The Importance Of Typhoid Fever In The United States

The Importance Of Typhoid Fever In The United States
The incidence of typhoid fever in the United States has markedly decreased since the early 1900s,
when tens of thousands of cases were reported in the U.S. Today, less than 400 cases are reported
annually in the United States, mostly in people who have recently traveled to Mexico and South
America. This improvement is the result of better environmental sanitation. India, Pakistan, and
Egypt are also known as high–risk areas for developing this disease. Worldwide, typhoid fever
affects more than 21 million people annually, with about 200,000 people dying from the disease.
How Do People Get Typhoid Fever? Typhoid fever is contracted by drinking or eating the bacteria
in contaminated food or water. People with acute illness can contaminate the
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Mary Mallon Research Paper
Mary Mallon was a thirty–seven year old Irish immigrant woman who was a cook that was hired
from wealthy families. She is better known as Typhoid Mary who was the primary person in the
United States determined as a contagious provider of the bacteria associated with typhoid fever.
According to the film she contaminated 50 people, 3 of whom passed away, during her job as a
cook. She was forcibly separated by public health authorities twice and died at North Brother Island
at age sixty–nine after 26 years in 1938 in isolation. Mallon worked as a cook in the New York City
area for eight families. In 1900, within two weeks of her employment, residents developed typhoid
fever. Mallon was consequently hired by other families, and outbreaks followed her. Mallon was the
very first typhoid carrier to be determined by clinical scientific research. Some difficulties
surrounding her situation stemmed from Mallon's violent denial of her possible role. Mallon claimed
that she was completely healthy and balanced and that she never had typhoid high temperature.
Public–health authorities figured out that permanent quarantine was the only method to stop Mallon
from triggering significant ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But unfortunately her stubbornness was her only virtue and she allowed pressure to get to them. She
should have remained in quarantine and shouldn't come out. I agreed what the public health officials
did when she was in quarantine for the second time. I mean by letting her stay at quarantine but go
visit her friends and others during the weekend . The Department of Health made a right decision to
put Mallon in quarantine so typhoid fever wouldn't spread quickly since she was a cook. I think if
she had stayed in quarantine there wouldn't be so much people being affected from this diseases and
those three people who died would probably be alive

Typhoid Fever Frank Mccoourt Analysis
Typhoid Fever Versus The Education of Frank McCourt The first main point in the story Typhoid
Fever is that literature can have everlasting impact on people's lives. In the story, Patricia reads "The
Highwayman" poem to Frankie. Because the children are not allowed to talk to each other, Patricia
reads bits and pieces to Frankie at different times to avoid being caught. Frankie is awaiting the next
part of the poem when he learns that Patricia has passed away. He is very disappointed because he
never learnt the end of the poem. He keeps wondering and wondering until Sean learns the rest and
recites it. If Sean had never took the time to learn the poem, Frankie would have most likely been
living the rest of his life wondering how it ended. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Maybe that's what I was born to put on the page, he thought." This proves the importance of
relaying the thoughts and experiences of their lines. Secondly, another main point of the article is
that Frank was embarrassed about his poverty stricken, abandon filled life. McCourt said, "'When
you have nothing–no TV, no radio, no music–you have only the language. So you use it. We were
street kids–we saw the absurdity and laughed at it. And we were fools; we were always dreaming.
Bacon and eggs–we dreamed of that'" (Kornbluth, 200). He doesn't want to have to discuss his past
life events, because he thought that it may cause his students to lose respect for him. But, as it turns
out, this didn't happen. The students had come from quite similar situations in their lives and could
relate to McCourt's experiences. Typhoid Fever and The Education of Frank McCourt share many
similarities as well as differences. A difference includes that Typhoid Fever tells us the story from
Frank's ten–year–old perspective, while The Education of Frank McCourt is told from his adult
perspective. Typhoid Fever takes place in around the '30s or '40s and displays how illnesses spread
throughout Ireland. In the article, Frank discusses how went through these struggles, and how he
faced them strongly. A similarity between Both texts is that they describe the importance and
necessity of literature. In Typhoid Fever, Frankie and Patricia share a bond between the poem "The
Highwayman". In the

Mary Mallon Unethical
Mary Mallon, a woman whom came to the US with hopes of a new life without hardships and
despair. This was not the case; she was forced to endure a life of, discrimination, public humiliation
and imprisonment because of unethical behaviour. With that being said I am firmly of the belief that
Ms Mary Mallon is a victim.
Firstly, in 1922, New Yorker Tony Labella reportedly caused two outbreaks that combined for more
than 100 cases and five deaths; He was isolated for 2 weeks and then released. Additionally Health
officials also banned Alphonse Cotils, a restaurant and bakery owner, not to prepare food for other
people. When they found him back at work, they agreed to let him go free if he promised to conduct
his business over the phone. Mr. Labella ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sober and Dr. Josephine Baker along with police officials returned to apprehend Mary Mallon
against her will for testing. She was taken to Willard Parker Hospital in New York where she was
tested and transferred to an isolated cottage (part of the Riverside Hospital) on North Brother Island
(in the East River near the Bronx), held against her will without trial, because she was considered a
healthy carrier. Under sections 1169 and 1170 of the Greater New York Charter. However it's
apparent that this act doesn't imply for all, for instance Mr. Labella and Cotils. These men were
never persecuted or hunted down even though they were avid carriers known to the Department.
As a result of Mary's isolation she suffered from severe emotional and mental issues, her left eye
was paralyzed shut. Her constitutional rights were violated, but the law still held here against her
will. Numerous tests were taken and on many occasions they were negative for typhoid. She cooked
for the Doctors and Nurses at North Brother Island and even played with the sick children and no
one ever got ill. Conversely these were never enough for her to regain her freedom. Mary leaved a
life of despair and isolation, until death where only nine persons

Typhoid Fever During The Civil War Essay
Hello, I'm Jane Wildhaber. I was a nurse during the Civil War. 1861 through 1865 were 4 long,
horrible years, not because of the fighting. Many diseases were spread during this time due to
cramped living conditions. One of the main diseases that us nurses worked with was typhoid fever.
It is an acute intestinal infection caused by the salmonella typhi bacteria. It was spread by ingesting
contaminated food and water or through close contact with someone already infected. It often
afflicted soldiers in the elevated and more northern areas where Civil War armies fought and
camped during the winter months. Typhoid Fever killed 81,360 Union soldiers, more than those who
died of battle wounds. Symptoms are developed skin lesions called "rose spots", ... Show more
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Sick or wounded soldiers with a compromised immune system were more easily susceptible to the
disease. A study showed that over a 19 month period, more than 17% of the Confederate army fell
victim to Pneumonia. Symptoms are chest pain (when breathing or coughing), cough, fatigue, fever,
sweating and shaking chills, lower than normal body temperature, nausea, vomiting or diarrhea, and
shortness of breath. Measles was another disease that infected many soldiers. During the 1st year of
the war, there were 21,676 reported cases of measles and 551 deaths in the Union army alone.
Around 1 in 20 people who got this died and it ended up killing about 11,000 total soldiers. In the
Union Army, over 67,000 had measles and more than 4,000 died. Deaths were primarily from
respiratory and cerebral involvement. Symptoms are fever, dry cough, runny nose, sore throat,
inflamed eyes, tiny white spots with bluish–white centers on a red background found inside the
mouth or inner lining of cheek, or a rash made up of large, flat blotches than often flow into one
another. We also saw many cases of Tuberculosis. Tuberculosis killed about 14,000 soldiers during
the war. There was and still is no cure for the

