if;wd@k u,wif H kd kd kd f kd tvSLaiGrsm; ray;aqmif&aomfvnf; a'ocHpnf;&k;H a&;rSL;rsm;udk w&m;0if&;Hk pmrsm; xkway; f +y;D &yfuu/f aus;&Gmrsm;twGi;f tvSLaiGrsm; vduvpaqmif;&ef wm0efay;avh&onf? tvSL G k f Hk Sd 28
  • 29. m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk aiG aumufc&mwGivnf; jynfci+f zKd ;&k;H rsm; jyKjyif&efEihf tok;H taqmify&dabm*rsm; 0,f,&ef H f kd S l twGuf[k vnf;aumif;/ toif;0ifav#mufv$mykHpHtwGuf[k vnf;aumif;/ jynfcdkif+zdK; wki;f tqifacgi;f aqmifrsm; vma&mufvnfywf&ef {nfcpm;&dwtwGu[k vnf;aumif; d h hH f f ta=umif;trsKd ;rsK;d jyI omrefjynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;tygt0if jynfovxxrS aumufcH kd l l k H pkaqmif;=uonf? tcsK@d aom tpd;k &0efxrf;rsm;xHrS tvSLaiGrsm;udk wdu&uaumufcjH cif; k f dk f r&Saomfvnf; jynfci+f zdK;rS OD;pD;usi;f yaom vlra&;v_y&m;r_rsm;ESihf jynfci+f zdK;toif;om; d kd _ f S kd 0wfpz;kd rsm;twGu[k ta=umif;jyI vukev#if ‚if;wd@k .vpmaiGrsm;xJrS jzwfawmuf,jl cif; Hk f f udk cH=u&onf? jynfci+f zKd ; toif;rSaumufcaom aiGa=u;yrm%udk rvSL'ge;f Ediorsm;onf kd H kf l vkytm;ay; vdu=f u&onf? vkytm;ay; ud,wirvduEiorsm;onf ‚if;wd@k .ae&mwGif f k f k f kd f k f kd f l tjcm;wpHwa,mufukd iSm;&rf;I tpm;xd;k ay;&onf?61 k ppftpd;k &rS wki;f jynfukd pwiftycsKyfcaom 1962 ckEprpI tpd;k &ausmif;rsm;wGif d k f hJ SfS rGebmom&yfrsm;udk oif=um;cGihf rjyKcJay? od@k aomfvnf; aus;vufa'orsm;&Sd rGevxu f h f l k aus;&Gmrsm;&Sd bkeawmf}u;D ausmif;rsm;wGif rGepmayudk }uKd ;pm;oif,conf? xd@k aemuf aus; f f l hJ &Gmrsm;wGif rGepmayESihf Ak'bmom,Ofaus;r_toif;rsm; wnfaxmifI rGepmoifausmif;rsm; f < f zGivp+f y;D rGepmwwfajrmufa&; oifwef;rsm;ay;&ef }uKd ;yrf;aqmif&uconf? od@k aomfvnf; hf S f G f hJ 2004 ckepf/ ZlvivtwGi;f u etz AdvcsKyfarmifbu a&;+rKd @e,ftwGi;f &Sd rGebmompum; kd f k f kd f oif=um;aom pmoifausmif;rsm;udk ydwypf&efEihf tpd;k &ausmif;rsm;wnfaxmif&ef a'ocH f S tm%mydirsm;udk !$e=f um;cJonf? 2005 ckEp/f azazmf0g&v usKura&m+rd@k wif jyKvkyaom kf h S D d f G f tpnf;ta0;wpfckwGifvnf; jynfcdkif+zdK; xdyfydkif;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;u rGefbmompum; oif=um;jcif;onf Ekiiawmfz@HG +zKd ;wd;k wufa&;ESihf pnf;vk;H nD!wa&;twGuf twm;tqD;wpf dfH $ f ckjzpfonf[k ajymqdom;cJonf? jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;udvnf; rGeausmif;q&m/ q&mrrsm; k G h dk k f tm; taESmuft,Suay;&efEihf qufvufzixm;aom pmoifausmif;rsm;tm;ydwyif&ef f S G hf f 62 apcdi;f cJonf? Tod@k jzifh jrefrmtm%mydirsm;onf ae&mwdi;f / vltzG@J tpnf;wki;f wGif tpk k h kf k d tzG@J wpfck ay:ayguvmrnfukd tvGetrif; pd;k &drc=hJ uonf? f f f NLD ygwrS vkyaqmifaeaom vlra&;vkyief;rsm;wGivnf; jynfci+f zdK;toif;. D f _ f f kd wm;qD;[ef@wm;aer_rsm; &Sconf? jrefrmjynftES@H wif zG@J pnf;xm;aom Ediia&;tusO;f om; d hJ G kfH rsm;ESihf ‚if;wd@k .rdom;pkrsm;tm; tultnDay;aeonfh vlruna&;tzG@J rsm;uJo@kd tvm;wl _ l D h tzG@J wpfcukd NLD ygwu wrl;a'owGiz@JG pnf;&ef 2004 ckepf/ {+yvtwGi;f u }uKd ;yrf;cJonf? k D f D h od@k aomfvnf; wrl;c¶dijf ynfci+f zKd ;toif;OuUXu tqdygvruna&;tzG@J zG@J pnf;olrsm;tm; k kd k l_ l D ‚if;wd@k .pD;yGm;a&;vkyief;rsm;wGif wefjyef*,uf¶urrsm;ESihf awG@}uKH &vdrrnf[k +cr;f ajcmuf f kd f _ hf d 63 ajymqdI taESmuft,Suay;cJonf? 2004 ckepfwivnf; jrefrmjynfatmufyi;f &Sd a&ab; k f h Gf kd 'kuonfrsm;tm; NLD ygwrS qefvLS 'ge;f &ef }uKd ;yrf;cJonf? xdtcseY jynfci+f zKd ;toif;u Q D h k df kd 29
