The Prison Reform System Is The Main Objectives Of The...

The Prison Reform System Is The Main Objectives Of The...
Since the introduction of the prison systems to humanity, people have always tried to think of ways
to improve upon it. Prison, is and has been seen as the primary punishment against criminal acts.
But, prison is no longer seen as just a form of punishment it is also seen as a form of rehabilitation.
Now, seen as the main objectives of the modern penal system. We can still incorporated new
methods to effectively rehabilitate convicts and make the reintegration process for them much
easier. One of these possible solutions is, prison reform.
The prison reform system is great as it is a practical, effective, and successful alternative to
incarceration. And with that being said, I strongly believe the prison reform system should be
integrated ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In these prisons inmates are treated as members of
2
society and the grounds are modeled similarly to that of a village to ease their transition back into
society and insure it goes as smoothly as possible.
They are housed in 112 square foot cells, and receive a private toilet, shower, unbarred windows,
and a flat screen television. The minimum size acceptable in Canada is around 40% smaller. Inmates
are also allowed a weekly visit to the prison supermarket where they use money earned while
working in the prison. They make over $8.31 a day which is equal to 53 Norwegian krones. Inmates
even have access to a kitchen where up to 10 inmates may use at the same time. In Canada inmates
may only have access to the kitchen if they are part of the kitchen staff. Canadian inmates also
average around $3.00 daily. By the way that was an example of a maximum security prison. A
minimum security prison is similar, except everything is noticeably better. Inmates are equipped a
cell key, make $9.30 daily, and may participate in activities like skiing, fishing, running, street
training, tennis, horseback riding, and swimming. Guards don't carry weapons as they believe it
would adjectate inmates. And to continue with the craziness, at times minimum security prison may
have as little as three guard in the 115 inmate facilities.
How is any of this relevant? well in the thirty three years that this system has been used only a
handful of inmates have tried escaping (none of which were
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Investigating the Effectiveness of the British Penal System
Investigating the Effectiveness of the British Penal System
The Penal System: is the set of laws, and procedures that follow a conviction to a person, these are
punishments including sentencing, community service and tagging.
The British penal system is a system used in our country, which keeps crime and violence under
control. It is a system, which has been set up for many years to try and help prevent crimes, to have
justice and set victims free. Crime covers the range of controversy. For example rape, murder,
paedophilia, GBH and there are many more types of crime.
All of the horrific topics I just mentioned are crimes, each unforgivable in its own right, who does
have the right to do any ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some criticism comes from the fact that we no longer have capital punishment, one of the main
punishments that used to be carried out just over 30 years ago.
5 Aims of sentences
PROTECTION: this aim states the fact that punishment will result
in society being protected by one's anti–social behaviour because it will most probably mean that
the offender will have to serve an amount of time in prison therefore taken out of society and no
longer a danger to society. This aim can be justified because it may even help offenders to protect
themselves from re–offending.
RETRIBUTION: this theory works on the basis that if somebody does something wrong then the
punishment they should receive should be fitting for the crime they committed. A well known
saying which explains this theory is, 'An eye for an eye'. This quote, 'An eye for an eye', is a
subjective viewpoint because it was once said by the Indian, Mahatma Gandhi once said, 'An eye of
an eye will only make the whole world blind. This is a very important quote because it states that
the people who commit crimes should not receive punishments fitting to the crime they commit. I
personally think that this quote should be taken in to account and

Separation Exists Between Society And The Penal System
Separation exists between society and the penal system, and due to this, there is a grave lack of
knowledge of what is happening behind bars and how we can improve the situation we have
currently in regards to the prison system. There are major flaws that exist within the penal system,
and Angela Davis highlighted the main one of secrecy. We know based off of research that our
prison population commonly consists of individuals who struggle academically (Petersilia, 2003, pg
32). Because of this lack of a strong education, they may not possess basic skills like reading, with
about 20 % performing at an illiterate level within state facilities (Petersilia, 2003, pg 32), which
prisons are not going around glorifying. Another sort of hidden and degrading factor that Davis does
not directly mention is the use of solitary confinement. We learned from Maggie's presentation the
harmful mental health effects on those whom are placed in solitary confinement (December 1,
presentations). While in solitary confinement, inmates are hidden away in "a place of punishment
within a place of punishment" (Conover, 2001, pg 126), while being degraded with neither little to
no time outside, nor any human interaction (Conover, 2001, pg 127). It's disturbing that it was not
intended as a form of punishment, yet is used as one now (October 22, film). During the History of
Prisons film we watched, they explained the use of solitary confinement for reflection purposes
(October 22, film).
There has

The Role of the American Penal Law System
Introduction According to Zimring, the role of American penal law system may only be possible in
case the official as well as non–official participants within the system will consider state punishment
to be acting in form of a system of practices and rules that may and should be integrated in itself and
in the broader system of state governance based on the law. This process of integration may
therefore be facilitated by a penal law web. Achievement can be met towards the legitimacy of
American penal law in case the penal law will be brought back to its origin (object–subjects), these
are the citizens forming the state that is involved in threatening and in the long run imposes punitive
pain towards them all as based in the penal law. As a matter of fact, there will only be a guarantee of
the legitimacy of American penal law after a distinction that is existing within the official and non–
official participants within communal praxis of punishment will be abandoned, and that will be
possible when the entire American political community will recognize the penal law of the state as a
law. In form of openly reachable resource, there will be empowerment of long–term legitimation of
American penal law through penal law web. This is done by cutting via layers of official system
participants who seems to be threatening to insulate the penal law using their expert knowledge
based on the continuous public critical analysis that it has to attain and maintain legitimacy,
(Franklin

Kafka's In The Penal Colony
Throughout this course, we have analyzed multiple legal systems in texts that involve a trial or some
form of leniency, such as the Trial of Jesus and The Apology. The texts that don't involve this, such
as the Old Testament, include some form of absolute divine punishment that defeats the need for a
judicial system altogether. With In the Penal Colony, Kafka gives us an opportunity to explore a
society in which the legal system involves absolute punishment without divine intervention, and
challenges us to think normatively about it and the effects it has on society. In the society where In
the Penal Colony is set, a unique system of justice and punishment is used. Following the principle
that "guilt is always beyond doubt," individuals accused of a crime are not given any opportunity to
defend themselves, and are instead put to death using a torture machine (Kafka 155). This brings up
important normative questions: what does this say about the judicial system and its effectiveness,
and is this system just? On one hand, it can be perceived as unjust, as people are not given leniency
and more importantly may be convicted of crimes they did not commit. As Professor Weiler says,
"The worst thing you can do is convict an innocent man." On the other hand, however, it can be seen
as the highest form of justice, as the guilty will always be purged and given no chance at
redemption. Furthermore, the nature of the punishment, a brutal public execution that "steadily
deepens over