Typhoid Fever In New York City
In this assignment I am as an Assistant Deputy Commissioners for the NYC Health Department
analyzing the Mary Mallon incident should review a proposal to test all food handlers for Typhoid
fever.
Typhoid fever is a dangerous bacterial infection. The only source of the causative agent of typhoid
fever is a person sick or carrier. You can get typhoid fever if you eat food or drink water that have
been handled by a person who is shedding Salmonella Typhi or if sewage contaminated with
Salmonella Typhi bacteria gets into the water you use to drink or washing fruit. The danger of the
patient varies through the disease and this explains of the features of the typhoid fever. Infected
often spread pathogen into the environment within fourteen days, ... Show more content on
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It could be a temporary policy during outbreaks of typhoid fever. But we need to remember that a
spread of the disease occurs by the transfer of bacteria from the hands of the carrier on any surface
whether it is a fruit or bread on a plate. Thus, it does not matter was food cooked or not if food
handler is a carrier and will handle a bread which will appear in the hands of the consumer we will
have a new typhoid fever outbreak as in case of Mary Mallon. In light of the above this step does
not decrease spreading of disease if the prohibition the sale and consumption of any uncooked food
in restaurants will be the only assume measure. Implementation of this idea could be done fast and
will not cost city a lots of money. But again I would like to remind it should be complex of action to
prevent spreading of the disease. The second alternative proposal is quarantining all individuals
displaying symptoms of typhoid. In my opinion this not very effective proposition because it is
possible to have a big number of ill people and plus people who was in contact with ill. For now we
do not have such amount of beds in the hospitals. We should not exclude stuff that takes care for ill.
They can be infected too. I cannot tell for sure it decrease spreading of the disease.

Pathology of Typhoid Fever Essay
Generally a fever is associated with a common cold, but in some cases a fever can be one of the
symptoms of the deadly disease Typhoid fever. Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium Salmonella
Typhi. It is most common in underdeveloped countries but many cases have appeared in the United
States and many Western countries. In some places, Typhoid fever is the leading killer of people.
There are key symptoms to look out for, many ways to diagnose it, different treatments, and a
hopeful prognosis for those who are infected. This disease has been around for ages, it can date back
to the 400 BC, when it struck many villages in Athens and killed one third of the population. The
leader of the Athens at that time, Pericles was also affected ... Show more content on
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Typhoid fever usually affects patients between the ages five and ninteen, although it can affect
people of either sex at any age. There was a recent outbreak in 2004 in Kinshasa, in the Democratic
Republic of the Congo. The fatality rate was 30%, and until sanitation and clean water was brought
to the area there were 214 reported deaths and 42,000 cases. There are many common symptoms of
Typhoid fever that people can be on the lookout for if they suspect they have been infected. "The
symptoms of typhoid include high fever, chills, cough, muscle pain, weakness, stomach pain,
headache, and a rash made up of flat, rose–colored spots" (Aldridge, 2008). If a person infected with
the bacteria begins to notice these symptoms, a doctor should be notified immediately. The course of
an untreated Typhoid fever takes about four weeks. The first week there is an increase in the
temperature of the infected person, along with a cough and headache. The second week consists of a
high fever, the person becomes delusional, red spots begin to appear on the body, the spleen and
liver become enlarged and there is a low red blood cell count. In the third week the symptoms are
getting increasingly deadly, complications such as an intestinal hemorrhage, and the fever is still
high. These complications continue on to the fourth and final week. Untreated cases of Typhoid
fever may take

Essay about Salmonella enterica typhi
Salmonella enterica typhi
Introduction:
Worldwide, typhoid fever affects roughly 17 million people annually, causing nearly 600,000 deaths.
The causative agent, Salmonella enterica typhi (referred to as Salmonella typhi from now on), is an
obligate parasite that has no known natural reservoir outside of humans. Little is known about the
historical emergence of human S. typhi infections, however it is thought to have caused the deaths
of many famous figures such as British author and poet Rudyard Kipling, the inventor of the
airplane, Wilbur Wright, and the Greek Empire's Alexander the Great. The earliest recorded
epidemic occurred in Jamestown, VA where it is thought that 6,000 people died of typhoid fever in
the early 17th ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It also produces no gas when grown in TSI media, which is used to differentiate it from other
Enterobacteriaceae.
Typhoid/ Enteric Fever:
Infection of S. typhi leads to the development of typhoid, or enteric fever. This disease is
characterized by the sudden onset of a sustained and systemic fever, severe headache, nausea, and
loss of appetite. Other symptoms include constipation or diarrhea, enlargement of the spleen,
possible development of meningitis, and/or general malaise. Untreated typhoid fever cases result in
mortality rates ranging from 12–30% while treated cases allow for 99% survival.
Virulence Factors:
S. typhi has a combination of characteristics that make it an effective pathogen. This species
contains an endotoxin typical of Gram negative organisms, as well as the Vi antigen which is
thought to increase virulence. It also produces and excretes a protein known as "invasin" that allows
non–phagocytic cells to take up the bacterium, where it is able to live intracellularly. It is also able
to inhibit the oxidative burst of leukocytes, making innate immune response ineffective.
Epidemiology:
The encounter of humans to S. typhi is made via fecal–oral route from infected individuals to

healthy ones. Poor hygiene of patients shedding the organism can lead to secondary infection, as
well as consumption of shellfish from polluted bodies

Typhoid Fever Character Traits
Strength in obstacles lies in how individuals take stand and take in the harshest circumstances, and
like that, their overcoming in such circumstances makes a new identity. Strength, fondness, and will
power are resulting traits to becoming a better version of one's self. In "Typhoid Fever" an excerpt
from the memoir, "Angela's Ashes," by Frank McCourt, Frank, the typhoid fever burdened
protagonist, was deprived of a good life because happiness, "...could be doing serious damage to
your internal apparatus," (McCourt 3). Throughout the excerpt, he realizes his newfound passion for
literature due to his infatuation with Patricia Madigan. Despite all circumstances, Frank fought with
all his might to obtain his happiness, and that is knowing the ending of "The Highwayman." His
acknowledgment towards the consequences of exceeding happiness could have been fatal was a
mistake because he found and went above it, and that changed Frank into a pleased and content ...
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Within "Through the Tunnel," a short story by Doris Lessing, Jerry, the adolescent protagonist, seeks
conformity with others but later resolves to, "[it] was no longer of the least importance to go to the
bay," (Lessing 4). At the beginning, he was filled with determination and excitement to swim
through the tunnel and float above to the welcoming arms of the French boys. However, with every
practice session, his hesitation to attempting the dive was slowly creeping over his desire to actually
do it. The bruises and constantly loss of blood led to a faltering mentality. By the time he dived
through the tunnel and floated up, a turbulence of contrition spiraled throughout his body. In the
end, his obstacle was not fully accomplished; but, he gained maturity, which is otherwise known as
coming–of–age. A film directed by Gabriele Muccino, The Pursuit of Happyness, also distinctly
portrays the overcoming of