  • 30. jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; NLD ygwtm; rdrw@kd u,pm; aumif;r_uovjf yKvky&eftwGuf D d kd f k kd f tvSLypPn;f rsm; ay;tyfchJ k f D _ f f onf[k rrSeruef ajymqdconf? xd@k jyif twdutcHygwrsm;. vlra&;vkyaqmifcsursm; f k hJ udvnf; jynfci+f zdK;toif;rS tjcm;enf;vrf;trsKd ;rsK;d jzifh [ef@wm;aESmuf,uconf? Oyrm k kd S f hJ tm;jzihf twdutcHtzG@J tpnf;rsm;u vlxtusK;d jyK vkyief;rsm; vkyaqmif&ef aus;&Gmvlxk k f k f f rsm;udk pnf;&k;H onftcgwi;f jynfci+f zdK;acgi;f aqmifrsm;u jynfovxtm; rvkyaqmif&ef h kd kd l l k f 65 avmfpyDumrsm;ESihf atmf[pfI [ef@wm;aESmuf,uconf? S f hJ jynfcdkif+zdK;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf jrefrmjynfwGif;Y wnf&Sdaeaom vlr_a&;tzGJ@ tpnf;rsm;udk wcsewif jynfci+f zKd ;toif;}u;D . +yKd ibufjzpfvmEkionf[k ,lqxm;+y;D [ef@ df G dk f fd f wm;aESmuf,urrsm; jyKvyvmcJonf? jrefrmjynfovx. txl; tm;ud;k ,k=H unfrukd &&Sae S f_ kf h l l k _ d onfh &ky&io&kyaqmif udausmol OD;pD;aom ema&;ulnrtoif;(&efue)tygt0if vlra&;/ fSf f k f D_ kf _ bmoma&;/ ynma&;/ pD;yGm;a&; toif;tzG@J (24)ckukd tm%mydirsm;u zdtm;ay;cJonf? kf h TtzG@J tpnf;rsm;tm; vkyief;vkyyicioufwrf; xyfw;kd ay;awmhrnf r[kwa=umif; 2007 f f kd f G hf f ckEptwGi;f Y w&m;0ifta=umif;=um;cJonf? xd@k jyif 2006 ckEp/f =o*kwvwGivnf; ema&; Sf h S f f ulnrtoif;(&efue). a=umfjimcGi/hf tvSLaiGvufccirsm;udk tm%mydirsm;u wm;jrpf D _ k f H G hf kf ydwyifrrsm; jyKvyc+hJ y;D toif;.tr_aqmiftcsK@d ukd ac:,laqG;aEG;ar;jref;r_rsm; jyKvyconf? f _ kf k f hJ udausmol OD;pDonfh ema&;ulnrtoif; (&efue) udk 2001 ckEp/f Zefe0g&v (1) k f D _ k f S D &ufae@wif rwnfaiG usy(5)ode;f jzifh ud,xu,x pwifz@JG pnf; xlaxmifconf? toif; G f k f l kd f hJ pwifz@JG pnf;+y;D uwnf;u o+*Kd vp&dwf rwwfEionfh axmifaomif;csaom jynfovxukd F f kd f D l l k tultnDay;cJonf? toif;. (5)ESpwm oufwrf;umvtwGi;f vl (4)aomif;eD;yg;. ema&; h f udprsm;udk ulnaxmufyay;Ediconf? wpfjynfv;Hk &Sd +rKd @e,ftawmfrsm;rsm;wGivnf; tvm; P D Hh k f hJ f wl ema&;toif;rsm;udk vduvz@JG pnfay;cJonfh apwem&Sivra&;toif; wpfcjk zpfonf?66 k f H h f l_ jynfci+f zdK;tm%mydirsm;onf apwem&SivrtzG@J tpnf;rsm;udk jyifyrS [ef@wm; kd kf f l_ aESmuf,urrsm; jyKvkyconftjyif tvm;wlpif+ydKiftzG@J tpnf;rsm; xlaxmifI taESmuf S f_ f hJ h t,Suay;jcif;/ apwem&SivrtzG@J tpnf;rsm;twGi;f od@k jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0iftrmcHrsm; t f f l _ kd wif;t"rRxnfoi;f I taESmuft,Suay;jcif;rsm;vnf; jyKvkyconf? om"utaejzifh h G f f hJ &ky&io&kyaqmif ausmol OD;aqmifz@JG pnf;ay;cJaom oma&;ema&;toif;rsm;xJrS wpfctyg fSf f f h k t0ifjzpfonfh rauG;wki;f / atmifv+H rdK@e,f arwWmrGef oma&;/ema&;toif;tzG@J twGi;f od@k d jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J 0if (2)OD;udk A[daumfrwDtjzpf twif;t"rRxnfoi;f cJonf? vlra&;toif; kd k h G h _ rsm;wGif jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm; wdu&uyg0ifywfoufvmjcif;onf toif;rsm;taejzifh dk k f kd f tvSL&Sirsm;xHrS tvSLaiGrsm; qufvuf&&Sa&;twGuf twm;tqD;wpfck jzpfapcJonf?67 f d h 2006 ckEp/f ZlvivwGif pwifz@JG pnf;cJ+h y;D rauG;wdi;f / acsmuf+rKd @e,f&dS ema&;vkyief; S kd f k f rsm;udk tcrJaqmif&uay;aeaom raemjzL ema&;ulnrtoif;rS jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifwcsK@d h G f D _ dk 64 30
