Literature Review For Food

Literature Review For Food
Chapter 2
Literature review
Spirulina (Arthrospira) is used as food supplements
Spirulina is identified as can excellent source of proteins, vitamins, minerals and biologically active
substances (Switzer, 1980 in Sanchez et al. 2001).The protein concentration was found to constitute
60–70% of its dry weight. It is claimed to be useful in human nutrition since it contains a high
quality and quantity of protein. It contains essential amino acids: the highest values are leucine
(10.9% of total amino acids), valine (7.5%), and isoleucine (6.8%). Currently, food containing
Spirulina ingredients are eaten in the form of noodles, nutritious blocks, beverages and cookies (Li
& Qi, 1997).
In the 21st century Agricultural field is faces with many challenges such as: an increase in food
production due to global population ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An economically viable solution which is the cultivation of Spirulina microalga rich in protein,
vitamins and other functional nutrients known to benefit health is opted as the best solution.
Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis is a well–known commercial cyanobacterium that is used in food
supplements for humans and animals (Rasool et al., 2006). Spirulina is a blue green algae which
belongs to a family of Oscillateriaceae, it grows in countries with a tropical climatic condition. The
rising global temperature is a serious problem that changes metabolic functions and causes
irreversible damage during microorganisms growth and result loss of biomass productivity and
high–value compounds (Vonshak 1997). A study that shows the presence of active compounds
vitamin B12
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Alienation From The Environment Essay
The evolution happened to human beings over a great span of time and throughout this time, human
society has gone through a transformation beginning with the period in which people lived in
wilderness and depended on it for bare survival, until two periods where there was technological
progress as well as industrialism. As this period occurred, agrarians argued about man becoming
alienated from the environment and nature while some people though the opposite. While writing
this paper, I have in mind the extent to which modern man became alienated from the natural
environment. Modern man is alienated from the environment to which he belongs and agrarians
believe that this happened because machines substituted people. Human beings ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Human beings are complex species compared to other animals and their duty is to regulate nature.
They have to observe what is done to nature so that it is not overused and misused. Spirituality
makes people bond with nature and perceive it as a part of them. To begin with, spirituality and
religions create feelings of interconnectedness and interrelatedness in nature. Individuals from
traditional societies feel the intense interconnectedness. They believe that events are the result of
actions human beings initiate even though the consequences cannot be fully understood by human
beings. For this reason, human culture asks for people to treat nature carefully and with respect in
order to avoid bad consequences. This kind of attitude resembles human ecology in a way that
human actions generate effects which have serious effects in ecosystems and in social systems. The
difference between traditional belief which accentuates interconnectedness and human ecology lies
in the fact that traditionalists do not examine the connections thoroughly. Human ecologists are
explicit regarding details so that people could understand and predict the possible consequences of
their actions. According to spirituality, the quality of nature is that it is benign and this means that it
is kind and means well. The opposite of this is perverse and this kind of perception suggests the
nature being benign while people preserve the ecosystem without radically

Nigeri An Essential Requirement For Sustainable...
Water
The southern Nigeria has abundant rainfall compare to the northern part. Water is an essential
requirement for sustainable agricultural production. To meet the future food need, farmers would
have to provide adequate water supply. Here is the map of Nigeria per annual rainfall–figure 3.
Rainfall in Nigeria verities from season to season and there is a short dry season known as "August
break", which is usually experienced in the last two weeks of August.
Degradation
Nigeria is a developing country and the most populous country in Africa. There has been always the
quest to feed the needy. There is freedom to almost everything in the country. Most of the laws
governing the environment are nearly inactive. Thus, making the country to suffer soil degradation.
Almost every Nigerian is a farmer and children are being taught agriculture both in primary and
junior secondary schools, but optional in senior secondary. Nigeria practices two types of
agriculture, which are Industrialized or commercial and Subsistence Agriculture. Most families are
subsistence farmers and they use improvised equipment. In the savannah region, animal husbandry
dominates the agricultural practices, while in the forest vegetation is dominated with tuber crop.
As the years go by––the population kept increasing and the demand for food and industrial materials
increases––the soil is being endangered. The activities of humans and the lack of laws or inactive
laws is associated with this

Organic vs. Conventional Farming Essay
Organic farming is becoming an increasingly popular market throughout the world. (Adam, 2004, p.
666). The aims of organic farming are, to decrease pollution, maintain soil fertility and biodiversity,
be more sustainable, and have increased nutritional benefits than conventionally grown foods
(Yaping et. al., 2003, p. 298). While the aim of conventional farming is to provide safe, proficient
supplies of food, in abundance and at low prices (Trewavas, 2001, p.409). Since 1996, the amount
of land in the UK dedicated to organic farming has risen tenfold (Adam, 2004, p. 666). As well,
from 1992 to 1997, the amount of certified organic cropland in the US more than doubled (Tafel et
al, 2007, p.182 ). The main difference between organic and ... Show more content on
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(Trewavas, 2001, p.409). This evidence shows that the use of the synthetic pesticides, herbicides,
and fungicides, is beneficial from a food safety point of view, as they decrease the possibility of
getting ill from the consumption of this food. Therefore, conventionally grown food is safer than
organically grown food, which does not use these chemicals.
One concern about pesticides and herbicide usage is the amount of residues left on the end product
of crops sprayed with the chemicals, and their effects on human health. (Williamson, 2007, p. 184).
However, these effects are closely tested and levels are strictly regulated to ensure there is no danger
from possible pesticide residues. Since 1910, many rules, regulations, and agencies have been
formed to monitor the safety of the pesticides and herbicides used in conventional farming. These
chemicals must meet specific safety standards in order to be registered for use, and regulations on
levels of each product safe for use are also put in place. (Tafel et al.,2007, p.184). All pesticides are
rigorously examined to ensure they have no significant effects on human health, or the environment.
The residues in the food chain are closely monitored, and regularly tested, to ensure they are below
legal limits. In a recent survey of residues

Wall-E : Water Pollution
In 2008, director Andrew Stanton and a team of producers that included scientists created the film
Wall–E, a Waste Allocation Load Lifter–Earth class robot on planet Earth, which took us to seven
hundred years after humans had polluted the environment. The people on Earth wind up living in
space to escape the waste of planet. After seeing this movie over five times, and experiencing
waterborne illnesses, Wall–E is adorable and emotional, but the story itself opens our eyes and
forces us to become aware of water pollution in our environment. Water pollution is a threat to
humans, ecosystems, and the environmental plants. Soon enough, our blue waters will be full of
trash and waste. After Wall–E gives a plant to Eve in the movie, Eve shuts down with a flashing
green leaf button on her stomach. Wall–E then takes Eve on a "date" while she is powered down in a
boat sludging through the muddy water. The water was just mud and garbage; you were not able to
see the actual water itself. Humans drink water, which comes from a deep well in the ground after it
is drilled, making it consumable. According to the Hollywood Water Plant Treatment Center,
"contaminated water causes diseases like Cholera, a diarrheal illness, Guinea Worm disease, Typhus,
and Dysentery." Representative Joe Barton of Texas stated that "exposure to pollution is not
associated with premature death," making respected health associations like the American Public
Health Association immediately reject his hypothesis