The Penal and Judiciary System: The High Cost of...
Although prisons have a few positive aspects such as keeping felons off the streets and being less
final than the death penalty, they have many negative aspects as well such as tearing families apart,
causing severe psychological harm to the children of inmates, costing 47,102 dollars a year in
California alone (California Judicial website), and causing many problems for the inmates in the
long run. Fundamentally the use of incarceration is intended to reform and rehabilitate offenders of
society's laws; however, America's prison system usually makes matters much worse for the
offender, his or her family, and society as a whole. The illustrations below show that there is a
severe need for reform in the penal system.
There are several ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After all, nothing is more final than death, and if more evidence comes forward that proves the
innocence of the convict he or she cannot be brought back to life. Even if prisons act as a boot camp
for criminals, while in prison the inmates cannot commit crimes against the wider populace.
Incarceration is usually used for punishment as main motives of society's acceptance or desire for
offenders to be "thrown in jail. If the punishment exceeds a reasonable correlation to the offense (i.e.
punishment fits the crime) then the punished will resent the punishment and will hold ill will toward
the punisher. With negative attitudes and feelings of bitterness, the incarcerated are not likely to
learn their lesson, repent or go and sin no more. They are more likely to learn more efficient ways to
break society's laws from other convicts. Incarcerations as retribution tend to create a polarization
between "us" (outlaws, outsiders) and them (those in power, the insiders). A high proportion of
inmates came from the "outsiders" (i.e. poverty, lower class, or marginalized) in the first place. So,
they view the police, the courts, and the prison as the instruments of those in power who control the
systems of the dominate culture or "the man."
There needs to be major reform in the area of the type of criminals incarcerated in state and federal

Analysis Of ' The Tell Tale Heart '
Oftentimes, the most truly despicable villains are marked with indifference towards their moral
reprehensibility. "In the Penal Colony" and "The Tell Tale Heart" both elucidate the idea that
corruption, darkness, and immorality alike are unperceivable to the one afflicted. However, while
"In the Penal Colony" suggests that this blind nature is a result of dutiful honor, responsibility, and
hope, "The Tell Tale Heart" alternatively submits that it is a result of the possibility of fulfillment.
Distinction between both arguments is found in the way setting and atmosphere background the
action. Both stories are vague in describing the general location and time of the action. Kafka,
however, puts forth some effort in detailing the immediate setting in the scene. He establishes the
story within a "deep", yet, "small", "sandy valley, closed in on all sides by barren slopes" (Kafka
75). Kafka also notes, "apart from the Officer and the Traveler there were present the
Condemned...and The Soldier..." (Kafka 75). The valley is oxymoronically both "deep" and "small".
The uneven and odd composition highlights the peculiarity and alien quality the colony exudes to
the Traveler and reader. All that stood out in the valley, both literally and figuratively, was what the
Officer dubbed, "the apparatus" (Kafka 75). The Traveler is made utterly removed from the setting
he enters. The isolation of the Traveler standing before the machine and three strangers perpetuates
an atmosphere

The Effectiveness of U.S. and Scandinavian Penal and...
Joe is a prisoner in a United States penitentiary convicted of assault with a deadly weapon and
attempted robbery. Johan is a prisoner in a Norwegian Correctional Facility also convicted of assault
with a deadly weapon and attempted robbery. After eight years of serving their time in custody, they
are released back out into society, the world beyond their prison walls. During the following month
after their release, Joe has once again been arrested for assault and attempted robbery while Johan
has started making a quiet living as a deckhand on the coast for a small fishing company in
Kopervik. Now both men have the same background and have come out of the same circumstances
but yet only one reverts back to a life a crime, why?
The United ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Or in the words of the Prison and Probation Service itself: "The Prison and Probation Service has
two main goals: To contribute to the reduction of criminality, and to work to increase safety in
society. To achieve these goals we work with sentenced persons in order to improve their
possibilities of living a life without committing new crimes." (Linstrom and Leijonram)
The PTA of 1974 is based on four key principles that continues to shape the modern prison system
and inspire the ones of the future. These four points are:
i) Imprisonment as a last resort; that is the usual punishment should be a fine or community service,
since imprisonment normally has detrimental effects; ii) Normalization; that is, the same rules
concerning social and medical care and other forms of public service should apply to prisoners just
as they apply to ordinary citizens; iii) Vicinity; that is, the prisoner should be placed in prison as
close as possible to his or her hometown (which now is considered more or less obsolete with the
advent of high–speed transit and long–distance communication via telephones and the internet); iv)
Co–operation; meaning that all parts of the correctional systems (probation service, remand prisons,
and prisons) should work closely together in individual cases as well as in general. (Linstrom and
Leijonram)
These principles are points that the US prison and penal system needs to adapt and incorporate into
the US penal

Sexual No Ambito Do Direito Penal
CAPITULO I. CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO E DEFINIÇÃO DO ABUSO SEXUAL 1.1 Violência
Sexual no Âmbito do Direito Penal A violência contra a mulher inclui violência física, psicológica,
de ordem econômica ou patrimonial e sexual. A violência sexual é um fenômeno que pode atingir
qualquer classe social, independente de etnia, casta econômica ou sexo. Todavia, é mais evidente e
expressiva contra mulheres, sejam elas crianças, adolescentes ou adultas e na maioria dos casos está
ligada a relações de poder e aspectos culturais decorrentes das relações desiguais entre homens e
mulheres. No que diz respeito a violência sexual, objeto dessa pesquisa, essa pode ser exercida no
espaço privado (doméstico) ou público, pode advir de um agressor com que a vítima mantém algum
vínculo ou por alguém que ela desconheça. Para definição da violência sexual cometida contra
mulheres será utilizada a descrição realizada pelo artigo 7º, inciso III, da Lei 11.340/06, que ao
definir as diversas formas de violência contra a mulher, define a violência sexual como: A violência
sexual, entendida como qualquer conduta que a constranja a presenciar, a manter ou a participar de
relação sexual não desejada, mediante intimidação, ameaça, coação ou uso da força; que a induza a
comercializar ou a utilizar, de qualquer modo, a sua sexualidade, que a impeça de usar qualquer
método contraceptivo ou que a force ao matrimônio, à gravidez, ao aborto ou à prostituição,
mediante coação, chantagem, suborno ou manipulação; ou