  • 31. m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk cGxuI tvm;wltzG@J wckukd pif+yKd if zG@J pnf;xlaxmifconf? wcsewnf;Yyif tqdyg jynfcif J G f hJ df k kd +zKd ;rS zG@J pnf;xm;aom ema&;toif;onf aopm&if;xkw,onftcgwi;f pnfyifom,ma&; f l h kd ESihf tay;t,lvy+f y;D raemjzLema&;toif;. vkyief;rsm;udk aESmifaES;atmif vkyaqmifc=hJ u k f h f onf? acsmuf+rdK@wif e,fajr(16)ck&+dS yD; tcsK@d e,fajrrsm;onf &yfuuf (2)ck/ (3)ck pkaygi;f xm; G G onf? ,cifu acsmuf+rKd @&dS ema&;vkyief;rsm;. av;yko;Hk ykukd raemjzLema&;ulnrtoif;u f H H D_ tcrJh ulnaqmif&uay;cJonf? ,ckaemufyi;f umvrsm;wGif jynfci;f +zdK;ema&;toif;u D G f h kd kd 68 vuf0g;}uD;tkyf csKyfuivmcJonf? kd f h tm%mydirsm;onf qif;&Jom;jynforsm;udk tultnDay;aeaom ema&;ulnr_ kf l D tzG@J rsm;udk enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzihf [ef@wm;aESmuf,urrsm; ay;aeaomfvnf; &efue&dS wyfr S f _ k f awmfEihf &Jwyfz@JG t&m&Srsm;. rdom;pkrsm;. oma&;/ ema&;udprsm;udrl Ekiiawmfpm;&dwEihf S d P k dfH fS pDpOfaqmif&uay;&ef !$e=f um;cJonf? G f h jynfci+f zdK;tm%mydirsm;onf jynfwi;f &Sd tcrJaq;ukay;aeaom aq;cef;rsm; kd kf G h enf;wl pif+yKd iaq;ukcef;rsm; zGivpIvnf; taESmuft,Suay;cJonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh ema&; f hf S f f h ulnrtoif; (&efue)onf aq;0g;rukoEkionfh qif;&Jom;vlxtwGuf 2007 ckEp/f rwfv D_ kf df k S rSpI &efuewi;f / oCFe;f u|e;f +rdK@e,f ynmy&d,wWpmoifwuf bke;f awmf}uD;ausmif;wGif k f kd d kd okcukovjf zpfaq;cef;udk pwifzivpf ukoay;cJonf? okcaq;cef;onf ae@pOfvem 40 kd G hf S h l OD;txdvufc+H yD; q&m0ef 7 OD;jzifh tcrJuoay;aeonftjyif a&m*gEihf vlemtajctae h k h S tvduf aq;&kwifuoa&;twGuf aqmif&uay;onfh tcrJaq;cef;wckvnf; jzpfonf?69 k H k G f h xdaq;cef;zGivp+f y;D 2 vcef@t=umwGif &efuewi;f / jynfci+f zKd ;tzG@J uvnf; oCFe;f u|e;f +rKd @e,f k hf S k f kd kd i§u &yfuuf pHcseopfvrf;&Sd &yfuujf ynfci+f zKd ;&k;H wGif +zKd ;apwemaq;ukcef; [kqum pif+yKd if G df G kd kd aq;ukcef;rsm;udk zGivpconf? jynfci+f zdK;ydif +zdK;apwemaq;ukcef;zGiywif &efuewi;f hf S f hJ kd k hf JG G k f kd jynfci;f +zKd ;wm0efcH AdvrLS ;}u;D armifyg ud,wiwufa&mufc+hJ y;D rnfourqdk tcrJuoay; kd k f k f kd f l kd h k rnf[k ajymqdconf? k hJ jynfci+f zKd ;tm%mydirsm;onf jrefrmEdiitwGi;f &Sd tjcm;aomvlra&;toif;rsm;. kd kf kfH _ vkyief;rsm;wGif enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzihf [ef@wm;aESmuf,urrsm; ay;aeaomfvnf; ‚if;wd@k . [efjy f S f_ vkyaqmifrEiywfoufI *k%,0ºhH uGm;pGm xkwazmfajymqdavh&onf? 2005 ckEp/f jynf f _ S hf f l f k dS S axmifp}k u@H cia&;ESiz@HG +zKd ;a&;toif; ESpywfvnf oif;vku|wf tpnf;ta0;wpfcwif &Sr;f jynf kd f hf f H k G e,f (ta&S@yi;f ) rdi;f ysO;f +rdK@e,f jynfci+f zdK;tvkytr_aqmifwpfO;D u jynfovxuse;f rma&; kd k kd f l l k twGuf tjcm;vlra&;toif;tzG@J rsm;ESihf yl;aygi;f uGi;f qif;ukocJ&m (2586)OD;tm; jyKpkuo _ h k ay;Edica=umif;/ aus;vufvxk use;f rma&;apmifa&Smufr_ ydrjkd riwifEia&;twGuf aus;vuf k f hJ l h k S hf dk f aq;ay;cef; (6)ckukd aiGusyf ode;f (90)ESihf jynfovxxnf0ifaiG (62)ode;f / pkpaygi;f (152) l l k h k ode;f jzifh ulnyy;kd wnfaqmufEica=umif; ajym=um;cJonf? xd@k jyif jynfci+f zdK;tvkytr_ D hH kd f hJ h kd f 31
  • 32. jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; aqmif q&m0ef (12)OD; OD;aqmifaom tcrJe,fvnhf ukoa&;tzG@J rsm; zG@J pnf;+y;D ae&maygi;f h S (155)ae&mwGif vlem (25498)OD;tm; aq;0g;ukoay;Edic+hJ yD; aq;0g;wefz;kd aiGusyoe;f kf f d 70 (30)ausmf tcrJunay;Edica=umif;udvnf; *k%,0=hH uGm;pGm ajymqdconf? h l D k f hJ k f l k hJ jynfci+f zdK;tm%mydirsm;u pif+ydKifaq;cef;rsm;zGivp+f yD; jynfovxukd tcrJh dk kf hf S l l k ukoay;aeonf[k ajymqdaejcif;onf vdrvnfvnjhf zm;r_ wpfcomjzpfonf? tb,fa=umihf k f S k qdaomf &efuewi;f / oHvsi+f rKd @e,f&dS jynfci+f zKd ;ydiaq;cef;wpfcu vma&mufuoaom vlem k k f kd kd k f k k 71 rsm;xHrS wpfO;D v#if usyaiG(300) aumufc,conf? tjcm;aom +rKd @e,frsm;wGivnf; vm f H l hJ f a&mufuoaom vlemrsm;xHrS tvSLaiG[ta=umif;jyI aiGa=u;rsm; aumufcconf? k k H hJ xd@k jyif2005 ckEp/f pufwifbmv (8)&ufae@ etz0ef}u;D wpfO;D vnf;jzpf jynfci+f zKd ; S kd acgi;f aqmifwpfO;D vnf;jzpfol OD;atmifaomif;u a'oqdi&m jynfci+f zdK;acgi;f aqmifrsm; kf kd xHo@kd xkwjf yefaom !