2. What is perception?
It is the process of experiencing the
environment and making sense of the stimuli
received via the five senses:
Vision
Hearing
Touch
Taste
smell
11. Sensation is only the first stage in receiving
information from outside the self.
Transformation of the raw sensory stimuli into sensory
information that is then decoded into meaningful
perception at the cortical level.
perception is an active processes that are influenced by
attention, affect, cultural expectations, context, prior
experiences, memory and, most importantly, prior
concepts.
12.
13. In visual object agnosia, the subject is able to
recognize that an object is in his field of vision
(that is, sensation is intact), but he is unable to
recognize what the object or its function is (impaired
perception).
15. distortions
Disturbannce of size or quality.
Disturbance of intensity of perception
Disturbance of spatial location
Disturbance of experience
Disturbance of self and environment
16. Micropsia
Macropsia
Hemimicropsia
Dysmegalopsia
Lilliputian hallucinations
seeing little creatures, talking, speaking and laughing (the land of
lilliput)
18. Palinacousis?
persistence of sounds that are heard.
A subject returned to answer the door several times
during a 30 minute period after the doorbell had
actually rung
Palinaptia?
the experience of tactile sensation outlasting the
stimulus, so that an object held in the hand
continues to be perceived well after it has been
discarded.
Stacy (1987) reports a case of a patient with
biparietal lesions who could feel her toothbrush in her
hand 15 minutes after putting it away.
The palinaptia can be conceived as a complex haptic
hallucination
19. Teleopsia :object appearing far away.
Pelopsia : object appearing nearer than it should.
20. Déjà vu:
Already seen
Jamais vu:
Never seen
Anosognosia:
Lack of awareness of physical illness (parietal lesion)
Prospagnosia:
Inability to recognize familiar faces (parietal lesion)
21. Normally, perception is accompanied by affect, which
may be a feeling of familiarity, of enjoyment, of
dislike, of involvement, of proximity and so on.
This is usually appropriate and so ignored. However,
changes in these feelings may present as symptoms,
for example, ‘everything looks clear but it all looks
miles away’, ‘I feel in seclusion. It is like looking
through the wrong end of a telescope’.
There is a feeling of unreality in the perceptual
field, an alteration in the feelings associated with
the objects of perception
22. Depersonalization:
A change in the perception of self where the individual feels that
he become unreal
Derealization:
Change in the perception of the external world as if unreal or in
a dream
Examples: People look like toys – almost dead and
lifeless, carrying out automatic movements with special
meaning’ ‘people look dead, pale, cold
24. Misperception of real stimulus.
1-Affect illusion:
going with the emotional state
Love
Football
25. 2- Completion illusion
Completion illusion demonstrates the principle of
closure in gestalt psychology: there is a human
tendency to complete a familiar but not quite finished
pattern (Beveridge, 1985)
32. It is perception without actual stimulus.
Occurs in all sensory modalities
Can be simple or complex
Vivid as real experience
Occurs spontaneously without control
Intrusive
From the outer space (objective space)
36. The most common type of hallucinations:
Simple(Elementry) or Complex as:
Ordering
Praising
Insulting
Running commentary
Third voice
Thought echo (audible thoughts)
Elementary (organicity)
37. Occurs in:
Psychotic disorders
Delusional D
Mania (praising)
Depression (insulting)
Organic disorders (delerium, dementia, epilepsy, tumors, migraine,
toxicity, drugs, vascular lesions………………..)
The patient’s reaction to hallucinations?
39. Charles Bonnet syndrome: visual hallucinations in
visually impaired patients.
Anton’s syndrome: patient denies blindness and
confabulate visual images---occipital lesions
Oneiroid state: dream like state + hallucinations
Peduncular hallucinosis: complex shapes, evening, sleep
wake cycle disturbance
Ictal hallucinosis: epilepsy
40. You have to think about ORGANICITY
The most common smell is burning rubber, rotting garbage, strong
body odors
Temporal lobe epilepsy (uncinate fits)
Aura of generalized epilepsy
Tumors
Migraine
Frontal lobe lesions
41. The least common type of hallucinations
ORGANICITY
The same like olfactory hallucinations
Rarely pleasant tastes.
42. Formication: ants on skin
Haptic hallucinations: touched by a phantom
Thermal hallucinations: my head is on fire
Kinesthetic hallucinations: sensation of moving body part
Visceral hallucinations involving internal organs
Substance use
43. Functional hallucinations:
Real perception…………….hallucination (in the same modality)
Reflex hallucinations:
Real perception…………….hallucination (different modalities)
Extracampine hallucinations:
Hallucinations beyond the ordinary perceptual capacity of a human
being
44. Hypnagogic hallucinations: go to sleep
Hypnopompic hallucinations: awakening from sleep
Autoscopic hallucinations: seeing oneself from
outside (mirror image)
Negative autoscopy: when looking to mirror, the
person sees nothing
45. Hallucinations
Normal perception
Comes from within
Comes front outside
React to them as if they
are true coming from
outside
React to them
Not shared by others
Shared by others
46. True Perception
Mental image
Objective space
Subjective Space
Clearly delineated
Not
Constant and
independent
Voluntarily created
Full and fresh sensory
elements
Not complete
47. Occur in inner subjective space (seen by inner eyes)
More like true perception or hallucination than like mental imagery
Figurative
Definite outline
Vivid details
Colored
Not voluntarily created or evoked
Recognized by the patient as has no external relation
There is gradation from the fully formed pseudohallucination to
imagery
Both pseudohallucination and hallucination may occur
48. Hallucination
Pseudohalluciant
ion (Type of
mental image by
Fish)
Fantasy
=imagery =
Mental image
Objective space
Subjective space
Subjective space
Insightless
Insightless
Insighful
Vivid colored
detailed
Vivid colored
detailed
Incomplete,
indefinite, dim
Out of control
Out of control
Voluntarily
created
Has a quality of
perception
Has a quality of
perception
Has a quality of
ideas
49. perception of an object, presented in one sensory modality, at the same
time as in a different sensory modality.
An example of music to color:
When I listen to music, I see the shapes on an externalized area.
Sounds are most easily likened to oscilloscope configurations lines
moving in colour, often metallic, with height, width and, most
importantly, depth.
50. Continuing perceptions is important for consciousness It leads
to:
Visual hallucination
Abnormal perception in other modalities than vision
Altered affective states(panicky, restless, irritable, apathy)
51. Rare phenomenon is described sometimes with organic
states and also with schizophrenia.
the patient is unable to form the usual, assumed
links between two or more perceptions.
A patient watching television experienced a feeling of
competition between the visual and auditory
perceptions.
She felt that the two were not coming from the
same source but were competing for her attention
and conveying opposite messages.
52. Splitting of perception occurs when the links between
different sensory modalities fail to be made, and so
the sensations themselves, although in fact associated,
appear to be quite separate and even in conflict.
53. Jaspers and Scharfetter
Jaspers and Scharfetter described formal 5
characteristics of the self:
1. Ego vitality,…………………nihilistic delusions
2. Ego activity, ………………. delusions of control
3. Unity of the self over time,
4. Self-identity and
5. Boundary of the self.