Franz Kafka 's The Penal Colony Essay
In Franz Kafka's "In the Penal Colony," there is no presumption of innocence whatsoever; there is
only presumption. "Innocent until proven guilty." This presumption of innocence is considered to be
the foundation of a civilized criminal justice system, as well as within the fundamental rights of
mankind. The Officer says that "guilt is never to be doubted," and because he was ordained the
judge of the penal colony, there is no proper trial or "due process" needed, as all are guilty in the
eyes of the one who judges (Kafka, p.198). If the punishments delivered to the guilty were less
severe, than there would perhaps be fewer qualms about the system, however the "justice" dispensed
by the machine is nowhere near reasonable or humane, dispensing grievous punishments that far
exceed most crimes to those who are condemned. However, it is important to remember that the
apparatus and its function are simply an extension of the ideology of the Old Commandant and the
Officer who are the true punishers. The punishments the officer administers through the device to
the condemned seem to be an example of just one of the two types of justice criticized in the text.
The first type of "justice" is the excruciating suffering wrought by the officer and Old Commandant
through the apparatus upon the "naturally" guilty, almost like divine punishment raining down from
the heavens to strike down sinners. The other "justice" is the presumption of innocence and civilized
law and order of liberal

How The Penal System For Kids?
Just imagine, for example, if one's son, or any other people from your family, is cruelly assassinated
by a person who is under fourteen years old, then some tend to believe that some "kids" really
deserves to be judged like as adults. However, no matter how much people can think differently, the
court should not judge children under fourteen years old as adults. Of course, will have some
exceptions, but the reasons to support this idea are diverse: Their minds aren't fully developed yet,
they cannot understand their situations well enough to aid their defense when judge, jails are really
bad environments for kids, and punishment is a failed a strategy for changing behavior. In general, if
one's check how the penal system for kids around ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a matter of fact, the whole penal and judiciary system are too complicated, even for a lot of
adults to fully comprehend, so is evident that a kid would need extra help to aid their defense. For
instance, if a person under age kills another one the result in court could vary a lot, depending on the
context in what happen the shooting. And, the same person, with 14 years old, could either go to the
jail in some states or just pay some fees, if considered innocent. All of this, for a single reason: they
(kids) don't have the vision of the facts totally accurate yet. The minds of teenagers or kids aren't
fully developed yet. The human brain starts it 's developing when the human being born and just
finishes it 's total developing around the 19–20 years old. According to Sarah Alice Brown, "Other
moves by the textbook industry, such as issuing new editions, also, drive up the cost according to a
2011 survey from the U.S. Public Interest Research Group. New editions are released on average
every 3.9 years, but a 2008 report from the California state auditor found many college deans,
department chairs and faculty members admitted revisions to textbooks are often minimal and not
always warranted"(Brown, the web). Therefore, a kid around fourteen years old doesn 't have the
capacity to understand and analyze his or her environment, and understand the laws like eighteen
years older person. Just to make the point

Are Prisons Obsolete? By Angela Davis
Angela Davis is the author of "Are Prisons Obsolete?". Davis lays out the facts about incarceration
and how it has effected our society; not to mention how it has played a major role in our history.
Davis outlines the significant importance that incarceration has towards minorities in America. She
goes on to identifies race, gender, and class as being a part of the problem of incarceration. Davis
takes the stance of not having prisons in our society, period. She does believe that we can have some
sort of a reform; however she believes that can only be accomplished by a social up rise. Overall she
is a firm believer in a society where no one is caged.
Davis reveals that race and gender has played a huge role in our nation 's history. What is very
interesting is the fact that she takes these topics and goes with it in two totally different directions.
She does elaborate the importance of how race and gender plays a massive role in her belief of
prisons as sites of massive inequality but she casts a much broader light on other things. The
function and pure nature of the prison system is also shaped in a questionable way. This also shines
light towards our society that relies so heavily on incarceration. The discussion is then shifted away
from questions about crime and punishment and toward concerns for social justice and human
rights. The racial aspects of her findings will largely be familiar to anyone who has thought
seriously about prisons before the excess

The Relationship Between African American And The American...
1
Columbia Correctional Institution
RACIAL DISPARITY IN AMERICAS PENAL SYSTEM 2
Abstract
This paper researched the disproportion between African American males and the American penal
system. The research addressed the three components that comprise the American Justice System.
Those components identified were; the police, who enforce specific laws, investigate crimes and
arrest or detain people injunction, seek inductions, drop cases, and reduce charges; also noted is the
judicial component which sets bail or conditions for release, accepts pleas, dismiss charges, impose
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The case continues with the court system, which weighs the evidence to determine if the defendant
is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. If deemed guilty, the accused will be sentenced and remanded
to the corrections component. The corrections system will use the means at their disposal, namely
incarceration and probation, to punish and correct the behavior of the offender. Bureau of Justice
Statistics (2010).
The correction system cannot be seriously discussed without addressing prison reform. Escobedo, T.
(2015) posits that ?Prison reform is the attempt to improve conditions inside prisons, establish a
more effective penal system, or implement alternatives to incarceration.? During the previous
centuries there was no attempt to rehabilitate prisoners. The sole purpose was punishment. Children,
adults, and the mentally ill were all housed and chained together. During this time debtor?s prisons
were rampant. In such cases where the poor could not pay their debts, they were thrown in debtor?s
prison where they remained until they could work off their debts or a benefactor would pay on their
behalf. An overwhelming segment of prisoners during those times was the mentally ill. They were
housed in squalid, filthy conditions, and lived on a subsistence diet of putrid food not fit for human
consumption. One of the earliest attempts at
Prison reform was initiated by Dorthea Dix, who advocated on behalf of the mentally ill.
THE AMERICAN PENAL SYSTEM 4
Dix advocated

Britain's Penal System
Australia as a Part of Britain's Penal System Why are Australia's founding fathers convicts? Many of
the criminals in Victorian England were sent to Australia in exile. There was not enough money to
build more prisons in England, so they were transported somewhere where Britain would not have
to deal with them. There are multiple reasons for overpopulating the continent with lawbreakers
other than just Britain's financial problems. A majority of the convicts were thieves or women who
were out past curfew. Researching this topic shows how a numerous count of people were unfairly
exiled, treated worse than prisoners in Britain, and that figuring out how to balance money and
prisoners took a long time for Victorian England. Almost any slightly ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
An article from the Australian government's website reveals the secrets of British colonies in
Australia. It states, "In the mid–1830s only around six per cent of the convict population were
'locked up,' the majority working for free settlers and the authorities around the nation. Even so,
convicts were often subject to cruelties such as leg–irons and the lash," (Convicts 2). Not many of
the convicts were locked up, which makes people wonder why they had to be isolated from the rest
of the population in England. They were able to roam around Australia, but sometimes were forced
to wear leg–irons or were whipped. The convicts must have not been highly harmful if they were
allowed to walk around and not be restrained all the time. If prisoners were not to be restrained at all
times, leaving them in Britain would save money and help rehabilitate them rather than ignoring
what they need. The History Channel shared what life was like for the people sent to Australia. The
first penal colony was very harsh. To show this, "The guards who volunteered for duty in Australia
seemed to be driven by exceptional sadism. Even small violations of the rules could result in the
punishment of 100 lashes by the cat o'nine tails," (January 2). This meant the guards did not have
training or background checks and that anyone was authorized to be one. Volunteers driven by
sadism were the guards for convicts in Australia. The prisoners were not treated very well if those
were the people who were supposed to protect them. They lived in horrible conditions and were
handled brutally. Guards could be anybody, which was very dangerous for