Typhoid Fever During The Civil War
Dysentery and diarrhea were a result of poor hygiene, close quarters with other sick soldiers and
food not properly stored or prepared. Almost thirty percent of the population with chronic diarrhea
died, while the survival rate for acute diarrhea was much higher. (Schoeder–Lein 86). Typhoid fever
could mimic the symptoms of classic diarrhea and it was at times, hard to diagnose. According to
CDC.gov, a person can get typhoid fever if they eat food or drink beverages that have been handled
by a person who is shedding Salmonella Typhi or if sewage contaminated with Salmonella Typhi
bacteria gets into the water they use for drinking or washing food. Considering the sources of
transmitting typhoid fever, it is understandable that this was one of the top killing diseases during
the Civil War. Malaria and Yellow fever were both mosquito borne illnesses. Mosquitoes are a
nuisance to us today, but during the Civil War they wreaked havoc on the population and caused
widespread devastation across the entire land, but primarily in the South. Not just because of the
warm climate but the lack of cold weather severe enough to kill the mosquitoes themselves. Yellow
fever is a horrific illness that has multiple ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While these diseases were recognized at the time as sexually transmitted, there was little knowledge
or leverage about how to prevent the spread of infection. In Tennessee, prostitution was legalized
when STD's became an epidemic. This helped the authorities to monitor the health of the licensed
prostitutes. If they showed signs of illness they were quarantined (Schroeder–Lein 323). According
to Schroeder–Lein treatments for the sexually transmitted diseases were not extremely successful.
Sometimes the diseases went into a remission type of phase but could resurface months or years
later

Typhoid Mary: A Very Brief Summary And Analysis
In ethics, the balance between the safety of the people and the respect for an individual's rights can
oftentimes be imbalanced. Government intervention in epidemics continues to be highly debatable
as it has lead to decisions that tend to favor one side over the other. "Typhoid Mary", a healthy
carrier of the typhoid fever, is an excellent example of government intervention that resulted in the
obvious favor of collective security. In the field of Public Health and Ethics, Collective Security
refers to the safety of the public whereas Individual Liberty refers to the inherent rights and
freedoms of an individual. By analyzing the public health measures set in place prior to the outbreak
and the disease's immediate biological impact, it is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Margaret Warren, the daughter of the family, had caught typhoid fever and began experiencing
symptoms such as severe headache, diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain. (Mayo Clinic, 2015).
Shortly thereafter, 6 other members of the household began experiencing symptoms of typhoid
fever. At the time, typhoid fever was only common in areas with poor hygiene and sanitation. The
vacation house, however, was clean and luxurious. It had surprised the Warrens that a typhoid
outbreak had occurred from within the house. Judith Walzer Leavitt, the author of the book
"Typhoid Mary", explains, "Typhoid fever was a very common visitor in New York and in other
urban areas, especially in the 19th century...In New York City alone, there were about 2000 new
cases each year," (Leavitt, 2004). Worried that the outbreak would spread like in New York City,
local public health experts set out to investigate the house and they began to suspect that the
plumbing was the source of the infection. Although the bacteriology field was still developing at the
time, scientists knew typhoid fever well enough to know that it was spread through infected feces.
To test the plumbing, they flushed dye down the toilet and checked the running water to see if it
changed color. The water did not change color. The experts checked the milk in the house as well as
the local area, and their results were inconclusive. Fearful that the owners would be unable to rent
the house, they hired George Soper, an ambitious engineer that had a special talent for tracing
disease outbreaks, to investigate. He had learned that a chef named Mary Mallon had quit during the
time the Warren's were staying in the vacation home. She had prepared her homemade ice cream
topped with fresh cut peaches for the family prior to leaving. George Soper writes, "I suppose no
better way could be found for a cook to cleanse her hands of

Essay On Systemic Enteric Fever
Generalized systemic enteric fever, headache, malaise, anorexia, enlarged spleen, and constipation
followed by more severe abdominal symptoms; rose spots on trunk in 25% of Caucasian patients;
complications include ulceration of Peyer's patches in ileum, can produce hemorrhage or
perforation; Common enterocolitis may result without enteric fever; characterized by headache,
abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration may result; case fatality of 16% reduced to
1% with antibiotic therapy; mild and atypical infections occur ("Salmonella typhi | MSDSonline",
2017)
Gastrointestinal contaminations are overwhelmingly connected with those serotypes which happen
broadly in people. They can go in seriousness from asymptomatic carriage ... Show more content on
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 Systemic Disease
Host–adapted serotypes are more invasive and tend to cause systemic disease in their hosts; a
feature which is linked to their resistance to phagocytic killing. In humans, this applies to the
typhoid and paratyphoid bacilli, S. Typhi, and S. Paratyphi A, B, and C, which cause the septicemia
diseases, enteric fever. Typhoid fever has an incubation period of anything from 3 to 56 days, though
it is usually between 10 and 20 days. Invasive salmonellas penetrate the intestinal epithelium and are
then carried by the lymphatics to the mesenteric lymph nodes. After multiplication in the
macrophages, they are released to drain into the bloodstream and are then disseminated around the
body. They are removed from the blood by macrophages but continue to multiply within them. This
eventually kills the macrophages which then release large numbers of bacteria into the blood stream
causing a septicemia. In this, the first phase of the illness, the organism may be cultured from the
blood. There is a slow onset of symptoms including fever, headache, abdominal tenderness and
constipation and the appearance of the body of rose red spots which fade on pressure. During the
second stage of the illness, the organism reaches the gall bladder where it multiplies in the bile. The
flow of infected bile infects the small intestine causing inflammation and ulceration. The fever
persists but with

Typhoid Mary Mallon Research Paper
Mary Mallon, who was called "Typhoid Mary", a miserable cook with little education, spread
typhoid fevers via her dishes and isolated in North Brother Island until she died("The Most Horrible
Seaside Vacation,").
Indeed, Mallon should take responsibility for disobeying her vows of giving up her cook career after
being released from her first quarantine. However, it is unfair to isolate her for rest of life, while
other identified asymptomatic typhoid carriers were free. One of the reasons is that the media
portrayed her as "Typhoid Mary". In my view, this stigmatized name had magnified the negative
opinions towards Ms. Mallon, and the media had influenced or even directed the viewpoint that her
imprisonment was to keep the public feeling safe("The

Typhoid Fever Monologue
The main character of the story Typhoid Fever is a boy named Francis, otherwise known as Frank or
Frankie. Frankie is a child that is sick with Typhoid. Patricia is another child staying the hospital that
he is at. They enjoy holding conversations together, though they aren't supposed to be talking to
each other at all. Both of them enjoy reading, and have a few books by their bedsides which they
occasionally share with each other. Eventually, Patricia ends up dying because of her illness. "He
knows about Patricia in two days because she got out of the bed to go to the lavoratory when she
was to use the bedpan and collapsed and died in the lavoratory." Is the statement where it happens.
Though Patricia ends up dying, Frankie is able to survive