General Introduction to Mushroom Culture
General Introduction to Mushroom Culture Definition WITHOUT LEAVES, WITHOUT BUDS,
WITHOUT FLOWERS: YET THEY FORM FRUIT. AS A MEDICINE, AS A FOOD, AS A
TONIC: THE ENTIRE CREATION IS PRECIOUS. [pic] Life Cycle [pic] Introduction Cultivation
of mushrooms as a research endeavor in Pakistan Only Institute of Horticultural Sciences, a degree
program: Mushroom Science Common in Asian countries, in Horticulture departments. Mushrooms
may be unpalatable, and others even poisonous, the mushrooms of many species are not only edible
but delicious and nutritious. HISTORY Consumption of mushroom probably occurred during
prehistory, in hunting and foraging ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
You have to consider whether to convert existing buildings for mushroom growing. This also
depends upon the type of production system to be adopted Variable costs For the purchase of spawn
For the purchase of substrates for the preparation of composts. Capital investment for the
construction of building and purchase of machinery. Energy costs Labour costs Production systems
Which production system you will choose? Some requires high investments, other less, but you
must exceed a break even yield to be profitable. Training A start–up programme and training is
essential before any new production system unit will achieve economic yield. Related Business
Supply of fresh and dry mushrooms for local market and export. Spawn production industry. Supply
of fresh mushrooms in tins. Development of mushroom products. Development of medicinal
mushroom products. Compost preparation industry for the supply of fresh and spawned
compost/casing soil. Specialized business for the construction of mushroom houses with
environmental control systems. Problems Pests and diseases can be devastating and their control in
mushroom is a constant cost which is involved and complicated. Growers cannot depend chemical
pesticides as the crop is extremely sensitive. Two stages where the growers face hardships/problems

Mesoamerican American Culture
Since prehistoric times, cultures the world over have benefited from the hallucinogenic effects,
altered states of perception and cognition, for ritual, recreational, spiritual, and healing purposes.
Interestingly, archeological evidence of early shamanic use exists in Mesolithic (20,000 BCE –
10,000 BCE) rock paintings located at the ancient North African site of Tassili n'Ajjer in the Sahara
Desert. There also exists a long history of psilocybe mushroom use throughout Mesoamerican
cultures. Various Pre–Columbian art pieces, including rock carvings and engravings depicting
mushroom motifs, have been and are currently unearthed throughout Guatemala. The Aztecs of
Central America included "teonanácatl" – the sacred or God mushroom – in their ancient rituals and
rites ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
His trip to Mexico to take the psychedelic fungi with the shamans of Oaxaca caught the public's
imagination and is often cited as the root of the counter–culture's interest" (O'Neill, 2014). Wasson,
a New York banker and vice president of J.P. Morgan, along with friend and New York society
photographer Allan Richardson, states being "the first white men in recorded history to eat the
divine mushroom" and defined his experience as profound and spiritual. A small excerpt from
Wasson's Life Magazine essay helps to explain his event, "The visions were not blurred or uncertain.
They were sharply focused, the lines and colors being so sharp that they seemed more real to me
than anything I had ever seen with my own eyes. I felt that I was now seeing plain, whereas ordinary
vision gives us an imperfect view; I was seeing the archetypes, the Platonic ideas, that underlie the
imperfect images of everyday life. The thought crossed my mind: could the divine mushrooms be
the secret that lay behind the ancient mysteries? Could the miraculous mobility that I was now
enjoying be the explanation for the flying witches that played so important a part in the folklore and
fairy tales of northern

History Of Cotton Cultivation And Production
The history of cotton cultivation and production to cottons part in society now. Tyler Riviere
4 April, 2016
The evolutionary history of cotton played an important role in the heritage of the British Empire, the
United States(U.S.), and India. Cotton continues to be an important crop and commodity throughout
society. The history of Cotton is one of the most important factors to our society currently. Cotton
cultivation dates back over 7,000 years, seeds of cotton are found all over the world. Cotton is
hugely important throughout the world, making cotton useful to make a number of textile products.
Since cotton is used and produced on such a widespread industry, cotton's largest producers are
China and India. However; the largest exporters of raw cotton are the United States and Africa. The
advancement in cotton textile industries, and the worldwide vast cultivation of the crop is the
product of human demand towards the farming, production, and export of cotton.
The global cotton industry is distinguished by its abundant industrial uses of cotton plume, which is
the fiber within the cotton used to create products, along with the high production costs that come
along with it. "Extreme vegetative growth can hinder destructively with productivity of the cotton
plant. Why it makes applying growth regulators an essential for healthy develop6ment in the cotton
culture" (Vitor 2015). Cotton cultivation dates back over 7,000 years ago and with high demand.
Scientist over the past

Type 1 Diabetes Research Paper
Diabetes is one of the most prevalent diseases to this day. With over 171 million cases of diabetes all
over the world, this disease is spreading exponentially fast. Lesser known as Diabetes Mellitus, this
disease is all about the amounts of sugar in one's body. Glucose, in particular. Glucose is the
powerhouse of the body. It helps run your body by transforming into the energy that we use to
function on a daily basis. Whether or not one's diabetes is minor or even off the charts it can lead to
terrible outcomes. These include stroke, blindness, vascular disease and heart disease. As mentioned
before, the major symptom of diabetes is that too much sugar is in one's body. This is similar to a
disease previously mentioned, hemochromatosis. However, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
As the book mentions, sugar helps heat the body, but how? Brown fat, an important type of fat in
our body coincides with our sugar to provide heat when it is cold. The human body has a brain of its
own. When it senses that it is too cold it functions in unique to stay safe. In this scenario, humans
pee more when they are cold. This leads to more sugar in their bodies. Brown fat then transforms
this sugar into heat. Initially taking place during a rapid period of temperature drops known as the
Younger Dryas, it is hypothesized that this is how people in Europe survived the extremities of the
cold. People with diabetes have even more sugar in their bodies. This means that they feel even
warmer during this time. There is evidence to prove this as studies show that a diabetics urine is
much sweeter than normal humans. As mentioned before, those with diabetes contain more sugar in
their water. Also, a study consisting of nearly 300,000 American veterans with diabetes did indeed
notice differences in their blood sugar levels through the years. Evidently, the highest blood sugar
levels were detected in the cooler months of the