$e=f um;csuwif tdycstiA§attki'tufpf umuG,a&;vkyief;pDrH f G f f kd f DG dfD f f ude;f rsm;udk tvsi;f oifovdk pwifxe;f csKyfom;&ef !$e=f um;cJonf? xljcm;onfrm rif;udEif h d G h S k dk acgi;f aqmifaom 88 rsK;d qufausmif;om;rsm;u jynfwi;f &Sd tdycstiA§attdi'tufpf G f f kd f GD kf D a0'em&Sirsm;/ wDbEihf iSuzsm;a&m*g a0'em&Sirsm;twGuf vlom;csi;f qdi&m tultnD f D S f f kf rsm; ay;=u&ef/ tpd;k &r[kwaom tzG@J tpnf;rsm;/ twdutcHtzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf ppftpd;k & f k f wd@k tm; ylaygi;f aqmif&uom;&ef awmif;qdc+hJ yD;aemuf odyr=umcif tqdyg!e=f um;csuukd G f G k f k $ f 72 xkwjf yefvujf cif;jzpfonf? kd jynfci+f zKd ;tm%mydirsm;onf tusO;f axmifuprsm;udvnf; 0ifa&mufcs,v,chJ kd kf dP k f S f onf? ICRC tzG@J rsm;udk tusO;f axmif/ tusO;f pcef;rsm;od@k oGm;a&mufcihf vk;H 0ray;awmhyJ G jynfci+f zdK;/ jrefrmhtrsK;d orD;a&;&m/ rdcifEiuav;apmifa&Smufa&; ponfh trsK;d om;a&;ESihf kd S hf h vlra&;toif;tzG@J trnfcH rqDrqditzG@J tpnf;rsm;udom tusO;f axmifrsm;eSihf tusO;f _ kf k pcef;rsm;od@k oGm;a&mufpnf;&k;H jcif;rsm; vkyaqmifapcJonf? xd@k jyif jynfo@l qufqa&;trnf f h H jzifh tusO;f axmifrsm;od@k oGm;a&mufI Ediia&;tusO;f om;rsm;udk "gwy&uu;l um oufqif kfH f Hk dk f kd &mrdom;pkrsm;udk vduvpnf;&k;H cJ+h y;D rjzpfpavmuf aiGa=u;rsm;udvnf; axmufyay;cJonf? k f H k hH h jrefrmjynf&bufpcef;rsm;ESihf tusO;f pcef;rsm;. 50 &mcdi;f E_e;f udk axmufyay;aeaom J k hH Ediiwum=uufajceDtzG@J ukd tusO;f axmifrsm;od@k oGm;a&mufvnfywfciray;bJ jynfci+f zKd ; kfH G hf kd toif;u 0ifa&mufcs,v,aejcif;onf ‚if;wd@k u,wif jynfovx.u,fwif&if jzpfvkd f S f kd f kd l l k S jcif;ESihf axmifwi;f tajctaersm;ESiywfoufI Ediiwumudk vdrvnfvnjhf zm;vdjk cif; G hf kfH f S twGuom jzpfonf?73 f 2006 ckEp/f Ed0ifbmv 2 &ufae@wif usi;f yjyKvyconfh etzowif;pm&Si;f vif;yGJ S k G k f hJ (7§2006)wGif &JcsKyf AdvrLS ;csKycif&u jrefrmhvra&;toif;tzG@J rsm;onf 2005 ckEp/f atmuf k f f D l_ S wdbmvrS 2006 ckEp/f atmufwbmvtwGi;f tusO;f axmif (42)ckEihf tvkypcef;(7)ckw@kd ukd k S kd S f 32
  • 33. m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk 0ifa&muf =unf&avhvmcJ+h y;D tusO;f om;/ tcsKyfom;rsm;ESihf awG@qum pm;aomufz,&m/ h_ Hk G f aq;0g;ESihf vlo;Hk ypPn;f usyoe;f (700)ausmz;kd vSL'ge;f axmufyEiconf[k xnfoi;f ajymqdk f d f hH dk f hJ h G oGm;cJonf? Tod@k tm%mydirsm;u tusO;f axmifrsm;od@k om;a&mufI tusO;f om;rsm;udk h kf G ulnaxmufyay;aeonf[k ajymqdaeaomfvnf; vufawG@wir_ tusO;f axmifrsm;wGif D hH k Gf use;f rma&;apmifa&SmufrtwGuf aq;0g;rsm;csK@d wae+y;D Ediia&;tusO;f om;rsm;. rdom;pk0if h _ hJ kfH Srsm;udkyg e,fajrtm%mydkifrsm;ESifh jynfckdif+zdK;tzGJ@0ifrsm;u rsufajcrjywfapmifh=unfhI taESmuft,Suay;cJonf?74 f h jref r mEd k i f i H t wG i f ; &S d Ed k i f i H w umat*sif p D r sm; jrefrmEdiitwGi;f Y vlom;csi;f qdi&mtaxmuftyHrsm; ulnay;aeaom EdiiH kfH kf h D kf wumtzGJ@tpnf; rsm;pGm&Sdonf? ,if;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf ‚if;wdk@.vlom;csif;qdkif&m axmufy@H unonf@vyief;rsm;udk vGwvyfpm v_y&m;aqmif&ucihf r&&S=d uay? jrefrm l D k f f G f S G fG ppftpd;k &onf Ediiwumat*siprsm;tay: wif;usyaom vrf;!$ecsursm;udk xkwjf yef kfH f D f f f xm;+y;D xdvrf;!