History And Evolution Of The Penal System
The penal system is described as the procedure by which individuals are punished for violating the
legal system; this punishment is usually synonymous with imprisonment. Throughout the years, the
penal system in the United Kingdom has evolved with the change of times to become the
modernized justice system it is today. For my term paper, I am going to critically discuss the history
and evolution of the penal system of the United Kingdom into the modern one it is today. I will also
be comparing and contrasting the past structures of the penal system to the emerging modern one
and discussing in what ways it has improved as well as what ways it still appears to require
improvement. The British penal system has an expansive history, and much of its background also
forms links within the systems of other countries. Justice and punishment for those that had
committed crimes were ideals desired even during the medieval periods and there is evidence to
support this claim. As early as the medieval periods–referring to as early as the 5th century, crude
methods of punishment such as drownings were seen to have been carried out. The use of dungeons
was also in place, and this could be regarded as the early, budding ideology of having a facility that
could hold those that had violated the law. By the 10th century methods of punishment for those that
committed offences were already slowly evolving, for example, more inhumane methods had risen
such as the emergence of hanging. It is

In The Penal Colony
In the short story, In the Penal Colony by Franz Kafka, we are introduced to a horrible device that is
used to torture and execute prisoners. This apparatus does this by repeatedly writing the word of the
law that the condemned person had broken into their flesh like a bizarre tattoo artist made of pain
and blood. It is both sickening and fascinating to read the account of how this machine operates
from the character named the Officer as he describes in gross details just what this monster of metal
does to someone. But, why would Kafka write about these grisly details of blood and torn flesh? It
was a metaphor for what happens when a punishment system has lost sight of reform and justice. In
this paper, we will see how the machine is many metaphors of fear, injustice and what happens
when a justice system becomes one of torture and about how people can view the system and how it
may seem unfair to the common person about to face it. In the essay, Metaphors we live by
Metaphors we live by (Lakoff & Johnson 2011), it states, "Metaphor is for most people a device of
the poetic imagination and the rhetorical flourish–a matter of extraordinary rather than ordinary
language." (page 3) When an author takes pen in hand, they make art out of their words and take
language and turn it into many extraordinary things. By doing this, they can put hidden meaning or
messages in the stories they write. Sometimes this is to make a point about the political or social
environment they see in

The Ineffective United States Penal System Essay
The Ineffective United States Penal System
"I have visited some of the best and the worst prison and have never seen signs of coddling, but I
have seen the terrible results of the boredom and frustration of empty hours and pointless
existence."
–former United States Supreme Court Justice, Warren Burger
In a famous psychological study conducted in 1986, mental health researches held an experiment to
see the community, things changed. The rats became stressed out, violent, and developed nervous
twitches, as well as eating disorders (Cozzone 8).
God Bless America . . .
"Every year, more people are arrested than the entire combined populations of our 13 least populous
states.
America incarcerates five times as many people per ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To be most effective, the programs must aim to change those who want to change, for those are the
people who will change (or have a good chance). Inmates, when taught to be productive, are "likely
to develop the self–esteem essential to a normal, integrated personality" (Szumski 21). These kinds
of programs would provide essential skills, development of healthy habits, and "replace the sense of
hopelessness" (Szumski 21) that many inmates have. Most of America's correctional institutions
lack programs of criminal rehabilitation. One can predict that a prisoner, after many years of
incarceration without being educated, will have many more disadvantages upon their release back
into society.
One of the major sociological theories of delinquency is differential association (Doob 169). The
idea is that some people have learned their ways from undesirable people who they were forced to
associate with and that this association warps their thinking and social attitudes. Differential
association theory emphasizes that a person is more likely to become a criminal if the people who
have the greatest influence upon them are criminals (Doob 169). In addition, sending a deviant
person, who has been associated with criminal influences, to prison would just make the problem
worse (Fox 61). "Group counseling, group interaction, and other kinds of group activities can
provide a corrective, positive experience that might

Summary Of In The Penal Colony
For this unit, I decided to read Kafka's "In the Penal Colony." The author, Franz Kafka, was an early
20th century middle–class Jew who lived in Prague and wrote mostly in German. The present short
story, published in 1919, refers to an unnamed penal colony somewhere in the tropics and focuses
on four characters: the commander of the camp, an invited foreign dignitary, a guard, and a victim.
The story revolves a twisted idea of justice, where the punishment does not fit the crime, and the
condemned does not know neither the charge nor the nature of his punishment. Indeed, justice
seems completely irrelevant to the commander who is only fascinated with the torturing as an art
and science; the apotheosis of the latter represented with the torturing machine that resembles a
CNC router that inscribes the accusation on the skin of the condemned who then dies slowly from
bleeding. The first thing that impressed me what the prescience of the author, who almost
anticipated the misery of the Nazi and Communist concentration camps. Certainly, penal camps
existed prior to his writing, and these might have served as a model; in Czarist Russia, for example,
criminals and political radicals were sent to labor camps in Siberia–with famous exiles being
Dostoyevsky and Lenin. Yet, despite the harsh conditions of these places, the idea remained that the
punishment had to fit the crime and there was a personal interaction between camp administration
and inmates. Kafka's foresight presents a

Summary Of Kafka's In The Penal Colony
Kafka's In the Penal Colony chronicles a colony's justice system, from the point of view of an
outsider. Through the narrative, the reader is able to witness several oddities in the way that justice
is carried out. In the Penal Colony compares to Duff and Garland's Introduction: Thinking about
Punishment, the versus surrounding the trial of Jesus, and the story of the deluge in the normative
issues of crime, punishment , and justice that it brings to light. In Kafka's In the Penal Colony, the
officer is presented as a character who has a deep devotion to the apparatus, and its ability to exact
justice. The officer is fixated on punishment, never questioning whether or not punishment must
follow a crime. The officer's character encompasses the thinking that crime and punishment
undoubtedly go together. Duff and Garland's introduction to Thinking about Punishment raise this
issue, that " our common patterns of thought lead us to link 'crime' with 'punishment' in an
apparently obvious and natural way;...there is reason to doubt that the two concepts need always be
combined in this manner." Duff and Garland challenge the normative thinking of crime and
punishment. In contrast, the officer barrels through with his fixation on the right type of punishment,
the contemplation of the institution of punishment absent from his mind. Furthermore, In the Penal
Colony presents issues as to the nature of a 'crime'. In In the Penal Colony, the condemned man,
once a soldier, is