Pros And Cons Of Plant Reproduction System
1.0 Plant Reproduction System
Plant reproduction is the process of reproducing a certain species of plant continuing its existence. A
plant is made up of organs and cells that help it reproduce sexually or asexually. Both reproduction
methods having its advantages and disadvantages. 1.1 Plant Reproductive System Organs
The reproduction system for plants consists of the anther, stigma and ovule. The image by Hans
Lambers (2016) shows that pollen is created through the stamen (anther (which is held up by a
filament). The pollen is then moved through wind, water or animal to the stigma of the plant "part of
the pistil where the pollen germinates" (The Parts of a Flower, n.d.). Which is then moved down the
pollen tube (inside the style) where it reaches the ovary and fertilizes the ovule and reproduce. 1.2
Plant Reproductive System Cells
Plant reproduction consists of two cells. The pollen grains contains male gametophytes (the male
sex cell) which is created through the process of meiosis (sex cell multiplying). On the other hand,
the ovule, which is held within the ovary, contains female gametophytes (the female sex cell) which
is also created through the process of meiosis.
2.0 Animal Reproductive System
Animal reproduction, like plant reproduction, is the process of creating a being with similar genes to
the parent animal to continue its race. An animal reproductive system is made up of cells and organs
depending on the sex of the animal, both meeting up to create a

Tryptic Soy Agar And Tryptic Soy Agar
Abstract:
Fungi were collected from the air and selected for using different media types in order to
demonstrate the principle of selection. This was done using two different types of media with
differing pH levels. The Mycophil plate had a pH of 5 and selected for fungal growth while the
Tryptic Soy Agar plate, with a pH of 7, served as a general growth medium. The plates were
exposed for 5 minutes outside of the Food Science Building at Rutgers University. High fungal
percentages were found on the Mycophil plates, and low fungal percentages with more bacteria
present were found on the Tryptic Soy Agar plates after incubation at room temperature. This proved
that fungal growth favors a more acidic pH, while bacterial growth favors a neutral pH.
Introduction:
In typical neutral soil, the numbers of bacteria dominate over the number of fungi. Because of this,
general growth plates often see little to no fungal growth when placed in these conditions. In order
to select for fungal growth, an acidic medium is normally used because fungi grow readily at higher
acidity (S.A. Waksman, submitted for publication 1922). This information is useful in determining
the type of medium required to select for fungal growth.
Mycophil, which has a pH of 5, will be used experimentally in order to select for fungi. Tryptic Soy
Agar (TSA) has a neutral pH of 7, and is a non–selective, general growth medium. This will allow
for growth of many different organisms, typically bacteria. The fungi

Production of Edible Mushroom
Production of Edible Mushroom Volvariella Volvacea Using Rice Hull and Dried Water Hyacinth
Leaves
A Thesis Proposal
Presented to the Faculty and Staff of
Honorato C. Perez Sr. Memorial Science High School
Mabini Ext. Cabanatuan City
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Subject
Research
By:
Dela Cruz, Monica Joy T.
Tome, Meggie B.
Wong, Vianca Camille P.
THE PROBLEM AND IT'S BACKGROUND
INTRODUCTION
Mushroom is the popular name for any of the larger fleshy fungi, mostly of the class
Basidiomycetes. A mushroom is not a complete fungus plant instead; it is for spore producing
fruiting body that develops from an extensive mass of fine threads present in the ground or the
substrate on which the fungus grows. Most ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the outcome of the study proves to be successful, it will provide people with additional source of
food using waste product.
To The Researchers: It helps the researchers to progress, utilize their skills and knowledge regarding
the study. To The Community: As a member of the society, this study aims to produce additional
source of nutritious food to the community. To The Environment: To use by–products like rice hull
and dried water hyacinth leaves in producing edible mushroom without harming the environment.
There are lots of sources of it everywhere. To The Future Researchers: To enhance the study more
for them to find another alternative substrate in which they will try to produce the same, even a
different type of mushroom.
SCOPES AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The study entitled "Production of Edible

Mushroom Volvariella Volvacea Using Rice Hull and Dried Water Hyacinth Leaves" will be
executed at Bicos Rizal, Nueva Ecija by a group of students from Honorato C. Perez Sr. Memorial
Science High School.. This study primarily deals with the use of rice hull and dried water hyacinth
leaves as a bed in where the mushrooms will grow.
This study is limited to the possibility of producing edible mushrooms specifically Volvariella
Volvaceae using rice hull and dried water hyacinth leaves.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Mushrooms are of the fungi family

Development And Isolation Of Bioactive Component From...
Development & Isolation of Bioactive component from Endophytic Fungi on Musa Paradisiaca as
Anti diabetic agent
_____________________________________________________________________________
Introduction:
Medicinal plants are frequently used in traditional medicine to treat different disease condition all
over world. The knowledge about this traditional medicine system has been significantly helping to
develop more and more effective treatment options to cure disease without or least side effects. The
ongoing process of finding new bioactive molecules for pharmaceutical and medicinal need,
requires continues optimization. As per current novel drug molecule discovery practice one new
molecule is found from the screening of 10000 natural products. The biologically active natural
substances have played an important role in discovery of new beneficial chemical entities. A
traditional plant which is used since decades, having multiple therapeutic use known as "Musa
Paradisiaca L" belonging to family Musaceae. It provides a important source of carbohydrate (food)
all over the world. Commonly it is used to treat some disorders such as diarrhoea, diabetes, uraemia,
hypertension, nephritis, gout, cardiac disease. Around the world there are more than 100 common
name used for Musa Paradisiaca but in most of the regions known as "Banana". More than 70
species have been identified of it. According to the study almost all parts it is having some kind of
therapeutic activity. Here we are

Helen Beatrix Potter Research Paper
Helen Beatrix Potter, was born July 28, 1866 to Helen and Rupert Potter in Kensington, London.
Potter grow up with one brother and many animals, such as rabbits, mice, frogs, lizards, snakes and
a bat. Potter drew sketching her pets and plants, which revealed an early fascination for the natural
world that would continue throughout her life. Potter never went to school, yet she was a very
intelligent and industrious student, and her parents employed, Miss Cameron to be her art teacher,
and a number of governesses, including Annie Moore, to whom she remained close throughout her
life.Two of Potter's favorite models were her pet rabbits. Her first rabbit was Benjamin Bouncer who
joined the Potter family on holiday in Scotland where he went ... Show more content on
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She designed and created the first Peter Rabbit doll herself on the year 1903, sending it immediately
at the publisher's office, making Peter Rabbit the world's oldest licensed literary character. Beatrix
went on to creating other merchandise, including tea sets and bedroom slippers. She remained
closely involved in product development. She even invented a compatible Peter Rabbit board game
for two players in 1904, a complex version of which was redesigned by Mary Warne, and stocked in
stores thirteen years later. In addition to toys and games, Beatrix published books, including Peter
Rabbit's Almanac and painting books for Peter Rabbit and Jemima Puddle–duck. She felt that all
merchandise should look like her original book illustrations and be of the highest