$ecsursm;tm; taumiftxnfazmf&ef &S/d r&Sd avhvmqef;ppf&ef ppftpd;k & k f f vufuiwwf jynfci+f zdK;toif; tygt0if 0ef}uD;tqifh aumfrwDwpf&yfukd zG@pnf;cJonf? kd f k kd J h xd@k tjyif jrefrmEdiio@kd vma&muf=uaom ynma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra&;ESihf ,Ofaus;r_qi&m kfH _ kd f avhvma&;tzG@J rsm;taejzihf jrefrmEkiio@kd a&mufv#ia&mufcsi;f jynfci+f zdK;toif; twGi;f dfH f kd a&;rSL; OD;aX;OD;xHo@kd OD;pGmoGm;a&muf *g&0jyK&rnf[k pnf;urf;xkwjf yefconf? xduo@kd jyKr_ hJ k hJ aqmif&uae&jcif;onf jrefrmjynforsm;tm; vGyvyfpm tultnDtaxmuftyHrsm; ay; G f l f G h tyf&ef}udK;yrf;aeonfh EkiiwumtzG@J tpnf;rsm;tm; rsm;pGm pdwtaESmuft,Sujf zpfapcJh dfH f onf? 2005 ckEp/f pufwifbmvwGif a'ocH jynfci+f zdK;acgi;f aqmifrsm;tm; jrefrmjynf S kd w0Sr;f vH;k &Sd ynma&;/ use;f rma&;ESihf vlra&;v_y&m;r_rsm;udk xde;f csKyf&eftwGuf !$e=f um;csuf _ fS wpf&yf xkwjf yefconf? tqdyg!e=f um;csut& jynfci+f zKd ;toif;onf &efuewi;f twGi;f &Sd hJ k $ f kd k f kd 75 HIV/ AIDS umuG,a&;pDrue;rsm;udk OD;pGm v$ajymif;&,lconf? Ediiwumat*siprsm;udk f H df J hJ kfH fD jrefrmjynfrS xkwy,fjcif;/ ‚if;wd@k u,wif xGucmjcif;ESihf jynfci+f zKd ;toif;. xde;f csKyfrrsm; f kd f kd fG kd _ onf pdwtaESmift,Sujf zpfp&m tusKd ;qufrsm;udom jzpfay:apcJonf? tultnD t f h k h axmuftyHrsm; a0iS&mwGivnf; Ediia&;yg yg0ifI ‚if;wd@k rvdvm;aomolrsm;tm; cGjJ cm;quf h f kfH k qHc=hJ uonf? jynfci+f zdK;tm%mydirsm;onf Ediiwumat*siprsm;ay:wGif jzpfEiajcr&Saom dk kf kfH f D kd f d pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;rsm;udk jyXmef;owfrwI [ef@wm;aESmuf,urrsm; jyKvkyconf? urBmh S f S f_ f hJ &HyaiGtzG@J }uD;ESihf Ediiwumat*sipD trsm;tjym;onf vufawG@rusaom jynfci+f zdK; tm kH kfH f kd 33
  • 34. jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; %mydirsm;. vkyief;qdi&m pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;rsm;tm; yl;aygi;f aqmif&u&ef jiif;qef+yD; kf f kf G f 76 kd f G jrefrmjynfrS xGucmoGm;cJonf? txl;ojzifh vufeufuiyÉdyuQrsm; tqufrjywf jzpfym; fG h aeaom a'orsm;wGif vlom;csi;f qdi&m ulnaxmufyrrsm; vkyaqmifaeaom Ekiiwum kf D hH _ f dfH at*siprsm;udvnf; qufvufrvkyaqmifEiatmif wif;usyaom pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;rsm; fD k f kd f f csrwf jyXmef;cJonf? xd@k a=umifh u&ifjynfe,fEihf rGejf ynfe,ftwGi;f Y 2001 ckEprS pwifI S h S S f use;f rma&;qdi&mtultnDrsm; vkyaqmifaeaom jyifopftajcpduf e,fjcm;rJq&m0efrsm; kf f k h tzG@J onf 2006 ckEp/f rwfvwGif tm%mydirsm;ESihf yl;aygi;f aqmif&u&ef jiif;qef+yD; jrefrm S kf G f 77 jynfrS xGucmoGm;cJonf? fG h tvm;wlpm jrefrmEkiiwi;f &Sd tusO;f om;rsm;ESihf &Jbufpcef;rsm;od@k oGm;a&muf G dfH G um Ediia&;tusO;f om;rsm;udk awG@qjHk cif;/ aq;0g;ESihf tjcm;vdtyfaomypPn;f rsm;udk axmuf kfH k yHay;aeaom *seAmtajcpduf tdiptmpD (ac: ) urBm=h uufajceDtzG@J }uD;udvnf; tm%m h D D k kf D k ydirsm;u r=umc% [ef@wm;aESmuf,ujf cif;rsm; jyKvkyconf? ,if;tzG@J }uD;onf jrefrm kf S f hJ jynfwi;f &Sd tusO;f axmifrsm;wGif ‚if;wd@k .vkyief;rsm;udk vGwvyfpm vkyuiEi&eftwGuf G f f G f kd f kd f 1999 ckEpwif jrefrmEdiiH jynfxa&;0ef}uD;XmerS cGijhf yKcsuf &&dconf? xdcserpI jynfwi;f Sf G kf J S hJ k dfS G tusO;f axmifrsm;ESihf &Jbufpcef;rsm;od@k vpOfyreom;a&mufum Ekiia&;tusO;f om;rsm; Hk S f G dfH ESihf awG@qaqG;aEG;jcif;/ aq;0g;ESihf tjcm;vdtyfaomypPn;f rsm;udk ulnaxmufyay;cJonf? Hk k D Hh h 1999 ckEprS 2005 ckEptwGi;f tusO;f axmifrsm;od@k (435)}udrf oGm;a&mufc+hJ yD;jzpfonf? S f S f use;f rma&;vkyief;rsm;/ oifwef;rsm;ESihf ajcwkvyief;rsm;tjyif Ediia&;tusO;f om;rsm;. f k f kfH rdom;pkrsm;udvnf; aiGa=u;axmufyrrsm; ulnaqmif&uay;cJonf?78 k Hh _ D G f h od@k aomfvnf; 2005 ESpueyi;f rSpI jrefrmjynftusO;f axmifrsm;od@k oGm;a&muf f k f kd vnfywfaer_rsm; &kww&ufqi;f ihom;ojzifh axmifwi;f &Sd Ediia&;tusO;f om;rsm;. tajc f kd H G G kfH tae qd;k 0g;vmcJonf? 