History of Austrlia
Imagine... What it would be like to be to start again? What it would be like to spend weeks and
weeks in a ship with thousands of others? What is would be like to watch others around you die
from the terrible conditions and diseases that they have been exposed to? When asked questions
about things we have never experienced before it is hard to give a proper answer, all you can do is
assume and imagine but you can never give an exact precise response. So when asked if Australia
was a Fatal shore for everyone or if it was a land of opportunity, all you can do is assume and
imagine based on the available information provided because you don't really know the answer
because you have not experienced it firsthand. From the information provided, Australia was more
of a Fatal Shore than it was a land of opportunity. For both convicts and free settlers life in Australia
was extremely harsh. The lifestyle of Australia was extremely different to the environment that they
were used to back home in England and it would have been hard for them to adapt to. However life
in Australia wasn't all that bad, for most of the convicts it was a second chance at life and for the
free settlers it was a great opportunity to make their fortune. The working conditions that the
convicts in early colonial Australia had to endure were incredibly severe. The working environment
that the convicts suffered is evidence of the brutality that existed. Many off the convicts that arrived
in Sydney had

World Study Guide Essay
VU21481
Student Name: Yating Chang
Student ID: GEC000007P
Task1
1.Tahiti
2.
a) The sea was dangerous.
b) The winds did not always blow in the right direction for the sea travel.
c) It was such a long way it was difficult to bring enough food and water.
3.
a) Many people in Europe thought that in the Southern Hemisphere.
b) It must be a great big country but no one really knew much about it.
c) People loved the idea of sea adventures and new discoveries.
d) England was very interested in setting up a naval base and supply post in the Southern
Hemisphere.
4.Captain James Cook made detailed maps of Newfoundland prior to making three voyages to the
Pacific Ocean.
5.
1) A Seaman
2) An astronomer
3) A mathematician
4) A cartographer
5) A ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3.Led irons were shackles placed around a prisoner's ankles joined by a chain to restrict movement.
Prisoners who attempted to escape were flogged and locked in solitary confinement on a diet of
bread and water. A prisoner being flogged was secured to the flogging triangle, their legs were tied
to the base of the flogging post and their hands to the top. Their back was stripped bare and a
protective leather kidney belt buckled around their waist to protect their vital organs.
4.Convicts and prison guards both are from Britain to Australia. Although their identity is not the
same, but they are all go out of Britain people. If the convicts did not listen to prison guards, they
have had punished, prison guards used this way to control prisoners. Prison guards had watch the
prisoners of punctual work, lazy or sick. Have crimes of people one day, prison guards will be
appearance.
5.Food: The daily ration for a convict in Fremantle equated to roughly:
 Half a litre of tea and a third of a kilogram of bread for breakfast.

 Half a kilogram of meat and half a kilogram of potatoes plus a bowl of gruel or oatmeal soup for
dinner.
 Half a litre of tea and a quarter of a kilogram of bread for supper.
Clothes: In 1862 the convict uniform consisted of:
 A leather belt
 Two pairs of boots
 Four pairs of socks
 Four handkerchiefs
 Four cotton shirts and two flannel shirts.
In winter, they received one fustian jacket and one duck jacket, a woollen vest and a

Analysis Of Angela DavisAre Prisons Obsolete?
Are Prisons Obsolete?
"Jails and prisons are designed to break human beings, to convert the population into specimens in a
zoo – obedient to our keepers, but dangerous to each other."
– Angela Davis
The prison is thought to be a permanent aspect of society, it is designed to incarcerate criminals to
make way for a cleaner society. Because it is considered a necessity to keep societal order, many
people find it hard to envision a life without it. A reason for this is the tainted reality that a lot of
people have about it. The media gives us a false narrative on prison and its effect on women, black
people, and other minorities. Angela Davis challenges this idea of the prison perpetuity in Are
Prisons Obsolete? Davis argues that the bad history of the prison, prejudice in the system, and the
gender structures in the prison does not benefit society; thus making prison abolishment worth
considering.
Growing up, we are surrounded with images of the prison. In movies, we see a false reality of the
prison, which leads us to believe we know what life is like in the prison. Few people know the truth
of the prison system, this contributes to the normalization of the prison and the systematic
incarceration.When Angela Davis interviewed women in three women's prisons, she was astonished
to find their prior awareness of prison came from the many Hollywood films they had seen.
While the media has preconditioned the country to believe that color imputes to crime, there are
other factors that also contribute to the normalization of mass incarceration. People of color, more
specifically black people, are systematically programmed to land in the prison system. The system is
not designed for you to get out, actually, it is designed to do the opposite– to make you come back.
The Reagan era in the 1980's marked the beginning of the "tough on crime" movement. Politicians
defended the movement by saying it will decrease high numbers of crime in communities–but it was
found that the movement had little to no effect on crime rates. In a 2010 consensus, black people led
the incarceration rates with 2,207 per every 100,000, Latinos second with 966 per every 100,000,
and finally white people who had 380 per every 100,000.
In

Modern Penal Systems : The United States Adversarial System
In contemporary societies, crime is an undeniable fact of daily life. Modern penal systems are
developed in order to bring justice towards those who transgress the inviolable laws and regulations
imposed by the current legislative body. In the United States adversarial system, a common
quandary associated with proper administration of justice is the question of who is liable for actions
committed by members of a group or organization that has been found to be associated with
organized crime. In the 1970's, in the wake of a slew of crimes perpetrated by members of the
Mafia, the Racketeering Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act was established and signed into
law by the Nixon administration. Under this act, simply referred to as R.I.C.O., leaders and
members of a crime syndicate could be held on trial for criminal penalties for actions that they
ordered others to perform. A major implication of this act was that an element of ambiguity inherent
in the current criminal code was closed, thereby denying organized crime members immunity under
the law for simply ordering the commission of crimes by lower members of the criminal
conglomerate. Though the R.I.C.O. Act was established specifically in regards to racketeering,
which includes the operation of illegal business through the imitation of a legitimate business, as
well as the laundering of illegal funds through legitimate business, the actions deemed admissible
for the establishment of a R.I.C.O. case have been expanded