Metagenomic Essay
Presence of white–clawed crayfish until 1990
Presence of narrow crayfish in the UK from x–x
Species–specific primers The first step in the design of species–specific primers is to choose the
suitable gene for the organism of interest, and then collect the reference sequence from GenBank
and align them in corresponding alignment software. A conservation region among sentences is
founded and primers are designed incorporating conservation region with few mismatches in
forward and reverse primers. These mismatches are crucial to discriminate between similar species.
Afterward, primers are tested on target organism tissue in the laboratory environment and in situ.
Metagenomics and metabarcoding
The term metagenomics refers to "direct ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The important part which distinguishes nuclear and mt and plastid DNA is the absence of
recombination, which occurs in the nuclear genome during the meiosis. Thus, the differences
present in mtDNA or plastidDNA are the product of mutation, which makes genes from those
organelles a powerful tool in differentiation between species. Nevertheless, some studies support the
idea of recombination in mtDNA (Chen, 2013; Leducq et al.,2017). Additionally, mtDNA is more
suitable for species detection due to high copy number in cells although some of this DNA copies
are not identical (heteroplasmy), (Wallace and Chalkia, 2013).
The common gene for sequencing bacterial communities is 16S rRNA, a mitochondrial gene,
although other genes such as cpn60 (chaperonin) can be used for bacterial sequencing and for
phylogenetic studies (Hill et al, 2004; Janda and Abott, 2007; Mignard and Flandrois, 2006).
Mitochondrial genes cytb (cytochrome b gene) and COI (cytochrome oxydase I), also mitochondrial
genes, are used for a wide range of vertebrates and invertebrates. Mitochondrial genes are most
suitable for identification of taxonomic group end evolutionary relationship due to high mutation
events (http://www2.le.ac.uk), and the additional gene for eukaryotes identifications is
mitochondrial 18S rRNA gene. Plastid genes rbcl (ribulose1,5–bisphosphate carboxylase gene) and
matk (maturase K gene) which have similarities with mitochondrial genes such are their own DNA
and

The Future Of Farming : Gmos
The Future of Farming
GMOS were once thought to be harmful to the world,but studies have shown that biting into that
hamburger won't affect people. GMOS are a fairly new and scary thing to the world no one knows
what to make of them.GMOS have changed the world for the better. GMOS create advantages for
the world because farmers save money, it increases safety for consumers, and improves the
environment.
To start, GMOS give an edge to farmers. Who than are able to produce more food with the cheaper
values.In the article GMOS: Safe for Society or Corporate Con? Says, " Drawing a parallel with GM
cotton farmers in the US, Dr Merritt predicted that with the introduction of Roundup–tolerant sugar
beet, UK farmers could expect to use 28% less herbicide on their crops, achieve higher yields, and
make a potential cost saving akin to their American counterparts." Farmers have repeatedly said they
would rather have their domestic market than sell to areas in England because that is more
expensive.If GMO'S were to be banned farmers would have to use past medicines which are more
expensive. They also might have to ship their livestock to get vaccinated. With GMO'S farmers will
be able to spend less on pesticides creating more money in the farmers pockets.With genetic
engineering, farmers will have more income, which they could spend on important things, such as
the education of their children for example. As the world population grows and more land is utilized
for housing instead

How Are Fungi Microorganisms?
Yeasts are one of the most researched microorganisms (Howstuffworks, 2008). They can be used for
things such as alcoholic beverages, baking, probiotics, and much more. They are eukaryotic Fungi
microorganisms. True yeasts are unicellular and reproduce mainly by budding (The Columbia
Electronic Encyclopedia, 2004). Budding is an asymmetric division process of mitosis. Yeasts of the
genus Saccharomyces are especially important to alcohol fermentation (The Columbia Electronic
Encyclopedia, 2004). In baking, yeast is used to act upon carbohydrates to form carbon dioxide,
which is necessary for dough to rise (The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 2004).
Yeast has also been used since early times to treat varying ailments for the high content of vitamins
in B–complex group that it contains (The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 2004). Yeasts can be
found around the world. While on soil and many plant surfaces, they are most abundant in sugary
mediums like fruit (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2008). Yeasts obtain food from organic matter around
them (Howstuffworks, 2008). Because yeasts are anaerobic, they can survive without oxygen
(Verghese, 2012).
Yeast uses a special process called fermentation. Fermentation is the chemical breakdown of a
substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms (Lallemand, 2011). Fermentation is an
energy yielding process in which nutrients are converted into alcohols and acids that does not
require alcohol. The nutrients that are

Origins And Roles Of B Cells And T Cell
1) How does the body respond when it first encounters a foreign particle or bacterial pathogen?
The way the body responds when it encounters foreign particles of bacterial pathogens is by it
having some cells called phagocytes that will recognize these pathogens, therefore a large number of
phagocytes will be sent to the location of where the pathogens were encountered and the defense
genes will activate, having proteins go through transcription and translation in order to kill the
pathogens in the body.
2) Compare and contrast the origin and roles of B cells and T cells.
B cells come from the bone marrow having a short life span defending against any bacteria or
viruses entering through the blood stream and lymph.
T cells come from

Disadvantages Of Vino Da Tavola
1) Parasites, called guest, are organisms which attack other organism, called host. The parasite feeds
nutrient and infects the tissue of the plant. The final result of the attack of a parasites is the death of
the plant. An example of parasite of grapes is the caterpillar of grape berry moth. It attacks the
berries and then this is infected by gray mould. It can be killed by pesticides with contact or
systemic. 2) Pest and diseases are controlled with chemicals which are divided into pesticides, to kill
pests, and fungicides, to control diseases caused by fungi. Chemicals are available as powders,
smokes, baits, ready–to–use liquids. They act with contact: pests are killed when crawl over treated
surface or when they are directly hit by chemical; or they are systemic: they are absorbed by plants
and they are transported by sap in all tissues. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
DOCG wines characterized by controlling production and guaranteed wine quality. The production
of the DOCG wine expected straight rules about permitted grape variety, yield limits, grape
ripeness, winemaking process, barrel or bottle for maturation. DOCG wine are subject to official
testing procedures and to prevent counterfeiting the bottles have a numbered government seal across
the neck. 9) The animal welfare's principles are: – Animals must be housed according to their
natural behavior and their need of movement, the environment must protect animals from the stress
factors. – Animals should be fed in a way that respect physiology and digestive system only with
aliments which derive only from vegetable

Understanding How You Grow Mushrooms : The Basics
Understanding How to Grow Mushrooms: The Basics
By Peter N Parker | Submitted On June 18, 2012
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Expert Author Peter N Parker
Anyone who is interested in learning how to grow mushrooms will find that doing so can be a very
time consuming process, and leave that person with hundreds, maybe thousands of unanswered
questions, after seeing all the different techniques that there are. Learning to grow mushrooms at
home can also be frustrating due to crafty sales gimmicks and inaccurate, or outdated techniques.
Fortunately, growing mushrooms at home, indoors, or outside is actually relatively easy, and
practical for most commercially available mushroom species.
This article will not be comprehensive, but instead serve to be a guide for the beginner who is
interested in growing mushrooms to become familiar with the basic principles, and techniques of
mushroom cultivation.
Growing mushrooms is achieved in several successive steps, and is much more complicated than
growing plants, generally. Mushrooms form from mycelium, which is the vegetative part of the
fungus, and is generally white, but color can vary with species. As a cultivator of mushrooms, you