Typhoid Fever and Contrast Organizer
Directions:
For this segment, you will compare and contrast two different pieces of writing in preparation for
eventually writing a compare–contrast essay. You will complete the Compare and Contrast
Organizer to help you organize your thoughts.
You will begin Segment 3 by drafting an outline of the main points that both compare and contrast
"Typhoid Fever" and "The Education of Frank McCourt." Please note, for this segment, you are not
writing an entire essay. You are filling out the Compare and Contrast Organizer.
Make sure to answer the following in your organizer, using complete sentences:
List two main points discussed in "Typhoid Fever." What was the story about? What should a reader
take from the story?
List two main ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
List one major difference between the two pieces.
List one similarity between the two pieces.
Make sure to proofread and check your spelling, and to write using complete, correctly capitalized
sentences.Directions:
eventually writing a compare–contrast essay. You will complete the Compare and Contrast
Organizer to help you organize your thoughts.
You will begin Segment 3 by drafting an outline of the main points that both compare and contrast
"Typhoid Fever" and "The Education of Frank McCourt." Please note, for this segment, you are not
writing an entire essay. You are filling out the Compare and Contrast Organizer.
Make sure to answer the following in your organizer, using complete sentences:
List two main points discussed in "Typhoid Fever." What was the story about? What should a reader
take from the story?
List two main points discussed in "The Education of Frank McCourt." What was the piece about?
What should a reader take from the article?
List one major difference between the two pieces.
List one similarity between the two pieces.
Make sure to proofread and check your spelling, and to write using complete, correctly capitalized
sentences.Directions:

eventually writing a compare–contrast essay. You will

Frank Mccourt and the Value of Misery
In life people learn from their mistakes and sometimes, like Frank McCourt, from hard times that,
while painful, can be of the greatest benefit from among their experiences. It shapes them into the
people they are and brands them, leading them to be high achievers in life. Moreover, their
achievements are more remarkable than those whose childhood were happy; they were marked by
adversity and their drive to overcome and exceed expectations. A good life was not handed to them,
but rather earned. Frank McCourt in Angela 's Ashes described the hard times and pain in his life,
pain that no person should have had to endure. After losing his baby sister Margaret and twin
brothers Eugene and Oliver, to disease and bad parenting, McCourt went ... Show more content on
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Not only was it valuable but also unforgettable, and he would never forget a single detail of it. Frank
McCourt made it through the hard times along with his remaining siblings. It was not easy, but if it
had not been for his fatherless and awful childhood, McCourt may never had made it to where he is
now, a Pulitzer Prize winning author. As McCourt said it, A happy childhood is hardly worth your
while.
Almost everything and everyone he had ever known failed him. Every institution he should have
been able to depend upon had let him down – government, church and family. By the way most
stories go these days, it would have been a reasonable assumption that since he was not a moral man
in the conventional sense, that he would not end up well. But as a matter of fact, he succeeds
because of his immorality; all the moral means had let him down. Frank chose happiness over
morality and became happy and free. Moreover, in the end, he proved not only to be a success but
ultimately more moral than anyone or anything else described in the book.
All of his misery was valuable to him because it is the misery that made him want to make his own
way of life. Indeed, if he had a better life growing up, he would not have desired to change his
system of living. He decided to follow what made him feel good because surely the life he was
living left him with nothing but disappointment. McCourt knew that sex was

Thesis On Typhoid Fever
DISCUSSION Typhoid fever is endemic all parts of India and still it is a major cause of morbidity
and mortality. The incidence of typhoid fever has recently studied and was reported to be 980 cases
/I00000 population per year. Many factors Contributes the salmonella prevalence in India, they
include low socioeconomic status, unhygienic practices, overcrowding, lack of proper sanitation and
chronic carrier status. The case fatality rate of typhoid fever in the pre– antibiotic era was around
10%, which came down subsequently to <2% with the use of antibiotics. Since then, the antibiotic
susceptibility pattern of Salmonella enterica has been changing with the time to time duration and
from area to area by geographical distribution. In our present ... Show more content on
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This has slight discripencies with other two studies conducted by Chandrasekar et al [108] and
Madura et al. In our study leucopenia was seen in 30.4% which was nearly correlating with one of
the study conducted by Chandrasekar et al [108] but there was a slight discrepancy with the study
conducted by Madura et al. In our study Anemia was seen in 35% cases, Thrombocytopenia in
15.38% and Leucocytosis in 3.84% which were compared with other two studies. Slight
discrepancies may be due to many factors like co–Morbid conditions like Diabetes, Hypertensive,
cardiac problems, Liver problems due to alcoholism and many other diseases associated with the
Salmonella infections. Prevalence of salmonella species: In our study the Isolation rate of
Salmonella enteric serovar typhi, paratyphi A and paratyphi B are 76.92%, 19.23% and 3.84%
respectively. A similar study was done by Renu Mathew et al [109], where the isolation rate of
Salmonella enteric serovar typhi and paratyphi A were 72.5% and 27.5% and in another study
conducted by Krishnan P et al [79] Chennai showed the isolation rate of Salmonella enteric serovar
typhi and paratyphi A were 70% and 30% of isolates, which was in coinciding with our present

Typhoid Mary: The Most Dangerous Woman In America
The film Typhoid Mary: The Most Dangerous Woman in America documents the typhoid fever
outbreak of 1906 that was linked to a cook named Mary Mallon. Typhoid fever is caused by
Salmonella typhi, a bacterium found in the bloodstream and intestinal tract of humans. Mary Mallon
unknowingly infected several families with typhoid fever, including one family in Oyster Bay. This
family hired George Soper, a typhoid researcher, to investigate the cause of the illnesses in the
family. Upon further analysis, Soper hypothesized that the new cook Mary Mallon was infecting
people through food she prepared after using the bathroom. Although she washed her hands, she did
not vigorously scrub under her nails and over her hands to adequately rid her skin of the bacteria.
This led to the spread of typhoid fever among families she worked for and ... Show more content on
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In theory, this would be the ideal situation but in Mary's case, this could not be done. After the first
quarantine Ms. Mallon had the chance to live freely and have a job as a laundress. However, she was
not satisfied with the pay and decided to work as a cook once more under an alias. Her actions
resulted in another outbreak of typhoid fever and three more deaths. Some consider her actions as a
simple effect of her living conditions while others believe she had a blatant disregard for public
safety. She seemed to be willfully ignorant and shut down any attempt at explanation of why she
was a healthy carrier. The fact that she refused to listen and endangered the lives of the public makes
for an easy indication on why she had to be quarantined again. Her actions can be compared to the
criminality of those with HIV/AIDS who have unprotected sexual relations without telling their
partner(s) of their HIV status. She knew she was not allowed to be a cook, but she was in denial that
she caused the outbreaks and took a cooking job