2006 ckEp/f 'DZifbmv 21 &ufae@ ICRC . xkwjf yefausnmcsut& h S f ICRC tzG@J onf jrefrmjynf tusO;axmifrsm;wGif Ekiia&;tusO;om;rsm;. tajctaersm; f dfH f udk avhvm&eftwGuf om,m0wDtusO;f axmifo@kd oGm;a&mufvnfywf&ef pDpOfconf? hJ xdc&D;pOfwif jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J u tdiptmpDtzG@J Eitwl vduygcijhf yK&rnf[k twif;tusyf k G kd kf D S hf k f G awmif;qdconftwGuf ICRC taejzifh tqdygc&D;pOfukd zsuor;f cJonf? jynfci+f zKd ;tm%m k hJ h k f d h dk ydkifrsm;onf tusOf;axmifrsm;twGif;&Sd qdk;&Gm;aeaomtajctaersm;udk urBmhrdom;pk todi;f t0di;f tm; vdrnmzk;H uG,&eftwGuf urBm=h uufajceDtzG@J . tusO;f axmifrsm;od@k k k f f vGyvyfpm oGm;a&mufvnfywfcirsm;udk wjznf;jznf; +cdr;f ajcmuf xde;f csKyfvmcJonf? f G G hf h xd@k a=umifh Ediiwum=uufajceDtzG@J rsm;taejzifh jrefrmjynftusO;f axmifrsm;od@k kfH jyefvnfom;a&mufEi&ef cGijhf yKcsu&&Sa&;twGuf tvm;tvm tvGeenf;yg;cJonf? tm G kd f f d f h %mydirsm;onf 2005 ckEprpI urBm=h uufajceDtzG@J rsm;udk enf;vrf;aygi;f pHo;kH I tusO;f kf S f S k 34
  • 35. m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk axmifrsm;od@k 0ifa&muf rppfaq;Ekiatmif [ef@wm;xm;cJonf?79 2006 ckEpf Ed0ifbmv df h S k aESmif;ydi;f wGif rE av;/ armfv+rdKif/ bm;tH/ awmif}uD;ESihf usKi;f wkH ponfh +rdK@}uD; (5)+rdK@wif k W d G zGivpxm;onf Ediiwum=uufajceDaumfrwD&;Hk rsm;udk ydwypf&ef jrefrmtm%mydirsm;u hf S f kfH f kf 80 trde@f xwconf? tqdyg&;Hk rsm;udk 'DZifbmv tv,favmufwif tm%mykirsm;u jyef k f hJ k G df f vnfzivpcihf ay;cJaomfvnf; tusO;f axmifrsm;od@k oGm;a&mufvnfywfjcif;ukr_ cGirjyK G hf S f G h d hf 81 cJhay? tusK;d quftaejzifh tusO;f axmifrsm;od@k vdtyfaomaq;0g;rsm;udk urBmh =uuf k ajceDtzG@J }u;D rS qufvufaxmufyEijf cif; r&SawmhonftwGuf tusO;f om;rsm;onf iSuzsm; hH dk d h f a&m*g/ ESv;Hk a&m*g/ qD;csKa&m*g tygt0if tjcm;a&m*gtrsK;d rsK;d twGuf aq;0g;jywfvyfrrsm; d _ ESihf &ifqic&+yD; use;f rma&;tajctae qd;k 0g;vmcJonf? tusO;f axmifrsm;twGi;f aq;0g; dk f hJ h jywfvyfrrsm;ESihf tm%mydirsm;. tcseruoay;jcif;r&Srrsm;a=umifh Ekiia&;tusO;f om; _ kf dfD k d_ dfH 82 aoqk;H r_rsm;vnf; &Sconf? jrefrmEdiiwif 1988 ppftm%modr;f +y;D uwnf;u 2006 ckEpf d hJ kfH G S 83 txd tusO;f axmifrsm;wGif aoqk;H cJonfh Ekiia&;tusO;f om; 127 OD;ausmf &Sconf? h dfH d hJ twk t a,mif vl x k a xmuf c H y G J r sm;/ vl p k v l a 0;yG J r sm;ES i f h qef @ usif & _ w f c syG J r sm; jrefrmppftpd;k &onf twdutcHtiftm;pkrsm;/ jynfyowif;rD',mrsm;ESihf EdiiH k f D kf jcm;wkdif;jynfrsm;rS ta&;,lydwfqdk@r_rsm;udk qef@usif&_wfcs&eftwGuf vlpkvla0;yGJrsm;udk jrefrmEdiiw0Sr;f wGif usi;f ycJonf? ppftpd;k &u wzufowf usi;f yjyKvkyonfh trsK;d om; kfH h f nDvmcHEihf vrf;jyajrykH axmufcyrsm;udvnf; jrefrmEkiiw0Sr;f &Sd jynfe,fEiwi;f toD; S H JG k dfH S hf kd oD;wGif qufwuf usi;f yjyKvkyconf? jynfovxtm; rufv;Hk rsm;/ tca=u;aiGrsm; ay;I kd f hJ l l k vnf;aumif;/ enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh +cr;f ajcmufIvnf;aumif; ppftpd;k &u pdwwi;f us pDraqmif d f kd H &Guxm;onfh vlpva0;yGrsm;udk wufa&mufapcJonf? ,if;vlpva0;yGrsm; usi;f y&mwGif f k l J h k l J ppftpd;k &vufuiwwf jynfci+f zdK; (ac: ) jynfaxmifp}k uH@cia&;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;toif;rS trmcH kd f k kd kd f toif;0ifrsm;u wm0eftoD;oD;cG,I twkta,mifaxmufcyrsm;udk usi;f ycJjh cif; jzpfonf? J l H JG ppfwyfxyyi;f acgi;f aqmifrsm;rS OD;aqmifO;D &Gujf yKaeaom jynfci+f zdK;toif; pwifz@JG pnf;+yD; d f kd kd cserpwifI qef@usi&wcsyrsm;/ twkta,mif vlxaxmufcyrsm;udk vlx.qENrygyJ t dfS f _ f JG k H JG k wif;t"rRac:,l pkaqmif;I Ekiiw0Sr;f vk;H wGif tqufrjywf usi;f ycJonf? 