Psychedelic Mushrooms
Shrooms, boomers, magic, psychedelic or hallucinogenic mushrooms are a fungi containing
substance capable of causing the user to hallucinate. These types of mushrooms have been around
for many years and exist in many different species. These fungi look just like an ordinary fungi but
are illegal in many countries; just like other hallucinogenic drugs. They have many different effects
on the body, which is why people buy and sell these "magic mushrooms". Hallucinogenic
mushrooms are fungi that contain psychedelic substances that make the user hallucinate. The
substance in these mushrooms is psilocybin, which is hallucinogenic. The mushrooms can be eaten
either fresh or dried. They can also be used to make a tea(Drugs p.24). Either way ... Show more
There may also be some indecisiveness in deciding what to do or get (All of this info from
Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World: An Identification Guide, Gale Encyclopedia of Science, and
Wikipedia.org). Hallucinogenic mushrooms have been around for many years. The earliest
recording of people using these mushrooms is from 7000 B.C. rock paintings in the Sahara desert
(www.magicmushrooms.net). Psychedelic mushrooms were a revered tradition in native Central
American cultures at the time of the European invasion, and have been in continuous use up to the
present. Named teonanácatl ("flesh of the gods") in Nahuatl, they may have been employed for
healing, divination and for intercession with spirits. Since the beginning of the Latin American
colonial era, their use has been hidden due to persecution by the Christian church, which branded all
native religious practices as "pagan"(wikipedia.org). According to the BBC(British Broadcasting
Corporation), the first documented use of psychedelic mushrooms was in the Medical and Physical
Journal: In 1799, a man who had been picking mushrooms for breakfast in London's Green Park
included them(psychedelic mushrooms) in his harvest, accidentally sending his entire family on a
trip. The doctor who treated them later described how the youngest child "was attacked with fits of
immoderate laughter, nor could the threats of his father or mother

The Importance Of Agriculture In Schools
I think agriculture can help schools. Through Agriculture in Schools, students ages 10–14 and their
teachers receive training in best practices, including compost–making, proper sowing and
cultivation. Students who participate learn to appreciate the great importance and dignity of
agricultural work. Agriculture will help with fresh ingredients; young people often have a poor
opinion of agricultural work. Clearly, this could be the answer to teach students, how to be able to
grow more food of better nutritional quality. Agriculture should be an elective or even a requirement
at schools.
Many students who has grow in farms specially, do not want to have agriculture as a courses,
because they aspire to break away from what they consider a financially and morally impoverishing
vocation. So, an option could be to have agriculture, as a club where student interested on learning
more about agriculture, which is the cultivation and breeding of animals, plants and fungi (fungus)
for food, fiber, biofuel, medicinal plants and other products used to sustain and enhance human life.
So with this information, do you believe agriculture can help schools?
First and foremost it would create fresh ingredients, because they could cook with fresh vegetables
like garlic, carrots, and corn. They could help with fruits like apples and oranges. They wouldn't
have to order the fruits and vegetables. They would be able to get it while saving money. They can
get it whenever they need it once it's

The Intellectual Inequality In H. G. Wells The Time Machine
In H.G. Wells' novel The Time Machine, the unnamed protagonist, whom the narrator simply refers
to as the "Time Traveller", states, "It is a law of nature we overlook, that intellectual versatility is the
compensation for change, danger, and trouble... There is no intelligence where there is no change
and no need for change" (pg. 65). The Time Traveller designs and creates a time machine to travel
far into the future, to the year eight hundred and two thousand seven hundred and one A.D., where
he meets a race of tranquil people, the Eloi (pp. 19, 24). He describes one of the first Eloi men that
he meets once he arrives in the future as follows: "He was a slight creature¬– perhaps four feet
high– clad in purple tunic, girdled at the waist with a leather belt. Sandals or buskins– I could not
clearly distinguish which– were on his feet; his legs were bare to the knees, and his head was bare"
(pg. 19). After spending some time with the Eloi, the Time Traveller concludes that the entire race is
simple–minded. The Eloi live uncomplicated lives, free from struggles, despair, and distress; the
Eloi do not work either, "the shop, the advertisement, traffic, all that commerce which constitutes
the body of our world, was gone" (pg. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Throughout history, people have always learned from hardships and change, not from "ideal"
circumstances where there are no difficulties. The Eloi people have such minimized intelligence that
their language consists of the bare minimum for communication, "their sentences were usually
simple and [composed] of two words" (pg. 33). Language is not used as a means of expression,
beauty, and creativity, since the Time Traveller says that "there seemed to be few, if any, abstract
terms, or little use of figurative language" (pg. 33). With no struggles and no reasons to improve,
why would the Eloi people use more language than necessary for basic

Native American Pesticides Research Paper
Looking back into history, growing crops for food was one of the priorities of the earliest settlers
arriving in North America, with shipboard supplies depleted, and having little familiarity with the
land and crops to ensure their survival. The stories of Native Americans teaching the settlers to plant
and fertilize a corn crop are part of this country's lore that has been reported throughout history.
Today, in the United States, farmers and ranchers produce a wide variety of commodities for food,
fuel, and fiber in response to markets. These farmers understand and recognize the significance of
managing their soil as well as their plant productivity. America's farmers are true professionals
because crop production is a very complex business. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rainfast in only four hours, Liberty works fast, controlling weeds within days versus weeks, under
favorable growing conditions. Weeds that emerge after the application will not be controlled, but
adding an herbicide tank mix partner for residual control can help keep the fields' cleaner longer
(Liberty, 2013).
For best results, applying Liberty 280 SL to young, actively growing weeds will eliminate them
quickly and reduce the chance that they will rob crops of yield potential. Warm temperatures, high
humidity and bright sunlight improves the performance of Liberty. In dry climates, taking advantage
of the early morning humidity by spraying applications during this time (Liberty, 2013).
Additionally, spraying Liberty within two hours of sunset could result in reduced velvetleaf and
lambsquarters control. Liberty activity is optimized when daytime temperatures reach at least 60
degrees Fahrenheit and relative humidity is at least thirty percent. Applying Liberty 280 SL at 15
gallons per acre (GPA) with nozzles and pressure that produce a medium–size spray droplet to
ensure maximum herbicide performance (Liberty,