Typhoid Spotted Fever Analysis
Infection assumed a basic part in the death toll on the Eastern Front. In the East, malady represented
roughly four circumstances the measure of passings brought on by direct battle, rather than the three
to one proportion in the West. Jungle fever, cholera, and looseness of the bowels added to the
epidemiological emergency on the Eastern Front; be that as it may, typhoid spotted fever,
transmitted by pathogenic lice and already obscure to German medicinal officers before the flare–up
of the war, was the most dangerous. There was an immediate relationship between's the ecological
states of the East and the pervasiveness of ailment. With urban areas too much swarmed by exiles
escaping their local nations, unsanitary therapeutic conditions made

Who Is The Narrator Of Typhoid Fever By Frank Mccourt
In the short story, "Typhoid Fever," by Frank McCourt, I think that Frankie would be the best for the
story narrator. For the story narrator, I think Frankie would be the best fit because for one he has a
huge impact on the story, two the story revolves around him, and third the story is named after the
type of fever he has. In the following I will be explaining why Frankie would be the best fit along
with the evidence from text to provide my information to go with it. Firstly, I think that Frankie
would be the perfect fit for the story narrator because for one, he has a huge impact on the story. For
instance, in the beginning of the story it says, " Yoo hoo, are you there, typhoid boy?" (McCourt
194) Here, if the story would have never started off with frankie being introduced by the typhoid
boy, then how would the short story necessarily be started then? Secondly, in the very beginning of
the story where he is describing the room next to him, "The room next to me is empty till one
morning a girl's voice says..."( McCourt 194) For here, if Frankie wouldn't be describing the next
room over, then who would be introducing the girl? The girl wouldn't be introduced by anyone else
because it was only Frankie and the girl that were in the room at that moment. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
What I mean by this is that if frankie was never involved nor mentioned in the story, then where
would the story be going? For example, it quotes, " Sister Rita stops us in the hall to tell me I'm a
great disappointment to her, that she expected me to be a good boy after what God had done for
me..." (McCourt 197) If Patricia never had met met Frankie then that would mean that she wouldn't
be wandering the halls because she wouldn't have anyone one to wander them with and that would
lead to the nurses which wouldn't be stopping them

Typhoid Fever Quotes
Overcoming obstacles can make a person more determined and can develop a person's identity. For
instance, in "Typhoid Fever", an excerpt from the memoir, "Angela's Ashes," written by Frank
McCourt, Frank must overcome typhoid fever while in the hospital. Frank recalls, "Every day I can't
wait for the doctors and nurses to leave me alone so I can learn a new verse from Patricia... I love
the poem because it's exciting and almost as good as my two lines of Shakespeare." This reveals that
by spending time in the hospital to dealing with typhoid fever, Frank discovers his passion for
literature through his new friendship with Patricia.With this in mind, this piece of evidence
illustrates that in the process of trying to overcome his struggles, Jerry

Was Mary Mallon a victim or villain Essay
History 1
Was Mary Mallon a victim or villain?
Mary Mallon was a woman of Irish descent who came to the United States as an immigrant to start a
new life in 1886. She worked as a cook in a house where wealthy families came to celebrate their
vacation. She was a healthy carrier of typhoid and made the guests sick and they died because of
her. Although science had not been developed enough yet and she was tried unfairly it did not make
her only a victim. Mary Mallon transformed from victim to villain. When she decided not to report
to the police and return to cooking.
Mary Mallon was a victim when she was quarantined for the first time. Science had not been
developed enough yet to prove and explain what healthy carriers ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
"Wherever there is dirt, germs can breed; and flies and vermin will come" (Tomes Reading, p 165).
People also did not know that typhoid could be spread by uncooked food like ice cream. If science
had been developed more they could have maybe used Mary to find a cure or at least it would
probably have given her a better trial in the first place. Now everyone was thinking she had typhoid,
so let us just lock her up. Maybe they could have thought of better solutions if they had known
more.
However, Mary Mallon became a villain after she was released from quarantine, because then she
knew she was not allowed to go back to cooking and she did anyway. As a result, many people in
the hospital where she worked became sick and died. I have to believe that when she was in the
hospital and all of the papers were written about her and cartoons were published she had to know
she was carrying it. They would not have kept her in quarantine for so long if she had not been a
threat to civilization. Also given the fact that the people in the house where she had worked at first
had all become sick must have proved a point to her. They did multiple tests on her as well that
proved she carried it. She might still have been thinking that it could not be true but that

The Communicable Disease Typhoid Fever
Introduction
For my research proposal I would like to talk about the communicable disease typhoid fever, which
affects a plethora of people in India every year. I choose to propose this communicable disease
because of my grandfather, whom is an advocate for increase funding against this terrible disease. In
my paper I would like to compare and contrast the developing country, which is India to the USA. I
would like to compare and contrast how typhoid fever affects each country every year, what the
government does to control typhoid fever and the cultural effects typhoid fever has on the
communities. The reason why is because after doing some research clean water is a big reason why
many people in the USA aren't affected by typhoid fever. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
310). Because of India's history of monsoon weather this helps spread typhoid fever throughout the
continent. Similar to most of the tropical diseases of infectious origin, seasonal pattern in
distribution of the monsoon weather showed maximum cases during early summer and monsoons
(Banerje et al,. 2014, p. 311). Studies from other parts of the country have reported increased cases
of typhoid fever during these periods of the year because this lead to increase contaminates in the
water. In the United States, the majority of typhoid fever cases happen to travelers that visit
developing countries. Additionally, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention received report
forms for 2445 cases of typhoid fever from 1985 to 1994. Six countries accounted for 80% of cases:
Mexico (28%), India (25%), the Philippines (10%), Pakistan (8%), El Salvador (5%), and Haiti
(4%) (Mermin, Townes, Gerber, Dolan, Mintz, & Tauxe, 1994, p. 633). However, the percentage of
cases associated with visiting Mexico decreased from 46% in 1985 to 23% in 1994, while the
percentage of cases associated with visiting the Indian subcontinent increased from 25% in 1985 to
37% in 1994 (Mermin et al., 1994, p. 633). The number of incidences of typhoid fever for United
State citizens traveling to the Indian subcontinent was eighteen times higher than for any other
geographic regions. Above all, that