American Penal System
The American Penal System has become a laughing stock to many citizens who view the system as
lacking and useless. The correctional facilities have become overpopulated and are housing more
repeat offenders than ever in American history. To find out what could be the cause of this, the focus
need to be put on the training of the officers which provide security, the management of the facilities
and the legislature which make the rules for governing such an enormous body of people. The
training of people, who will be guarding the all offenders, especially those with mental challenges,
required in–depth training, which correctional officers do not receive. Correction is the punishment
intended to reform, improve or rehabilitate (Corrections.2014). ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Being a person in a locked facility with the opposite sex can cause major problems for the officers,
inmate and the facility, when men and women are confined in a space where they are limited by the
people they see, this can cause people to begin to place the people they are in contact in a fantasy
they have created either their heads or they will try to make it a reality. This is where the proper
training would come in handy; the officer will know exactly how to deal with the situation without
causing hostility which could cause injuries to one of the involved persons. When corrections put
emphasis on the safety of its employees by increasing training, it helps to lessen the changes of
officer injury or fatalities, but when the officers are not given this training, everyone pays for it. The
lack of training is also important especially in ethics; a well trained officer will make choices that
will be beneficial to the parties and to the facility. Not providing antiquate training will benefit the
employees and the company. Diversity training in corrections is a great technique which helps lower
the anxiety of working with or care for those of a different race or sex. According to Carl ToerBijns;
Culture diversity should be shared with cultural sensitivity training related to people issue such

What is Wrong with Out Penal System
The Author Jack Kerouac said, "In seeking to severely penalize criminals society by putting the
criminals away behind safe walls actually provide them with the means of greater strength for future
atrocities glorious and otherwise." In the position that prison reform is not justified and shouldn't be
ruled in favor of, that I feel compelled to negate today's resolution. Resolved: Prison reform is not
justified. For clarification of today's round, I offer the following counter definitions. To begin with,
the word prison reform is defined as the attempt to improve conditions inside prisons, aiming at a
more effective penal system. In addition to that, the term not justified is defined as something that is
not shown to be right or reasonable. The highest value within today's round is efficiency and it is
defined as performing or functioning in the best possible way with the least waste of time and effort.
Efficiency is most important in today's round because it shows how prisons are functioning in the
way that they are supposed to, and they are providing the prisoners will all of their necessities such
as education as well as food. The best criterion for evaluating this resolution is effectiveness and it
is defined as successful in producing a desired or intended result. It best achieves my value of
efficiency because it clearly shows how useful it is and how it gets the job done respectively.
In negating the resolution, I offer the following contentions beginning with

Race Making In Penal Systems Summary
Iman Albarakat
Weekly Response #5: Race Making
This week we read a journal written by Michael Walker "Race Making in Penal Systems". Michael
Walker writes about his experience in the prison systems of Southern California. His ethnography
wasn't planned and all his experiences were real. Walker who was a black man manage to fit in with
the other prisoners and he talks about how different it is inside the system. From what I read, it
seemed like the prison system was another playing field because the known rules of society weren't
applied. For example, the fact that facilitator of the prison encouraged segregation of race because
he didn't want interracial fights breaking out between the prisoners. When I was reading this paper I
have to say that it seemed like prison system was its own society with its own rules. The fact that
the legal system within the prison is enforcing these rules seemed completely outrageous to me.
Walker states that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Walker points out data that even proves interracial fights cannot be prevented when races are forced
to divide. This being said, it seems to me that the penal institution is enforcing racial divides when
they are completely not necessary. When a legal institution is carrying out this type of racism
doesn't it help justify segregation for violence found in the streets? This type of law enforcement
inside prison systems doesn't help anyone. While prison officers may say that it helps with
interracial violence, it's completely unjustified and sets us back 100 years. If this is allowed and
accepted in today's society then what's to say that it suddenly will be enforced in school systems to
help minimize interracial violence there? While I always knew that the prison was corrupt I never
knew to what extent, and this journal completely opened my eyes and help me see that it is time to
change the systems so that they are more morally aligned with our American

Our Penal System : The Operator Of America ' S Criminal...
OUR PENAL SYSTEM: THE OPERATOR OF AMERICA'S CRIMINAL LANDFILL
Is incarceration the best way to deal with criminals? In the article written by Michael K. Williams,
"America's Mass Incarceration Habit Needs a Serious Fix," this issue, among others, are tackled. He
shares a personal experience and startling statistics to outline the reality that is prison. Through the
use of rhetorical appeal, we delve into the mind of the writer and learn why incarceration is not an
invaluable tool for non–violent criminals. We also explore racial disparities and begin to see why
prison should be discarded as a form of punishment for nonviolent offenses. I agree with the author,
America's addiction to throwing people in jail needs treatment.
Using ethos entails establishing the basis of character: moral and ethical values, as well as how
credible one might be. To start, he states he is an actor. An actor writing a piece such as this one
would make readers skeptical as to why they should continue reading. He establishes his credibility
by sharing with readers his experience with a friend named MZ. Sharing this experience allowed
him to prove that he has seen firsthand why the prison system "needs a serious fix." It was mental
illness, and the lack of treatment thereof, that landed his friend in prison. Readers are more inclined
to listen to a story when a personal experience is shared. Apart from this, the detailed way he
explains information shows understanding of his knowledge of the current

Female Convicts As A Subject Of Historical Discussion
There has been a lack of interest in female convicts as a subject of historical discussion. The history
of female convicts has traditionally been incorporated into the framework of male convicts with
grave reference to the male convict experience. The convict women who were transported to
Australia on ships Elizabeth 5th and Henry Wellesley in 1836 faced extreme difficulty in achieving
freedom and reputability. It is the view of many historians that "women were incorporated into a
pattern initially designed to accommodate men". This essay will investigate the origins and
characteristics of a sample of 10 female convicts arriving to Sydney in1836. The essay aims to
establish an alternative impression of the female convicts that were deemed damned whores, skill–
less and prostitutes. In agreement with the 4 of the 5 studied historians, I hold the view that the
women were the victims of a "repressive patriarchal society" and the appellation of female convicts
as 'damned whores' is totally inadequate. I believe they were not members of a professional criminal
class; they were humans with basic human needs, doing anything they could to survive. The female
convicts exported to Australia have been the subjects of investigation since transportation
commenced. Many historians set out to determine whether the female convicts were "vicious
criminals" or "innocent victims". Garton's article researches the debate concerning the origins and
characteristics of the convicts being