Potassium Sorbate and Kamantigue Leaves Crude Extract...
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study Banana is a popular fruit. It's easy to peel, easy to eat, and easy to find,
typically located in a prominent spot in the produce section of a grocery store. With the wheels of
the grocery cart still moving, we don't stop to think about the battles the banana grower had to fight
to provide a perfect fruit for our convenient consumption. Fusarium wilt or Panama disease is a
severe disease of banana plants caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense. This
disease kills susceptible banana plants and there is no cure up to this time and can wipe out entire
plantations and neighboring areas if control and containment is not properly managed. The disease is
spread by infected planting ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Banana is said to be one of the priority crops in Southern
Mindanao, particularly in Davao provinces. This fruit is said to be exported in different places. With
this study, the government will be able to raise the quality and quantity of banana sold. Farmers.
Since Panama disease is resistant to the commercial fungicides
known, this study, if proven to be effective can help the research groups and famers to control the
disease. Vendors. With the abundance of banana, dealers will have plenty of supply to the market,
resulting to cheaper prices in the market. Banana Dealers and Exporters. With the abundance of
banana, dealers will have plenty of supply to the market, resulting to cheaper prices of the
commodity. In addition, the export industry will boom due to production of banana, propagated and
grown.
Scope and Limitation The study was limited to the determination of the efficacy of the potassium
sorbate and kamantigue to control Panama disease destroying the bananas in Davao Province.
Determination of antifungal property was limited depending on the amount to be used of the
substance. Determination of antifungal property was limited to the qualitative sensitivity of the test
organism to the extract in the antifungal bioassay performed using the food poison technique. The
plates were incubated for seventy–two (72) hours and observations were made within this length of
time. recommended that this study was to be done in

Outline Of An Article On The World
Care to Grow Mushrooms? Here 's What You Need to Know
By Hara Mae Ople Bado | Submitted On January 04, 2013
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Are you the one who wants to join in the bandwagon and cultivate your own patch of mushrooms?
There is no surprise to that. Mushroom cultivation has been like the mushrooms themselves. People
who are interested in this kind of business have been popping out. Perhaps one of the reasons why
this has garnered so much interest is the availability of the supplies needed so that one can cultivate
edible mushrooms.
Not only that, the way to cultivate edible mushrooms is easy breezy. In fact, the technique in
planting the spores has not changed for quite some time. Ever wonder why this is so? The answer is
as simple as the nose on your face– the technique is simple,effective and very straightforward. If the
technique, though old can be quite effective, why revise it in the first place, right?
When cultivating these mushrooms, you have to know some information about mushrooms. Well,
for starters, it grows in damp and dark places. Even the location is simple. An area in your basement
can be used to cultivate your first batch of mushrooms. You really

The Collection Of Oil Polluted Water Samples
2.1. Collection of oil–polluted water samples
Red sea water samples polluted with Belayim Mix (BX) crude oil were collected from the Advanced
Petroleum Interceptor (API) of SUMED Cooperation (Suez governorate 29°17 '34.4"N 32°36
'37.0"E, Egypt). Two samples were collected, each in 250 mL screw–capped sterile glass bottle,
which was then closed after the air bubbles were completely eliminated and transferred to the
laboratory within 3–4 h and stored at 4°C. Seawater (3.5%) was collected from Ain Sokhna beach,
stored at 4°C and filtered (0.45 µm) prior to use.
2.2. Isolation of crude oil–degrading microbial strains
The microorganisms used in this study were isolated from oil contaminated seawater. The yeast
presented in the samples were enriched by cultivation in Wickerham broth medium (10 g glucose, 5
g peptone, 3 g yeast extract, 3 g malt extract and distilled water up to 1 L; pH 6.2), while the fungal
strains were enriched in Sabouraud dextrose broth medium (20 g glucose, 10 g peptone, 5 g yeast
extract and distilled water up to 1 L; pH 5.6). Enriched cultures were incubated in an orbital shaker
(150 rpm) for 48 h. After this enrichment, suspensions in physiological saline were used to inoculate
duplicate modified Wickerham agar (supplemented with 100 mg/L chloramphenicol) and modified
Sabouraud dextrose agar plates with yeast and fungi, respectively. All media were modified by using
filtered seawater instead of distilled water to dissolve all ingredients. The plates were

Effect of Organic Farming on Soil Nutrients and Structure...
Effect of Organic Farming on Soil Nutrients and Structure
Works Cited Missing
Since the 1970s, the agribusiness and agrochemical industries have been aware of a growing
problem: as the global population soars, soils around the world are becoming less suitable for
farming as a result of erosion, nutrient depletion, and structural degradation. In the United States,
about 60,000 farmers have abandoned the "conventional" system which relies on chemical fertilizers
and pesticides, and adopted the organic farming systems that allowed areas of China and India to be
successfully farmed for 4,000 years (Reganold et al., 1990, p. 112). Organic farmers use plant matter
and animal and municipal wastes for fertilizer, and rely on natural predators ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
370). While humic matter has some intrinsic water–storing properties, it is possible that some of the
increased water levels are a result of the erosion of finer particles on the conventional farm, which
lost 32.4 ton/ha of topsoil a year, four times that of the organic farm (Reganold et al., 1987, p. 371).
Jordahl and Karlen (1993) observed that the soil on a conventional Iowa farm had significantly less
silt and clay than a similar soil from an adjacent organic farm, suggesting that the fine materials had
been eroded away (p. 29).
The high humus levels are responsible for the erosion resistance documented on organic farms. High
levels of organic matter increases aggregate stability, which prevents erosion, allows for easier water
and mechanical (such as plow and root) penetration, and better aeration. Soil aggregates are
stabilized primarily by micro–organisms and polysaccharides, a product of many bacteria.
Experiments by Molope and Page (1986) indicate that fungi play a key role in binding soil particles
together. In the development of aggregates, fungi mycelia (root–like structures) provide the initial
support in the first six days of ped development after disaggregation (from oxidation as a result of
plowing or heavy rain) (p. 236.) After six days, other processes are thought to take over, primarily
the adhesive binding of polysaccharides,

Some Textile Dyes By Pleurotus Citrinopileatus And...
DECOLORIZATION OF SOME TEXTILE DYES BY PLEUROTUS CITRINOPILEATUS AND
ASPERGILLUS NIGER IMMOBILIZED ON WHEAT STRAW Abstract: The potential of wheat
straw immobilized Aspergillus niger and Pleurotus citrinopileatus were studied for biodegradation
ability of different types of textile dyes. Non exposed and exposed tested immobilized fungi to (1
KGy and 2 KGy) of gamma irradiation were used. The tested textile dyes were Reactive red Bx,
Direct Brown BN, Direct yellow 5G, disperse orange 2 RLS, Disperse Violet 3 RS, Sulpher Black
Br and Sulpher Brown SG. It was found that immobilized P. citrinopileatus exposed to (2 KGy) had
more efficiency for decolorization of direct brown and direct yellow dyes. Decolorization
percentage of immobilized P. citrinopileatus in Direct Brown and Direct yellow reach to 95% and
90% respectively after 8 days at 28oC. Peroxidase activity for (1 KGy) irradiated P. citrinopileatus is
more than peroxidase activity of unirradiated P. citrinopileatus. RAPD.PCR has been performed to
know the effect of gamma rays on P. citrinopileatus; RAPD profile shows change between
unirradiated and irradiated Pleurotus citrinopileatus. DNA polymorphism was studied for both
irradiated P. citrinopileatus exposed to 1KGy and 2 KGy gamma rays. INTRODUCTION Dye–
containing effluents represent crucial problem because of their high chemical oxygen demand
(COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD), suspended solids and the content of toxic compounds
which causes problems in