London Before The Typhoid Fever
has been paramount to London's existence, essential to the domain of London as well as the
economy. The River Thames flows eastward from the county of Gloucestershire to the English
Channel. The River Thames was formerly used for barge traffic in the 1600's, although it eventually
embodied the Industrial Revolution, flourishing not only with enterprise, but disease as well (Art
Institute of Chicago Museum Studies [AICMS], 1998). Up until the year 1815 it was punitive to
dispose of sewage directly into streams or rivers. Cesspools were employed as the appropriate vessel
for households, while streams were used as the method for carrying off surface waters. This changed
in 1847 when the first Act was acquired making it mandatory to drain households ... Show more
The water levels dropped significantly lower than normal, which exposed a collection of raw
sewage that was otherwise covered by the water. This series of events led to an affair now known as
the Great Stink. The stench that arose from this occurrence was so dreadful that while Queen
Victoria was crossing the river to inspect a new vessel she had to hold a bouquet of flowers to her
nose. By 1857, over 250 tons of raw sewage entered the River Thames daily due to several factors
including the popularity of the water propelled toilet, not to mention all of the waste from soap
manufacturers, tanneries, and other riverside industries. During that time, it was believed that
disease was caused by rotten smelling vapors originating from decomposition. As a safeguard, in the
new Houses of Parliament the windows were draped with canvas saturated in disinfectant. Although
this was not necessarily true, it did help fuel the urgency for Parliament to finally do something
about this long standing problem. Discontent was brewing in Parliament, and one of the members,
Mr. Mangles finally raised the question "I wish to ask the noble Lord the Chief Commissioner of
Works whether he intends to take any steps with regard to the present state of the River Thames...By
a perverse ingenuity, one of the noblest of rivers has been changed into a cesspool, and I wish to ask
whether Her Majesty's

Bilberry: Infection Or Treatment Of Typhoid Fever?
Historic use:
Bilberry has been use since the 16th century and it was used to treat diarrhea, kidney stones to
typhoid fever. Typhoid fever is an infection/illness caused by Salmonella Typhi. Bilberry was first
used during the World War II. The first person to eat bilberry for the first time was a British Air
Forces who was a pilot and took bilberry to help him with his night vision.
Bilberry is a plant used to treat eyesight problems such as cataracts, myopia, glaucoma and
problems with the retina. Bilberry is also used to treat conditions from the heart and blood vessels,
for example chest pain and artherosclerosis. This plant is also known to be used to treat
osteoarthritis, skin infections, urinary tract infections (UTIs) and kidney disease. ... Show more
Toxicity:
Excess intakes of bilberry can cause toxicity and some poisonous interactions. Bilberry plant can
contain hydroquinone which is a pesticide that can be found on some plants. Tannins which are a
yellowish or brownish bitter–tasting organic substance present in plant tissues can cause toxicity and
develop symptoms such as diarrhea, tremors, weight loss, spasm and death. Some individuals may
take chromium supplements with bilberry at the same time; this combination can lead to chromium
poisoning. The recommendation is not to eat this plant/herb in high dosages if taking chromium
supplements.
Interaction issues:
Bilberry can also interact with some medications. Bilberry can interact with medications that are
used to treat diabetes. Bilberry can lower down glucose levels on the body, if taking diabetes meds
and bilberry at the same time, glucose levels may drop even more. Besides medications there are
also some herbs that can lower glucose levels, such as garlic, ginseng, Siberian ginseng, panax, guar
gum and some others. Bilberry can also interact with blood–thinning medications. Anthocyanosides
found in bilberries can affect blood clotting and should be avoided if taking blood–thinning meds.
It's not proved that the use of bilberry during pregnancy is safe. The recommendation will be not
consume bilberry if pregnancy is present or if moms are breastfeeding. It is also recommended to

Judith Walzer Leavitt's Typhoid Mary Essay
Judith Walzer Leavitt's Typhoid Mary details the life of Mary Mallon, one of the first known carriers
of the typhoid disease. Leavitt constructs her book by outlining the various perspectives that went
into the decisions made concerning Mary Mallon's life. These perspectives help explain why she
was cast aside for most of her life and is still a household catchphrase today. Leavitt paints a picture
of the relationship between science and society and particularly shows how Mallon was an
unfortunate example of how science can be uneven when it is applied to public policy. This paper
will focus on the subjectivity of science and its' interaction with social factors which allowed health
officials to "lock[ing] up one person ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While she lived alone in a quaint cottage with little social interaction, the media made her into an
iconic symbol of that of a menace, or hazard to society. Why she was the only known typhoid carrier
to be kept quarantined for most of her life one can not fully be sure of. However, Leavitt paints a
picture of Mallon's relationship to society, public health officials, and the media which can explain
why. Leavitt suggests many reasons why Mallon was targeted out of thousands to be quarantined
away from society for so many years. For one, Mallon was a woman, which gave her a lower status
in society and caused her to be treated unfairly by public health policy officials. From the public
health officials perspective, it was noted that, "males were lost to the registry more often than
females" when it came to what carriers were being tracked by the officials (Leavitt 59). The fact that
male carriers were observed less than female carriers shows how public health policy tends to favor
males. From the legal perspective, Mallon was disadvantaged as well. News spread of a "Typhoid
John", a male typhoid carrier who was known to have infected more people with the disease than
Mallon did, but the Supreme Court ruling case did not demand his isolation (Leavitt 93). Was John
able to live more freely than Mallon because he was a man and thus more highly valued in

Typhoid Fever 20th Century
Typhoid fever is extremely contagious
The 19th to 20th century
Typhoid fever was a common thing in NYC
4000 new cases of Typhoid fever every year
1–10 die from the diseases
Experts were called in to find the source and they knew it was caused by food or drink
Try tried putting die in the toilet to see if it would come out in the drinking water, they tested the
shellfish in the bay to see if the water was polluted, they tested the milk supplies and could not find
it
A freelance civil engineer knows for to be able to find a diseases source named George Soper and he
would move family's out of their house and would ask the owner to burn down their house and
would do sober figured out that the bacteria could only live on uncooked food
Mary Mallon

Who Is Frank Mccourt
Social justice is something that everyone expects. It is having opportunities and privileges within a
society, such as health care, an education, and even welfare. Equity is linked to social justice. It is
having fair and equal rights no matter your race or religion. With social justice comes equity, or at
least that's what people assume. For some it is given to, but for others they have to work for it and
give it their all in order to have those basic human rights people take advantage of on the daily basis.
Somebody who faced this obstacle was Frank McCourt, an American citizen who left America at a
young age due to poverty to live in Ireland. He then was able to come back to America and make a
flourishing life for himself. In the interview ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When I was 5 years old I was diagnosed with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). My joints would
severely swell up with fluid causing me to be in great pain. I had to go in to get my joints drained
which was a very painful experience, so I've been told. It was quite some time ago, but I do
remember bits and pieces. From that day, I remember waiting in CHOC's waiting room until my
name was called and the next thing I know I'm lying down on a bed feeling pretty good. My parents
tell me the needles were about 3 inches and the tubes were filled to the rim with fluid. My life has
been like a roller coaster. Not long after I was diagnosed with JRA, I found out I had a rare
condition called uveitis. In some cases uveitis is caused by an autoimmune disease. If left untreated I
could go blind, so we needed to find a doctor who we trusted. After going through multiple doctors,
I found an amazing eye doctor in Los Angeles. My doctor at CHOC and UCLA talked back and
forth until we found a perfect balance where both my JRA and uveitis was stable. Being around
medicine has made such an impact in my life. Ever since I was diagnosed I have always wanted to
become a doctor. Being around children at CHOC has made me more aware of the struggles
children and families go through. The thought of being able to help people live another day and
possibly cure them from a disease or sickness would be my dream come true. I just have little
obstacles in my