Justification And Justification Of The Penal System
Punishment in general can obviously be justified (in the traditional sense of the term) on utilitarian
grounds. Nevertheless, usually its justification is not asked for. Because justification of punishment,
in general is unnecessary. It is the justification of particular infliction of pain (or punishment) that
can be enquired of. As a man can legitimately ask for justification of a particular law of a state.
However, nobody enquires of the justification of legal system or of law in general. It is meaningful
to ask, 'Can this rule be justified? 'Or 'Are not those laws justifiable? ' But it is not worthwhile rather
it is absurd to ask, "Can law (in general) be justified?" Similarly, punishment in general or penal
system requires no ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Retribution assigns a punishment that is appropriate to the crime, which is ideal in punishing
criminals whereas general deterrence works to persuade society to obey the law, and specific
deterrence work. From the variety of utilitarian justifications of punishment, retribution is the most
convincing as its theoretical goals are sustained through societies, whereas general and specific
deterrence cannot be justified on their own, as they do not match with retribution.
For retributionists, punishment is backward looking, justified by the crime that has been committed
and carried out to atone for the damage already done. Retributivism covers all theories that justify
punishment because the offender deserves it. This is interpreted in two ways, either a person must
be punished because they deserve it (deserving is a sufficient reason for punishment), or a person
must not be punished unless they deserve it (deserving is a necessary but not sufficient condition for
punishment). There are two distinct types of retributive justice. The classical definition embraces the
idea that the amount of punishment must be proportionate to the amount of harm caused by the
offence. Many strands of retrivbutism including Lex Talionis which seeks to restore the balance
between offender and victim. The third is in accordance with the grievance principle; that

How Did Mary Reibey Impact Society
Mary Reibey, baptised as Molly Haydock, lived a portion of her life as a convict from England then
was transported to Australia. Her becoming a convict has impacted and changed her life for the
better. Not many Australians are aware of the story and background of Mary Reibey, the lady who is
on the Australian $20 note which has been imprinted ever since 1994. It is known that she has been
on a journey that may of not had started positively but later on turned out better than she expected.
She was able to hide the fact that she was a convict behind her popularity as a business woman and
philanthropist. Mary Reibey's journey into becoming a prosperous woman began with her being a
convict from Lancashire, England. Mary was born on the 12th ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
She had gained respect for her charitable works and her interest and her appeal towards the church
and education. Her popularity and outstanding achievements in her work has resulted in her being
welcomed into the governor's social circle. She was then appointed as one of the governors for the
Free Grammar school in 1825. Mary believed in an education for all children and did not want for
anyone, especially her children to go through what she had gone through as a convict. Mary became
persistent and determined to keep her children in a civilised position, keeping up her role as a
mother. She did not want children to be in bad situations that would lead them to rebel against the
authority and steal or do any other crimes. This belief led Mary to do the works of a humanitarian
for those who were less fortunate than her. She began to participate in good works and charity
donating to churches and helped kids get an education. On her retirement, Mary Reibey built a
house in Newtown in the 1840s. She lived here until her death in 1855, aged 78 due to the illness of
pneumonia in which she outlived five out of seven of her children. She was buried beside her
husband Thomas, at the Devonshire St

Public Torture Vs. Penal System
Sarah Bills
Philosophy Essay 2
Professor Shaw
22 April 2015
Word Count: 1,032
Public Torture vs. Penal System In Michel Foucault's Discipline & Punish, he starts out by
describing a gruesome, public execution. Foucault questions why this man is getting tortured and
punished this way. He later goes on to compare this event with prison rules 80 years after the
execution and, throughout his book, argues which punishment is a better choice. Prison is more
effective than public torture because it contains criminals properly, rather than humiliating them in
public. Many things in today's contemporary society are different in comparison to the method of
public torture. Public torture, surprisingly, is very effective and the end goal is reached: get people
to behave. People behave because they are feared into following the law. The king, or head of the
hierarchy, is able to prove his power through publicly torturing and executing a criminal. There are
no exceptions. Whether you steal or murder, the same punishment applies–public torture is the
punishment. The monarchy has full and complete control over the people. The main purpose of
public torture is to put the fear of God into society so that everyone behaves as they are expected to.
Public torture is, simply, punishment for your actions just like it was as a child. If you do something
wrong, you get punished, no questions asked. There are no complications that arise because
punishment is black and white. Things changed when

Penal System
How beneficial or detrimental is the effects of parenting from the penal system for the children and
families involved? How much of an influence is the effects of parenting from the penal system is
affecting the child's developmental skills? Is parenting from the penal system, exposing the children
to the risk factors that may increase the chances of them being incarcerated? These are the typical
questions and concerns that are being questioned when researchers are gathering their conclusion.
Studies have shown time and time again that when a parent is sentenced, the child and families are
also the individuals who are being sentenced. When the unfortunate process of incarceration begins,
the initial procedure of separation creates mental ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The financial state of being has one of the most difficult hardships on the family and children when
a parent is incarcerated. Most families have no other choice but to seek financial assistance because
of the strain of having one less income, and the extra expenses of taking care of the incarcerated
individual, by adding money for their commissary, personal packages, taking off work, using gas to
make sure the visitation is made, and also to keep the lines of communication open for the children
to better the family system. Family services are suggested to help maintain stability. Studies
pertaining to religion and spirituality have been found to assist the difficult time of incarceration,
beneficial for both the family and the individual incarcerated. According to studies, practicing faith
has been used as a coping method to help with the process and duration of the separation.
Researchers have said that 78% of the incarcerated population consider support from religious
groups after inmates are released from prison to be absolutely critical to their wellbeing and
contributes positivity to acquire successful rehabilitation (

The American Penal System : The United States Essay
The American Penal System Crime has been an ever–present figure in America even before America
officially became a country. Where there is crime, there must be a way to suppress it. That is where
prisons come into play. When a person commits a crime, he or she might stay in a prison while
awaiting trial and might also stay in a prison as a punishment if that trial does not end in his or her
favor. According to The Sentencing Project, as of 2015, the United States' rate of incarceration was
the highest in the world, standing at 698 people per 100,000 people. That means that nearly 2.3
million people in 2015 were behind bars. Because of this, the United States penal system needs to
be extremely substantial, growing and changing to compensate for America's growing and changing
society. The American penal system has changed vastly over time, developing laws, practices, and
major reforms to make it more efficient and effective; however, some question whether it is actually
working. America's penal system has been influenced by many countries and people, and it has been
changing to compensate for our growing nation since Colonial times. Imprisonment was uncommon
in the early 1700s; only political and religious offenders and debtors were punished in that way. Two
types of institutions during this period were utilized: jails or prisons and workhouses. The jails and
prisons of that time were also used to hold the accused who were awaiting trial. Most criminals were
punished using

Franz Kafka's In The Penal Colony
Law is commonly understood as a set of rules made for common good and smooth functioning of
the administration.Both the common people and those involved in governing and making laws must
obey the same.The understanding of legal system as a co–operative effort to promote the common
good implies a moral relation between those who govern and those who are governed.However, law
in a colonized land is a different one. Since, in a colony the judicial system is mostly in the hands of
the colonizers, therefore, there is full possibility of the same to be bias or unequal.Law in literature
has now become an established discipline for its gives a picture of what is happening in a society.
This paper makes an attempt to study law and its portrayal in the literature by bringing in Franz
Kafka's short story "In the Penal Colony" in the context. Kafka's short story can be studied as a
depiction of a colonial state and its people being deprived of a proper judicial system and thus are
facing injustice and inequality.
Keywords: Law, authority, literature, Franz ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The paper highlights on the issues related to law and its functions in a colonized state which in no
respect reflects the ideal functions of the same as mentioned above .Much of Franz Kafka's literary
works use the law as a backdrop or thematic concern. He explores the interconnectedness of law,
justice, power and authority. It must be acknowledged that Kafka's experiences of the world has
influenced his writings to a great extent. However, law is inevitably present in his literature. The key
literary works that reveal Kafka's attempt to highlight the law and the authority and the
interconnectedness between the two, include the novel The Trial, short story "In the Penal
Colony"and "The Problem of our