Studying The Antioxidant And Anti Tumour Effects Of...
A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON ENDOPOLYSACCHARIDES AND
EXOPOLYSACCHARIDES PRODUCTION FROM SOME BASIDIOMYCETES WITH
STUDYING THE ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTI–TUMOUR EFFECTS OF PLEUROTUS
OSTREATUS MUSHROOM
ABSTRACT:
Edible mushrooms have attracted a great attention due to their nutritional, as well as medicinal
properties. In the present study, different mushroom species were extracted partially purified and
their endopolysaccharides
(extracted from the fruiting bodies) as well as exopolysaccharides (extracted from the filtrate of
cultured mycelia) production were determined to evaluate their anti–tumour and anti–oxidant
effects. The present results showed that
Pleurotus ostreatus FIII endopolysaccharide has the maximum intracellular production as compared
with the other studied mushrooms.
Different mushroom's endo– and exopolysaccharides inhibited the proliferation of
Ehrlich tumour (EAT) cells in vitro; however, P. ostreatus FIII endopolysaccharide exhibited the
maximum anti–tumour effect. Moreover, P. ostreatus FIII endopolysaccharide showed the maximum
scavenging activity compared to the scavenging effects of the control ascorbic acid.
Pre–treatment of different concentrations of P. ostreatus FIII endopolysaccharide to EATbearing
mice markedly decreased the number of
EAT cells one week after incubation in the abdominal cavity of mice in a dose–dependent manner,
and reduced the size of solid tumour in the thigh muscle of mice as measured morphologically and
examined histologically.
These

Mushrooms Are A Good Cash Crop
Introduction
Mushrooms are a good cash crop. It is easy to grow and is brimming with protein, B vitamins and
minerals. They even have medicinal properties. Time between spawning and harvesting can be as
short as three weeks. Furthermore, after the cultivation, you can still use the substrate as a good soil
conditioner. Generally the oyster, shiitake and wood ear mushrooms cultivated .Although many
other types of mushrooms can be grown, we have chosen oyster the ones that can easily be
cultivated with using appropriate technology. When we choose to grow mushroom we should know
the basic knowledge about mushroom. The biology, morphology, species, temperature ranges for
fruiting, and market to sell.The life cycle of mushroom (Fungi) multiply by producing millions and
millions of spores. When a spore settles in a suitable environment, it can germinate and branch to
form a mycelium. When two sexually compatible mycelia meet, they may fuse to form a so–called
secondary mycelium, which is capable of forming fruiting bodies.
Mushroom cultivation activities can play an important role in supporting the local economy by
contributing to subsistence food security, nutrition, and medicine. Generating additional
employment and income through local, regional and national trade and offering opportunities for
processing enterprises.
Biology of mushrooms
Mushrooms belong to the kingdom of Fungi, a group very distinct from plants, animals and bacteria.
Fungi lack

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Antibiotics
Antibiotics are one of the secondary metabolites produced by some fungi and bacteria that
selectively inhibit the growth of another. Secondary metabolites have no role in the growth of the
organisms and, indeed, may have little or no primary function within the organism. They are
produced when the organism enters the stationary phase, once the initial phase of rapid growth has
declined. At the stationary phase, the organisms are with the slowed growth rate, caused by
depletion of nutrients, or accumulation of side products may induce their metabolic shift to the
production of the secondary metabolites. In order to obtain the maximum yield of the antibiotics, it
is necessary to ensure that some nutrients in the medium are limited and the organism ... Show more
Selection of suitable medium for cultivation of microorganism is very important to reveal their
potential ability to produce antimicrobial compounds especially antibiotics. Generally, culture media
can be classified into several categories depending on their composition or use. Defined media are
media composed specific amounts of pure chemical compounds with known chemical composition.
Typically, they contain a simple sugar as the carbon and energy source, an inorganic nitrogen source,
various mineral salts and if necessary growth factors. However, complex media contain natural
compounds whose chemical composition is not exactly.known. They are usually rich in nutrients
and contain water soluble extracts of plant or animal tissue such as peptone and tryptone. Compared
to the defined media, complex media usually can provide the necessary growth factors, vitamins,
hormones, and trace elements, often resulting in higher cell

Advantages Of Lipirani
Lipases in Biodiesel Manufacturing
Chathuranga Chandrasiri
Department of Chemistry
University of Kelaniya
Abstract
The global shortages of fossil fuels, significant increase in crude oil prices, and increased
environmental pollution problems related with fossil fuels have influenced the rapid growth in
biodiesel production. This term paper reviews the current status of biodiesel production with lipases,
including sources of lipases and reaction mechanism of biodiesel production using lipases, and
immobilization techniques, factors affecting biodiesel production and economic feasibility of
biodiesel production using lipases.
Key words
Biodiesel, Oils, Transesterification, Esterification, Biocatalysts, Lipase
Introduction
Biodiesel is a biofuels very important and a clean energy source as an alternative to petroleum fuels.
Biodiesel can be produced through transesterification reaction catalysed by chemically or
enzymatically. There are certain advantages of Enzymatic transesterification over the chemical
catalysis of transesterification as it is a "green" process. Biodiesel has some advantages and
disadvantages. Transportability, high combustion efficiency, low sulphur and aromatic content,
biodegradability and high flash points which important in storage and transporting are advantages of
the biodiesel. Disadvantages of biodiesel are high viscosity, lower energy ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They are classified under hydrolases EC 3.1.1.3. They have both hydrolytic as well as synthetic
activity. Much researches were done on the lipase catalysed transesterification of triglycerides. Now
a day's researchers have been trying to overcome the limitations of enzyme catalysed biodiesel
production such as the high cost of enzyme, high reaction time, low yield, need of organic solvents
and need of water in the reaction mixture.

Sources of

Master Grower Research Paper
A Master grower is someone who oversees a large scale growing operation of their own, or manages
the operation for a company. To be a lead/master marijuana grower, as stated by Matthew
Harrington: Executive Search Consultant for SBHIR consulting's job post on 420careers.com, you
must be able to complete all responsibilities in the grow operation. These responsibilities may
include the everyday duties of cloning, transplanting, feeding plants, defoliation, super cropping,
topping, flushing, trimming, packaging, waste disposal, and inventory management. (Harrington)
Other than completing all of your daily tasks, Some skills, qualifications and requirements that are
crucial for success in this career field are; Wide knowledge of strains, genotypes ... Show more
There are several majors that would be substantially beneficial and provide you with great
opportunities for advancement in your careers. Some popular degrees in the marijuana industry are;
botany, horticulture, agriculture, biology, chemistry, business/ marketing amongst others. According
to a recent study by Matt Karnes of GreenWave Advisors LLC, an independent financial research
company for the cannabis industry. He explained in the released statement the average cannabis
cultivator makes $60,000–$75,000 per year. (Karnes) Although, many growers have reported
making upwards of six figures a month depending on who you work for, your rate of production and
experience.
Aside from your ordinary majors, Colleges for marijuana have been opening all over the United
States in recent years, but it all started with Oaksterdam University in Oakland, California. They are
the Harvard of cannabis colleges. Now cannabis colleges are in most states because they are
anticipating legalization and job growth. You can actually earn an associates, bachelors, masters and
even PhD in cannabis