1994 ckEp/f dfH h S Zefe0g&DvrS pwifI 2005 ckESpftxd trsKd;om;nDvmcHatmifjrifa&; twkta,mif axmufcyrsm;udk wdi;f ESijhf ynfe,ftES@H (77)ae&mwGif usi;f ycJonf?84 xd@k jyif2005 ckEpf aemuf H JG k h S ydi;f umvrsm;rSpI 2007 ckEpumvrsm;txd jynfci+f zdK;toif;u OD;aqmifI rsm;jym;vS k S f kd aom twkta,mif vlxaxmufcyrsm;/ qef@usi&wcsyrsm;ESihf vlpva0;yGrsm;udk Ediiwpf k H JG f _ f JG k l J kfH 0Sr;f usi;f yjyKvkyconf? f hJ 35
  • 36. jynf c d k i f ò zd ; od k Œ r[k w f ppf t m%m&S i f p epf . a'guf w d k i f r sm; jynfci+f zKd ;tm%mydirsm;taejzihf ,if;twkta,mifaxmufcyrsm;ESihf vlpva0; kd kf H JG k l yGrsm;od@k jynfovxtm; rnfo@kdrnfyHk zdtm;ay;I wufa&mufapcJonfukd qufvuf avhvm J l l k h =urnfjzpfonf? 2003 ckEp/f pufwifbmvwGif ppftpd;k &. vrf;jyajryktm; axmufcqENjy&ef S H H +rdwc&kitwGi;f &Sfd jynforsm;udk wpftraxmifv#if 2 a,mufEe;f jr{&mabmvk;H uGi;f wGif f df l d f _ vma&mufp&;Hk &ef urf&;dk wef;wdi;f ppfXmecsKyfwi;f rSL;u trde@f ay;cJonf? wufa&muf&ef ysuf k k dk h uGuygu '%fa=u;aiG (500)usyf ay;aqmif&onf? ,if;vlpva0;yGrsm;od@k ppfwyfrom;pkt f k l J d odi;f t0di;f rsm;ygrusef wufa&muf&ef apcdi;f jcif;cH&onf? 2003 ckEp/f pufwifbmvtwGi;f Y k k k S etzppf&;kH csKyf tajrmufwyfz@JG !$e=f um;a&;rSL; AdvrLS ;csKyfjr0if;onf weoFm&Dwi;f / xm;0,f k f kd +rdK@Eihf +rdw+f rdK@rsm;od@k oGm;a&mufI tajrmufwyf&if; trSwf (201)/ (301)/ (302)/ (304)/ S (306)/ (307)/ (309)/ (501)ESihf (401)wd@k rS rdom;pk0ifrsm;udk 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; AdvcsKyf k f 85 cif!e@f . tcsu(7)csuyg vrf;jyajrykukd axmufcqENjy&ef pnf;&k;H v_@H aqmfconf? $ f f H H hJ 2007 ckEp/f pufwifbmv ucsijf ynfe,f/ jrpf}uD;em;+rdK@ axmufcyrsm;twGuf S H JG jynfovxukd wpftrwpfa,mufEe;f wufa&muf&ef zdtm;ay;cJonf? wufa&muf&ef l l k d f _ h ysuuuf ygu jyif;xef;pGmta&;,lrnf[k ajrmufyi;f wdi;f ppfXmecsKywi;f rSL; AdvcsKyte;f jrifu f G kd k f kd k f f k h 86 trde@f xkwconf? Aef;armf+rdK@&dS Xmeqdi&maygi;f pkrS 0efxrf;rsm;/ jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J 0ifrsm;ESihf f hJ kf H kd pGr;f tm; &Sif pkpaygi;f tiftm; 200 cef@ukd Aef;armf-rE av; ajy;qGaeonfh rSevbwfpum; k W J f Hk f 5 pD;jzifh jzpf}uD;em;od@k ac:aqmifvmI twkta,mif axmufcyrsm;udk usi;f ycJonf?87 H JG h xdaxmufcH yGrsm;wGif autditkd ac: ucsivwajrmufa&;tzG@J vnf; tygt0ifjzpfonf? k J kf f G f od@k aomf ucsivi,f (200)ausmcef@onf ppftpd;k &.axmufcyrsm;tay: autdit. f l f H JG k f kd &yfwnfcsuEiywf owfI tcsu(7)csuuawmif;qdum qef@usi&wcsconf? awmif;qdk f S hf f f kd k f _ f hJ csu(7)csuwif ppfreonfh 'Drua&pDEiiawmf/ wef;wltcGita&;/ ucsivrsK;d pkrsm;tm;vk;H f f G Sf kd kd f H hf f l tjrefpnf;vH;k nD!wr&&da&;/ etzppftpd;k &. trsK;d om;nDvmcH }udKqdaxmufcrukd qef@ $ f_ S k H_ usi+f y;D axmufcaeonfh ucsivrsK;d rsm;tm;vk;H udvnf; rvdvm;a=umif;/ trsK;d om;nDvm H f l k k cHukd }udKqdaxmufcjH cif;tm;jzifh urBmtjrif/ trsm;tjrifwif us&;H_ oGm;onfh *k%oumudk k h G f d Q jyefvnf&yor;f &efEihf trsm;.,k=H unfr&&Sa&; jyKvy&ef tcsejf zpfonf[k azmfjyyg&conf?88 kf d S _ d kf d dS hJ jynfci+f zdK;onf ppftpd;k &ESihf ‚if;wd@k . ay:vpDrsm;udk axmufctm;ay;onfh twk kd H ta,mifaxmufcyrsm;udk usi;f yjyKvkyconftjyif twkutcHtiftm;pkrsm;udk qef@usif H JG f hJ h d f &_wcsonfh vlpva0;yGrsm;udvnf; usi;f ycJonf? ,if;onf jynfci+f zdK;tm%mydirsm;. f k l J k h kd kf &nf&,csursm;xJrS wpfctygt0ifjzpfonf? txl;ojzifh tm%mydirsm;. txl;ypfrwxm; G f f k kf S f wducuc&onfh tzG@J tpnf;wpfcrm +idr;f csr;f a&; Edb,fvq&if a':atmifqef;pk=unf OD; k f kd f H k S k f k S aqmifaom jrefrmEdiiwif t}uD;rm;qk;H twdutcHtzG@J tpnf;wpfcjk zpfonfh 1990 a&G; kfH G k f 36
