Answer the following questions in reference to Drosophila melanogast.pdf

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Answer the following questions in reference to Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) that has 6 chromosomes. How many combinations are possible when chromosomes assort independently into gametes (ignoring crossing over)? 6 raised to the 2nd power 2 raised to the 6th power 6 x 2 = 12 2 raised to the 3rd power 3 raised to the 2nd power How many tetrads align at the metaphase plate of meiosis I? 0 12 6 3 Solution Ans.1 No. of possible combination during independent assortment = 2n Where, 2 indicates ploidy of the somatic cells undergoing meiosis, n = number of haploid chromosomes. Given, 2n = 6 Hence, n = 3. Thus, No. of possible combination during independent assortment = 2n = 23 Correct option: 2 raised to 3rd power. Ans. 2. Number of tetrad during meiosis = Number of haploid chromosomes (n) To understand it, let’s number the three haploid chromosomes as A, B and C. A diploid cell has two copies of each chromosome- one inherited from mother and the other from father. So, diploid cell has following chromosomes- A1, A2, B1, B2, C1 and C3, where 1= maternal chromosomes and 2 = fraternal chromosomes. All the chromosomes remain independent of each other, randomly scattered in nucleus. We will proceed with one chromosome pair, for simplicity. The following events occur when a diploid cell enters meiosis- A1 and A2 are called homologues pair. During S-phase, DNA is duplicated. The resultant- I. A1A1 remain joined to each other. Are called sister chromatids. The same happens to A2A2, and rest other chromosomes. II. Homologous chromosome A1 and A2 pair together prophase I. Since each of A1 and A2 are duplicated, they are (A1A1) and (A2A2) respectively. III. Homologous pairing forms a tetrad – A1A1/A2A2 i.e. four chromosomes remaining together. Note: Both the maternal and fraternal chromosomes and their duplicated copies remain together as a tetrad. That is, the number of tetrad in half of diploid number (because A1 from mother and A2 from father remain together as one single homologous chromosome). Thus, number of treads in drosophila = n = 3 Correct option: D (3).

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I. A1A1 remain joined to each other. Are called sister chromatids.
The same happens to A2A2, and rest other chromosomes.
II. Homologous chromosome A1 and A2 pair together prophase I. Since each of A1 and A2 are
duplicated, they are (A1A1) and (A2A2) respectively.
III. Homologous pairing forms a tetrad – A1A1/A2A2 i.e. four chromosomes remaining together.
Note: Both the maternal and fraternal chromosomes and their duplicated copies remain together
as a tetrad. That is, the number of tetrad in half of diploid number (because A1 from mother and
A2 from father remain together as one single homologous chromosome).
Thus, number of treads in drosophila = n = 3
Correct option: D (3)

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I need help answering both these questions Question 5: 1. A diploid cell contains three pairs of homologous chromosomes: A1 and A2, B1 and B2, and C1 and C2. Assuming no crossing-over occurs, what possible combinations of chromosomes will be present in: a) daughter cells following mitosis: b) metaphase I of meiosis: Solution 1. A)In mitosis the daugther produced are genetically identical , so all the geneticall material is being inherited from mother cells to daughter cells, So the only possibility is A1/A2/B1/B2/C1/C2. Since all the genetic material is being transfered from the parent cell to daughter cells B) The Meiosis 1 is meant to split the homologus pair into different cells, which will now be n ( Haploid) , So there can be 8 possible combinations of chromosomes, So if we take an example it could inherit A1/B1/C1 or A2/M1/S1.