Newjack: Guarding Sing Sing Essay
Newjack: Guarding Sing Sing
The distressing experience of operating as a prison guard in such a notorious penal facility as New
York State's Sing Sing Penitentiary is one that is unlikely to be desired by one not professionally
committed to the execution of prison uniformity. However, the outstanding novel written by Tom
Conover illustrates the encounters of a journalist who voluntarily plunged himself into the obscure
universe of the men and women paid to spend the better portion of their lives behind prison barriers.
In Newjack: Guarding Sing Sing, Conover creates a noteworthy document resonating personal
emotional occurrences that nonetheless suggest the cultural sensitivity of a true prison guard. From
the standpoint of our studies ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most of his time at Sing Sing was consumed being in close contact with the inmates, in dining halls
and housing galleries, doing strip searches, searching cells, writing disciplinary infraction reports,
and confiscating inmate contraband. In addition, because they live in an enforced state of near
powerlessness, answering to inmates who required support with a seemingly endless range of
personal complications occupied much of Conover's time. Conover's account of the correctional
officer's role is consistent with those opinions offered by others who have firsthand experience of
prison life. Virtually all serious, firsthand interpretations of correctional work define a gap between
the training and the realism of the job, official policies and procedures that require routine
avoidance, poor associations between line officers and administrators, and the undermining power
of stress on professional conduct and personal life.
Conover also covers all of this, describing the overwhelming confusion of a new officer's first days
in a crowded housing unit, illustrating the newjack's reliance on the helpfulness of prisoners,
portraying the obvious unfriendliness and unconcern of higher–ranking coworkers, and exhibiting
the unavoidability of making critical and even life–threatening blunders in the tumultuous world of
the prison. In doing that, Conover assists readers in getting beyond the stereotype of the ruthless
guard to see correctional

Downsizing Of The American Penal System
Literature Review
Downsizing
From the 1920s to the early 1970s the United States was experiencing a state of stability when it
comes to the American Penal System. Murayama (1970) speaks on the American penal system, her
main focus when taking a look at the system was the issue of mass incarceration. Murayama (1970,
pp 629) states that since 1970 the number of people that are incarcerated has quadrupled. As a result
of this corrections experts that were both inside and outside government began to emphasize two
major goals for the American penal system. First was to address the concern about rehabilitation and
second was to find a way to stabilize the size of the U.S. prison system. A National Advisory
Commission report from 1973 was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 was signed into law President Clinton
in an attempt to reduce crime. The Act called for 100,000 new officers, $9.7 billion budget for
prisons and $6.1 billion in funding for programs that are designed for prevention of crimes which
were designed with significant input from experienced police officers. (1998) Currently there are 2.2
million adults in the U.S. penal population which is the largest in the world. Slightly under twenty–
five percent of the world 's prisoners are held in American prisons. The rate that americans are being
incarceration is 5 to 10 times higher than the rates in areas Western Europe and other democracies.
(2014, pp 3) Travis states that the American prison population is mostly composed of individuals
that are consider "disadvantaged part" of the nation 's population. These type of people included
men under age 40, minority, and poorly educated. (pp 6) The growth of incarceration in the United
States during four decades has prompted numerous critiques and a growing body of scientific
knowledge about what prompted the rise and what its consequences have been for the people
imprisoned, their families and communities, and for U.S. society. (pp. 11–12)
Types of Crimes
Brown states that people are deeply concerned that the Justice system is locking individuals up for
petty crimes such as jaywalking. Brown made it clear that he was against the use/need for

Ambiguity of Characters in Franz Kafka’s ‘in the Penal...
Ambiguity of Characters in Franz Kafka's 'In The Penal Colony' and 'Waiting for The Barbarians'
J.M. Coetzee is one of many well–known post–colonial writers. He was born and spent hid
childhood in South Africa. Therefore, many people think that his novel "Waiting for The
Barbarians" is an allegory of the situation of South African in a time of apartheid (Head 75). In
addition, Coetzee is strongly influenced by the famous author, Franz Kafka. As a result, it is not
surprised that "Waiting for the Barbarians" has many similarities to Kafka's "In The Penal Colony".
In terms of intertexuality, this essay will discuss the ambiguity of characters in Kafka's 'In The Penal
Colony' and Coetzee's 'Waiting for The Barbarians' in order to learn ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In 'In The Penal Colony', the Officer identifies himself as a civilized person because he wears a
uniform to remind himself of his 'home' country, a symbol of civilization. Moreover, he believes that
his duty in torturing people is a justified action that will bring 'justice' to the people. But we, as
readers, can see that his punishment for the prisoner is inhumane and immoral, and that it has
nothing to do with civilization. Likewise, in 'Waiting for the Barbarians', Colonel Joll also believes
that he is civilized by wearing 'sunglasses' which is a symbol of civilization because everyone in his
homeland wears it. However, it is shown that his brutality and atrocity toward the innocent people
whom he defines as 'barbarians' are not civilize at all but rather barbaric. On the contrary, the natives
called as 'barbarians' have never done any uncivilized or barbaric things. They have their own
language, and, according to the Magistrate's excavation, probably used to have a very prosperous
kingdom in the past. In other word, the identification of who is actually a civilized person is
ambiguous. Lastly, the identification of who is the real victim is unclear. In 'In the Penal Colony', it
is unclear if the Officer is actually a man we should denounce for his cruelty. His determination and
loyalty to his belief and to the Old Commandant are praised even by the Traveler since he is willing
to die for them. Besides, The

Penal System: Questions And Answers
1. Did you hold assumptions about any of the topics addressed in this unit? Have any of your
assumptions been overturned?
Yes, the assumptions I held were around the use of prison as a form of punishment and a deterrence
to reoffending. The role of penal system has two broad functions, instrumental and symbolic.
Punishing offenders appropriately and dividing dangerous from the non–dangerous. The
assumptions I had held, have been overturned. The penal system had shifted. Handing down tougher
sentences due to penal populism and moral panic. Resulting in the failure to punish appropriately,
fuelling the rise of prison rates and re–offending.
2. Which of the topics or themes addressed in this unit have stood out for you, and why?
The

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