Research Paper On Typhoid Fever
Madeline Merrick
Chef Tim Brown
Classic Pastry AM
September 6, 2016
Typhoid Fever Typhoid fever comes from Salmonella Typhi. Salmonella Typhi is often carried in
poultry products and unwashed fruits. It exists as bacteria often cause through time and temperature
abused foods. Because typhoid comes from bacteria, treatment will consist of an antibiotic. People
can be treated for Typhoid before getting it to help reduce their risk of getting ill by 50–80% when
traveling to the developing world. Children are at the greatest risk. Although typhoid is not a
common concern for the developed world, it is in many other places. The most common place for
Typhoid fever is in South Asia. One of the biggest outbreaks of typhoid fever is considered to be the
fault of one women named Typhoid Mary. Typhoid Mary, born Mary Mallon, is one of the most
well–known Typhoid fever carrier killers even though she may not be the one with the most deaths.
Mary, often used aliases and only has three confirmed case of death and more than 50 infections
linked to her. Tony Labella, has the greatest number of cased linked to him with over 100. Mary
worked in a kitchen as a servant in the 1900s working for some ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
"10 Things You May Not Know About "Typhoid Mary"" History.com. A&E Television Networks,
27 Mar. 2015. Web. 06 Sept. 2016. This site was used to gather information on "Typhoid Mary" and
can be found in the second paragraph.
Mayo Clinic Staff. "Typhoid Fever." Mayo Clinic. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and
Research, 11 July 2015. Web. 6 Sept. 2016. This website was used for the primary research on
typhoid fever and the information gathered from this website can be found in the first paragraph.
"Typhoid Fever." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, 09 Mar. 2013. Web. 06 Sept. 2016. This information was mostly used for the prevention
and control of Typhoid Fever and can be found in the first

Typhoid Fever: Almroth Edward Wright And Mary Mallon
This paper will be about many people such as Almroth Edward Wright, and Mary Mallon, and how
they were involved with a deadly disease known as Typhoid Fever.
Almroth Edward Wright was the first to create a vaccine that protect one from typhoid fever, and
help prevent typhoid fever. Wright created this vaccine in 1892. Almroth was born on August 10,
1861, and died at the age of 86 on April 30, 1947. Almroth created this vaccine just at the age of 31,
and saved the lives of many.
Mary Mallon was thought to be the first carrier of Typhoid Fever. This was thought to be true
because Mary was a cook for many people and most of the people she did cook for got Typhoid and
some even died. Mary Mallon was taken into custody at North Brother Island. Mary infected 51
people and three of them died. Mary was taken into custody so that she didn't spread this deadly
disease to anyone else. Mary hopped from one job to another, but always remained a cook. Mary
Mallon died of pneumonia in 1938. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Typhoid Fever was first discovered in 1880, and the first vaccine was made in 1892 by Almroth
Edward Wright. This vaccine was made and helped many people but with some people, it wasn't like
some expected it to be. Typhoid Fever is spread through contaminated food and water, this is called
Salmonella Typhi. Salmonella Typhi is a bacteria, that easily spreads.
While going through Typhoid Fever one will experience symptoms such as headaches and nausea.
One will have great abdominal pain and have diarrhea, as well as high fevers, and become
exhausted. Some treatments include antibiotic treatments. Fo adults, the best antibiotic would be
Ciprofloxacin, and for young children, Ceftriaxone. Is this infectious disease bacterial or viral?
Typhoid Fever is a bacterial disease also known as Salmonella

Mary Mallon's Trail Of Typhoid
Introduction American history supported my interpretation of the theme because a passage is
something that has a lesson to at the end or you receive something at the end, that is exactly what
happened in american history. The main character Elena received sadness at the end because she
liked a boy but he could not date her at the end, the lesson was about racism. In since feeling is first
it was about life and death. In Mary Mallon's trail of typhoid it was about the truth at the end. In
oranges, it was about the boys first time him walking with a girl and how it turned out at the end.
The first appendectomy was how risks can be taken because one little mess up on Mr. Polansky and
he could have been dead. For the final short story it is how ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
His mom and him went to the beach for vacation and Jerry went to this rocky wild looking beach to
be away from his mom to act independent where his mom is at the regular sand beach. When he got
there he was kind of scared so he went back by his mom at the regular beach. But one day he went
to the rocky area to find a few foreign boys and he wanted to make friends with them by impressing
them. The foreign boys liked him because he was good at diving so they thought he would be fun to
hang out since he was a good swimmer like them. But there was this tunnel which was one of the
main conflicts. He did not know to swim the tunnel because he had to hold his breathe for about two
minutes. He swam through some of it and thought if he should go back but he said I am too far into
it to turn back, but he made it alive. Jerry learned that taking a risk like that was a bad idea
especially since his mom wasn't by

Mary Mallon Typhoid Fever
Salmonella is an important bacterial genus which causes one of the most common forms of food
poisoning worldwide. Throughout history typhoid fever – caused by Salmonella enterica serovar
Typhi – triggered many dire outbreaks, and people eventually recognized the link between this
disease and contaminated food or beverages.
Karl Joseph Eberth, a doctor and student of Rudolf Virchow, discovered the bacillus in the
abdominal lymph nodes and the spleen in 1879. After he had published his observations in 1880 and
1881, his discovery was subsequently confirmed by German and English bacteriologists, including
Robert Koch.
The genus "Salmonella" was named after Daniel Elmer Salmon, a veterinary pathologist who ran a
The United States Department of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Instead of working with her to make her realize she was a risk factor, the state quarantined her twice
and turned her a laboratory pet. This case is often cited as an example of how the health care system
provokes prejudiced social attitudes towards disease carriers.
Salmonella outbreaks
Historians and scientists have studies outbreaks of the past and came to the conclusion that many of
them may have been typhoid infections. Around the year 430 B.C. a plague thought to be an
outbreak of typhoid fever killed one third of all the people in Athens, which at the time was one of
the most powerful cities in ancient Greece.
Salmonella infections have been present in America since at least the early 1600s. Scholars studying
the history of Jamestown in Virginia believe that a typhoid fever was responsible for deaths of over
6000 settlers between 1607 and 1624. Typhoid fever was the major killer in the Spanish–American
war of 1898 as well.
Due to vaccinations and advances in public sanitation, the incidence of typhoid fever in developed
countries plummeted to approximately 5 cases per one million people per year. Nevertheless,
outbreaks caused by other Salmonella serovars are commonly