  • 37. m;pk 'Drdkua&pDESifh zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufa&;tiftm;pk aumufytEdi& trsK;d om;'Drua&pDtzG@J csKyfyifjzpfonf? jynfci+f zdK;tm%mydirsm;onf JG k f kd kd kf tzG@J csKyfacgi;f aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unfEihf olr. tzG@J csKyftzG@J 0ifrsm;tm; uef@uuqENjy S G f &ef wpftrv#iwpfa,mufEe;f rvmrae& vma&muf&ef trde@f xwconf? rvma&mufygu df f _ k f hJ vkytm;ay; apcki;f cH&rnfjzpfa=umif; +cdr;f ajcmufajymqdk I twif;t"rR vlpaqmif;cJonf? f d k h wpf&mv#if tenf;qk;H vl(4)OD;rS (20)OD;txd &,u (&yfuuat;csr;f om,ma&;ESihf zG@H +zKd ;a&; G G f aumifp)rS rvmrae& twif;t"rR qifac:ojzifh vma&muf=u&onf? xd@k jyif a':atmifqef; D h pk=unftm; }uKd qdv#if axmif'%f (7)ESpf jypf'%fcsrnf[vnf; &yfuuat;csr;f om,ma&; k k G f ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;aumifprsm;u w&m;vGef +cdr;f ajcmufconf? ,if;&_wcsyrsm;twGuf vl (200) D hJ f JG cef@ukd t&ufwuIvnf;aumif;/ aiGay;Ivnf;aumif; pnf;&k;H ac:aqmifconf?89 kd f hJ vGwvyfpm pk&;Hk cGi/hf vGwvyfpm qENjyydicionf vlom;tm;vk;H .,k=H unfcsuf f G f G k f G hf jzpfonf? rnforqdk rdrw@kd qENukd xkwazmfjyoEkici&onf? txl;tcGita&;wpfctaejzifh l d f d f G hf dS hf k jynfci+f zdK;tzG@J ukd qENjyydiciay;jcif;udk vufcEiaomfvnf; tcsK@d jynforsm;udk twif;t kd k f G hf H kd f l usyf rvdurae& qENjycdi;f aejcif;onf vufcEiz,&mr&Sa=umif; 2003 ckEp/f arv (29)&uf k f k H kd f G f d S rkH&Gm+rdK@ trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyf qdkif;bkwfwifyGJwGif jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unfu axmufjycJonf?90 h 1998 ckEp/f atmufwbmv rS 1999 ckEp/f Zefe0gvtxd tifet,fv'ygwukd S kd S f f D D qef@usiaom vlpva0;yGrsm;udk Ekiiw0Sr;f vk;H &Sd +rKd @}u;D (19)ckwif usi;f yjyKvyconf? jynfo@l f k l J dfH G k f hJ qENazmfxwy[k ppftpd;k &u trnfwyfxm;aom tqdyg qef@usi&wcsyrsm;udk Ekiiwpf0r;f k f JG k f _ f JG dfH S wGif jynfci+f zKd ;toif;u OD;aqmifusi;f yjyKvkyconf? axmifaygi;f rsm;pGmaom jynforsm;udk kd f hJ l a'ocHtm%mydirsm;u zdtm;ay; wufa&mufapcJ+h y;D / wufa&mufvmoltrsm;pkrm jynfcif kf S kd 91 +zdK; (ac: ) jynfaxmifp}k uHcia&;ESiz@HG +zdK;a&;tzG@J 0ifrsm; jzpf=uonf? txl;ojzifh 2007 kd f hf ckEp/f pufwifbmvESihf atmufwbmvrsm;wGif jyKvkycaom tifet,fv'ygwD qef@usif S kd f hJ f fD a&; twkta,mif vlpva0;rsm;onf ppftm%mydirsm;ESihf ‚if;wd@k . vufuiwwf jynfcif k l kf kd f k kd +zdK;toif;. tm%m&Sio&kyreukd ydryjD yifpm ay:vGiapcJonf? f f S f k kd G f h Ediia&;twkutcHygwrsm;udk qef@usiuef@uuonfh vlpva0;yGrsm;wGif tm%m kfH d f D f G f k l J ykirsm;bufrS vkyavhvyx&Sonfh tcsuwpfcrm ‚if;wd@k u toifa&;I,laqmifvmaom df f kf d f kS h pm&Gupmwrf;rsm;udk y&dwowfxrS vlwcsKd @tm; wufa&mufI zwf=um;jycdi;f jcif; jzpfonf? f f J k aeylususJ uGi;f jyif}uD;xJwif t"rRac:,lpaqmif;xm;aom vlx}k uD;u qENrygaomfvnf; J G k tm%mydirsm;tvdus axmufca=umif; vufcyw;D ay;&onf? Oyrmtm;jzifh jynfci+f zdK; kf k H k f kd acgi;f aqmifrsm;u “tifet,fv'ygwu wdi;f jynfe@J vli,fawGukd zsuq;D aew,f/ ud,hf f f D D k f k wdi;f jynfukd jynfyvufxa&mufatmif vJay;aew,f/ wki;f jynfukd pGe@f ypfxm;wJh opPmazmuf k J $ d awGjzpfw,f” pojzifh &_wcsaecsewif jynfovu “ NLD ygw/D a':atmifqef;pk=unfEi/hf f d f G l l S 37