Biofertilizer in Rice
Biofertilizers are becoming widely used in many countries and for many different crops. Based on
Paul et al., 2013 stated that biofertilizer contain free–living organisms associated with root surfaces
include endophytes and microorganisms that are able to colonize the intercellular or intracellular
spaces between plant tissues without harm to the host plant. According to Vessey, 2003 defined
biofertilizer as products containing lively or dormant strains of soil microbes, either bacteria or in
combination with algae or fungi that increase the availability and nutrients uptake on plant. Rice
production in Malaysia usually used high of input chemical fertilizer which can lead soils to be
degraded, polluted and unproductive. According to Mishra and Dash, 2014 increasingly extensive
uses of chemical fertilizers in India assist soils to be degraded, polluted, less productive and
environmental hazards. Soil pollution is caused by the excessive application of chemical fertilizers.
In other words, there is much concern to further preserve environmental through the use of less
intensive and more sustainable agricultural practices by reducing the input of chemical fertilizers.
(Gomiero et al.2011). Mishra and Dash, 2014 stated these issues can be solved by using
biofertilizers to make the ecosystem healthier. Thus, it minimize dependency of farmer on chemical
fertilizers. These biofertilizers are not harmful to crops but facilitate the unabsorbed nutrient in soil
to be

The Pollution Of Anti Pollum : The Dangers Of Plastics
Pollution is one of the world's leading problems. One contributing pollutant is plastic. One such
pollutant is plastic; which contributes to 40% of the oceans surfaces being contaminated, and makes
up 10% of the overall waste produced by humans (D'Alessandro). This problem of accumulating
plastic waste gradually increases with time as all plastic that has ever been produced is still around
in one way or another; for plastic takes between 450–1000 year to decompose ( Roth). Thankfully
the solution is a fungus. The process that should be used to break down plastic in mass quantities is
fungi mutarium. Fungi mutarium is a safe and efficient way to break down plastic. Harnessing the
rare fungus Pestalotiopsis Microspora, Austrian designer Katharina Unger developed a way for the
fungus to latch onto plastic to break it down. Within a few months, that mushroom is able to break
up the complex polymers that make up plastic (Lorch). This method is exceptionally faster, in
contrast to the centuries it would take to normally biodegrade a piece of plastic. A base is used to
cultivate the fungus, that base is agar. Agar is a seaweed–based gelatin that is natural and abundant.
Agar is safe to use and acts as a cultivation base for the fungus. Plastic is a challenging solid to
break down. Humans have only begun to produce this man made product within the past 70 years
(Design). Organisms today haven't yet to evolve the necessary biochemical functions to attach itself
onto plastic.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Antiseptics
Antiseptics are antimicrobial substances applied to skin, mucous membranes or wounds for their
bactericidal or bacteriastatic anti–infective effects (McDonnell and Russell, 1999). Chlorhexidine
digluconate has been used for more than 50 years and considered as gold standard of antiseptic
treatment since this agent is one of the most extensively used and tested (Giannelli et al., 2008).
Despite the advantages of chlorhexidine, has disadvantages such as stains on teeth and tongue,
desquamation lesions of a mucosa membrane of an oral cavity, breaks irritation, taste changes, tooth
staining, moreover will induce a dose dependent reduction in cellular proliferation and that
concentrations of chlorhexidine that have little effect on cellular proliferation can significantly
reduce both collagen ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Detoxified conjugates polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (PHMG–H) and
polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG–P) are created by incorporating different anions
into its structure and display the property of high solubility in water. In comparison to PHMG–
hydrochloride, PHMG–phosphate has a stronger bacteriastatic action with the respect to some
strains and has a high threshold of skin irritating, neurotoxic and chronic affects. PHMG–phosphate
is odorless, colorless and non–corrosive (Kuznetsov, 2004). PHMG–H was widely tested in "vivo"
and in "vitro" (Rosin et al., 2001, Rosin et al., 2002, Welk et al., 2005, Muller and Kramer, 2008).
The clinical studies have shown, that PHMG–H mouthwash consistently inhibits plaque regrowth
and reduces oral bacterial counts, indicating that PHMG–H could be an alternative active substance
of dentifrices. Polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG–P) is created by incorporating
anion into its structure and display the property of high solubility in

Cause And Effect Of Plant Disease
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
________________________________________
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Every gardener and farmer plants with hopes for wonderful flowers, fruits or vegetables, but due to
disease causing organism plants get sick and dies hence their hopes also dies. The study of plant
disease is very important as they cause loss to the crops, which affects the cultivation and produce.
The disease causing factors are biotic (living), abiotic (non–living) or the combination of two. But
this survey paper focuses on living agents i.e., biotic factors.
There are many living creatures which damages the vegetation and they are fungi, bacteria, viruses,
nematodes and parasitic flowers. Some of the plant disease brought about very serious influences of
the society. A fungal sickness phytopthora overdue blight that purpose the iris potato famine, which
made 2 million people both starved or left their land. The devastation of French wine enterprise by
way of the fungal disorder powdery mold and downy mold till the prevention Bordeaux mixture
found to govern the disorder the fungal disorder chestnut blight could be very dangerous and
remains as a hassle in the United States. It infects and kills the elm trees.
In the United States, fungal disease was accidentally introduced into New York City in the late
1800s on imported Chinese chestnut. Chinese trees were resistant to fire blight, but American
chestnut trees were not. In less than 40 years, 30

Ag Teacher Research Paper
Agriculture is a growing and diverse industry. With a huge industry, there has got to be some
challenges. The biggest challenge facing the youth in agriculture is the lack of qualified agriculture
teachers. Agriculture teachers develop more than farmers, they develop the future of our nation. It is
highly important that we fill these positions, because of the drastic obstacles that the agriculture
industry will be facing. Why is there so many positions open? Students have expectations of what it
will be like to teach ag. They expect it to be a continuation of their FFA careers and that all they will
do it teach agriculture. The truth is there is a lot more that falls under the job title of ag teacher.
Which students don't find out till they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It means the cultivation of breeding of animals, plants and fungi for food. The meaning of
agriculture to students and teachers everywhere is something more specific. Agriculture is research,
politics, teaching, mechanics and numerous other words come to mind when thinking about
agriculture. We need educators to explain the diversity and opportunities of the agriculture industry.
Annually there are 57,900 job openings in the agriculture industry. The industry needs Ag teachers
to get students involved in this growing industry. There is a huge demand for agriculturalist,
especially for the upcoming years. By the year 2020 scientist are predicting there will be 9 billion
people on the planet. The problem facing agriculturalist is how will we feed these multitudes of
people with less land to produce the food on. Ag teachers are a vital part of solving this problem. Ag
teachers provide students with the knowledge to grow in any career aspect they choose whether
agriculture or

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