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The homolog of the #3 chromosome is the X-chromosome Y-chromosome other #3 chromosome chromosome that synapses with the #3 chromosome during mitosis Solution Ans. Each diploid organism inherits 2 copies of a chromosome (here, chromosome number 3 or #3) – one from its mother and another from father. That is, a human has two copies of #3 chromosomes- inherited one copy from each parent. For simplicity of clarification, we represent mater chromosome as #3M and fraternal chromosome as #3F Now, note the following events carefully – I. When a cell prepares for meiosis, it duplicates it chromosomes. That is now there are 2 copies of #3M (one old, one new copy) and 2 copies of #3F (one old, one new copy) chromosomes, too. II. Both the copies of #3M remain joined together with the help of cohesion rings. Both the chromosomes, old #3M and new #3M are called sister chromatids of each other. III. So, after S-phase, there are two pairs of sister chromatids – one #3M pair (has two #3 sister chromatids joined together by cohesin rings) and one #3F pair. IV. In Leptotene stage prophase I of meiosis 1, for the first time in meiotic cell cycle, the term “homologous chromosomes” is used. Here, the term mean “. A pair of genetically similar chromosomes having same genes on same loci are called homologous chromosomes or homologues”. It means chromosomes #3M and #3F are homologues chromosomes because they share the same gene loci – IRRESPECTIVE of whether synapsis has occurred or not. V. Note that synapsis occurs in zygotene stage, (after leptotene stage in sequence). VI. No doubt, the homologous chromosomes undergo synapsis during meiosis, but #3M and #3F are called homologous chromosomes even if they don’t synapse (say, for a hypothetical condition) because they same genes on same loci. Therefore, the term “synapsis” is not required to mention two chromosomes as homologous chromosomes- it is the character of “sharing same gene loci” that makes two chromosomes homologous. Thus, correct option is- C. other #3 chromosome. Note: Different texts may discriminate the term differently. It the best possible explanations presented here..

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Lab Template Week 4: Meiosis Submitted by: <your name here> As you complete the lab, record your answers in this template. Save the document as LastName_FirstName_BIO1020_W4A3, and submit it to the Dropbox. Full lab instructions and the rubric with which you will be evaluated can be found in the online classroom. Activity Cellular reproduction in Eukaryotes involves either mitosis or, in the case of sex cells, meiosis. Mitosis involves the reproduction of a cell into two identical daughter cells. Meiosis, however, is a reduction division where a parental diploid cell produces four haploid gametes. Upon fusion, two haploid gametes (in humans the sperm and the egg) will result in one diploid zygote. In this activity you will track chromosomes through meiosis using colored beads. Experiment 1 Questions 1. Why is crossing over important in heredity? (10 points) 2. Provide two ways that meiosis I and meiosis II are diﬀerent. (10 points) 3. (10 points) a. In the lab, how many chromosomes were present in each cell when meiosis I started? b. How many chromosomes were present in each daughter cell at the end of meiosis II? 4. If humans have 46 chromosomes in each of their body cells, determine how many chromosomes you would expect to find in the following (10 points): Sperm: Egg: Daughter cell from mitosis: Daughter cell from meiosis II: 5. Why is it necessary to reduce the chromosome number of gametes, but not of other cells of an organism? (10 points) 41 Meiosis Lab 4 42 Lab 4: Meiosis 43 Introduc on Meiosis only occurs in organisms that reproduce sexually. The process generates haploid (1n) cells called gametes (sperm cells in males and egg cells in fe- males), or spores in some plants, fungi, and pro sts, that contain one complete set of chromosomes. Haploid cells fuse together during fer liza on to form a diploid cell with two copies of each chromosome (2n). Genes are the units of heredity that have speciÞc loci (loca ons) on the DNA strand and code for inheritable traits (such as hair color). Alleles are alterna ve forms of the same gene (brown vs. blue eyes). Homol- ogous chromosomes contain the same genes as each other but o en di erent alleles. Non-sex cells (e.g. bone, heart, skin, liver) contain two alleles (2n), one from the sperm and the other from the egg. Mitosis and meiosis are similar in many ways. Meiosis, however, has two rounds of division—meiosis I and meiosis II. There is no replica on of the DNA between meiosis I and II. Thus in meiosis, the parent cell produces four daughter cells, each with just a single set of chromosomes (1n). Meiosis I is the reduc on division– the homologous pairs of chromosomes are separated so that each daughter cell will receive just one set of chromosomes. During meiosis II, sister chroma ds are separated (as in mitosis). Concepts to explore: Meiosis Diploid cells Haploid cells ...

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