1. PAPER ABOUT
NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE
Compiled by : Radian. Y.T
Reni Puji Rahayu
Sarah Maulani
Silvia Safitri
Usin
Class : 420
Vocational : Management
Room : 02 SMJMH
2. 1
NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
RELATIVE CLAUSE in English are formed mainly through relative
pronouns. Basic relative pronoun, which, and that; who also have a form that
originated whom and who. Various rules of grammar and style guide determines the
relative pronoun may be appropriate in many situations, especially for formal
settings. In some cases the relative pronoun can be omitted and only implied ("This is
the man [that] I see", or "this is the putter he won with").
English also uses the free relative clause, which does not have the introduction and
can be formed with pronouns such as what ("I love what you've done"), and who and
whom.
3. 2
NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
The information in these clauses is not essential. It tells us more about
someone or something, but it does not help us to identify them or it.
Compare:
Dogs that like cats are very unusual. (This tells us which dogs we are talking
about).
Gorillas, which are large and orignate in Africa, can sometimes be found in
zoos. (This gives us some extra information about gorillas - we are talking about
all gorillas, not just one type or group).
John's mother, who lives in Scotland, has 6 grandchildren. (We know who John's
mother is, and he only has one. The important information is the number of
grandchildren, but the fact that she lives in Scotland might be followed with the
words "by the way" - it is additional information).
Punctuation
Non-defining relative clauses are always separated from the rest of the sentence by
commas. The commas have a similar function to brackets:
My friend John has just written a best-selling novel. (He went to the same school
as me)
My friend John, who went to the same school as me, has just written a best-
selling novel.
Relative pronouns in non-defining clauses
Person Thing Place
Subject who which
Object who/whom which where
Possessive whose
Notes
In non-defining clauses, you cannot use 'that' instead of who, whom or which.
You cannot leave out the relative pronoun, even when it is the object of the
verb in the relative clause:
He gave me the letter, which was in a blue envelope.
He gave me the letter, which I read immediately
4. 3
The preposition in these clauses can go at the end of the clause, e.g.
This is Stratford-on-Avon, which you have all heard about.
This pattern is often used in spoken English, but in written or formal English you can
also put the preposition before the pronoun: e.g. Stratford-on-Avon, about which
many people have written is Shakespeare's birthplace.
Non-defining clauses can be introduced by expressions like all of, many of +
relative pronoun:
Person Thing
all of + whom + which
any of + whom + which
(a) few of + whom + which
both of + whom + which
each of + whom + which
either of + whom + which
half of + whom + which
many of + whom + which
most of + whom + which
much of + whom + which
none of + whom + which
one of + whom + which
two of etc... + whom + which
Examples
There were a lot of people at the party, many of whom I had known for years.
He was carrying his belongings, many of which were broken.
The relative pronoun which at the beginning of a non-defining relative clause, can
refer to all the information contained in the previous part of the sentence, rather
than to just one word.
Chris did really well in his exams, which was a big surprise. (= the fact that he did
well in his exams was a big surprise).
A socialist and a conservative agreed on the new law, which is most unusual. (=
the fact that they agreed is unusual).
5. 4
Examples
My grandmother, who is dead now, came from the North of England.
I spoke to Fred, who explained the problem.
The old man looked at the tree, under which he had often sat.
We stopped at the museum, which we'd never been into.
She's studying maths, which many people hate.
I've just met Susan, whose husband works in London.
He had thousands of books, most of which he had read.
6. 5
Relative pronouns in restrictive relative clauses
Relative pronouns that introduce a restrictive relative clause ARE NOT separated
from the main clause by a comma. Restrictive relative clauses(also known as
defining relative clauses) add essential information about the antecedent in the main
clause. The information is crucial for understanding the sentence's meaning correctly
and cannot be omitted. In other words, without the restrictive relative clause, the
sentence does not make sense.
The table below sums up the use of relative pronouns in restrictive relative clauses:
Function in
the sentence
Reference to
People Things / concepts Place Time Explanation
Subject who, that which, that
Object (that, who, whom)* (which, that)* where when what/why
Possessive whose whose, of which
Examples
Relative pronouns used as a subject of a restrictive relative clause:
~This is the house that had a great Christmas decoration.
~It took me a while to get used to people who eat popcorn during the movie.
![1
NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
RELATIVE CLAUSE in English are formed mainly through relative
pronouns. Basic relative pronoun, which, and that; who also have a form that
originated whom and who. Various rules of grammar and style guide determines the
relative pronoun may be appropriate in many situations, especially for formal
settings. In some cases the relative pronoun can be omitted and only implied ("This is
the man [that] I see", or "this is the putter he won with").
English also uses the free relative clause, which does not have the introduction and
can be formed with pronouns such as what ("I love what you've done"), and who and
whom.](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)