1. PERCEPTION
Stephen P. Robbins — “A process by which individuals
organize and interpret their sensory impressions in
order to give meaning to their environment.”
2. Distortion in Perception:
• Distortion in perception results in creating communication gap.
It is a serious barrier to communication and a reason for
communication failure.
• H Joseph Reitz has rightly pointed out that “communication
may fail because the communicate perceptually ready to receive
certain communication actually receives different
communication.
3. Types of Distortion in perception
• Stereotyping effect
• Horn effect
• Halo effect
• Recency effect
• Primary or first impression effect
• Self serving bias effect
• Self fulfilling prophecy
• Illusion
• Hallucination
4. • Stereotyping: Making positive or negative generalisation about a
group or category of people usually based on inaccurate assumption
and beliefs.
• Horn effect: Drawing general impression based on negative quality.
• Halo effect: Drawing general impression of individual on the basis of
single characteristic.
• Recency effect: Judgment based on the recent information or
developments.
• Primary effect: Judgment based on the first impression.
5. • Self serving bias effect: Tendency for individual to attribute their own
success to internal factors while putting the blame for failure on
external factors.
• Self fulfilling prophecy effect: People’s preconceived expectations and
beliefs determine their behaviour, thus serving to make their
expectations come true.
Negative expectations= Negative results
7. • Illusion means misinterpretation of stimulus.
• Clear stimuli wrongly interpreted.
• Stimuli is present in the case of illusion.
8. Hallucination effect
• Hallucinations are sensory experiences that appear real but are
created by your mind.
• They can affect all five of your senses. For example, you might
hear a voice that no one else in the room can hear or see an
image that isn’t real.
• Misinterpretation of stimuli in its absence.
9. Types of Hallucination Effect
Auditory hallucination: through hearing
Visual hallucination: through sight
Olfactory hallucination: Unusual smell
Gustatory hallucination: Wrong taste
Haptic hallucination: Unusual touch