Food Born Illness Essay
Working Through a Food–Borne Illness
Alvine Discharge Diseases
Alvine Discharge Diseases
(1)
What key activities and important facts tie each of the individual cases together? Some key facts that
tie both cases together are that typhoid was spread by some form of contaminated food by a person
(milk, food, water, seafood). In the case of Typhoid Mary, it was spread by her handling the food
improperly. She was a carrier, and thus when she did not use good sanitary food preparation skills
(like washing of hands), she passed the typhoid along to others. In the second case in Schenectady,
New York, water did not seem to play a part in the spread of typhoid. So in both of these cases, the
key fats that tie them together is the way ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They can also do swabbing of the utensils used to cook the food, kitchens, and food itself ETC.
They should have taken these steps as well: determined if an outbreak had occurred, contacted key
personnel, obtained clinical specimens and food testing, implemented control measures, define a
case, described the outbreak by person, place, and time, epidemic curves, maps and pictures,
frequency tables, developed, planned, and tested their hypothesis, analyzed their collected data, and
reported their findings to proper authorities. Revisit and do follow up with all the people.
(6)
OF the three persons– Picket, Bennett, and Reinhardt– who was most likely to have been infected
during the picnic outbreak? Who was most likely to have been infected before the picnic? Going by
the facts for typhoid disease from Merck, stools are positive during the 3rd to 5th week, therefore
Irene Picket and Kenneth Rinehart should have been infected before the picnic and Margaret Benet
at the picnic. Her stools were positive after the 3rd to 5th week time period for the picnic.
(7)
Which laboratory tests might be administered nowadays that was not available in 1939? Now they
can do bone marrow testing. Back then, but still in use is the Widal test, it can be done, and a
combination of blood, urine, stool, and bone marrow. Now they use the typhidot test kit, it could
have aided

Mary Mallon Typhoid Fever
Who is Mary Mallon and how does she fit in to the story of typhoid fever? First, we have to answer
the question "What is Typhoid Fever?" Typhoid fever is caused by a salmonella typhi bacteria(this
bacteria only lives in humans). Mary Mallon carried typhoid fever but never actually got the disease.
Mary Mallon (also known as Typhoid Mary) infected 51 people and caused 3 deaths with typhoid
fever. People who recover from typhoid continue to have the bacteria in their intestinal tracts and
gallbladders for years. Typhoid effects 26 million people or more each year in more developed
countries but in undeveloped countries 21.5 million are infected each year.
You can get typhoid from the salmonella typhi bacteria in food or water, contact with an infected
person, or poor sanitation. The bacteria enters your body, travels into the intestines and the blood,
then to the lymph nodes, gallbladder, liver, spleen, and other parts of your body. Sometimes the
disease can be spread through the feces and urine of infected people. Raw foods or foods that have
not been cooked or handled properly can also cause typhoid fever.
Typhoid is most common in countries ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The antibiotics you are given are chloramphenicol, amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, and many, many
more. Also fluids can be given through IV to treat the disease. To prevent the disease you avoid
risky foods, get vaccinated(vaccines aren't 100%), drink bottled water or boil it. Also you can ask
for drinks without ice, only eat cooked or hot foods in countries where typhoid is common, and
wash hands thoroughly. The vaccinations you can get are either an injection given to you a week
before travelling or a four capsule dose given orally for four days. After starting, these treatments,
many people began to feel better within a couple of days. There have been epidemics in India,
Southeast Asia, Africa, South America, and many more undeveloped countries as

Typhoid Fever Essay examples
Typhoid Fever
Typhoid fever is an intestinal illness, which can result in great suffering and even death. At first it
was commonly confused with other fever causing illnesses until 1869 when William Jenner
performed a careful analysis and found differences in the different types of typhus fevers. In this
paper, I will discuss the bacteria that causes typhoid fever, discuss the signs, symptoms, method of
transmission, past and current epidemics, and whether or not there has been a decrease in outbreaks
in the past few years.
Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi, a member of the genus Salmonella,
which is included in the Enterobacteriaceae family. Salmonella typhi cells are aerobic, gram
negative rods that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the immune system is unable to stop the infection, the bacterium will multiply and then spread to
the bloodstream, after which the first signs of disease are observed in the form of fever. The
bacterium penetrates further into the bone marrow, liver, and bile ducts, from which bacteria are
excreted into the bowel movements. (Easmon 2003)
The second phase of the disease involves the bacteria entering the immune tissue of the small
intestine. This causes vomiting and diarrhea, often described as "pea soup." If left untreated, the
bacteria can create a hole in the small intestine, causing intestinal matter to flood the abdominal
area. If one is lucky enough to survive this illness without treatment, he or she can still be a carrier
of the germs long after the symptoms have disappeared.
The bacteria have an ability to fight the normal bodily process of eliminating germs. Recently, the
mechanism used by the bacteria to avoid detection has been identified. The typhoid bacteria use a
protein to kill macrophages, which are our first defense against infection. Without these
macrophages, infection goes unnoticed into the body. (sciencedaily.com) Killing these macrophages
is the key to survival for the typhoid bacteria. Researchers identified in mouse cells a protein kinase
called PKR that causes the death of this macrophage, or large white blood cells that act as the body's
first defense against

The Outbreak Of Cholera Fever
One year earlier, in 2010, multistate outbreak of human typhoid fever infections associated with
frozen mamey fruit pulp caused 9 infections, 5 of which were from California, and 4 of which from
Nevada. All of those patients were hospitalized, and none of them died from the infection. On
August, 2010, Goya Foods, Inc. and Montalvan's Sales, Inc. announced voluntary recalls of frozen
mamey pulp. Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella serovar Typhi, which is associated with food
and water that have been contaminated by the feces or urine of S. Typhi infectors (Katz and others
2002). S. Typhi exists in unsanitary conditions, especially in crowded areas. Developing countries
thus become highly infected areas than developed countries. Similar ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The complete elimination is impossible due to the prevalence of bacteria. Nevertheless, there are
many preventative measures that can minimize the rate of bacterial contaminations on foods.
First and foremost, personal hygiene is one of the most important factors in bacterial contamination.
Farm workers, on the one hand, can contaminate foods if they do not wash hands after use bathroom
or make contact with foods after contacted with non–food substances. Food handlers or distributors
can contaminate foods in the same way. People who handle ready–to–eat (RTE) foods, especially,
have to wear gloves to avoid any chance of contamination. Conversely, the personal hygiene of
consumers is of equal importance that foodborne illnesses can happen if a consumer does not wash
hands properly before eating or handle foods appropriately. For example, Penteado and others
(2014) describe the potential cross–contamination for Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes
from contaminated knives. The best way is to wash hands frequently, especially right before meals,
and handle or cook foods with sanitized utensils, in the way as suggested by the products.
Obviously, employees working with food handling or other relevant activities should be trained in
developing their knowledge about personal hygiene. Furthermore, strict supervision and appropriate
document are needed to ensure those people are taking responsibility in food

Why Are Salmonella Typhi?
Salmonella Typhi
Salmonella thyphi is a gram–negative bacterium, which causes systemic infections and Typhoid
fever in human beings. It is rod shaped and is flagellated and inhabits the lympathic tissues of the
small intestine, liver, spleen, and bloodstream of infected humans. This bacterium belongs to the
family Enterobacteriaceae. There have been typhoid fever outbreaks in many different countries
including United States of America, Canada and Uganda. Being Uganda the most recent place to
have an epidemic for typhoid, I will discuss about this particular outbreak in detail.
The incubation period of this infection is 1 to 3 weeks. It is more likely for the infection to spread in
developing countries due to insanitary environment. Typhoid fever is usually transmitted through
contaminated food and water, and uncooked food. The bacterium cells undergo gradual genomic
changes, which allows Salmonella to thrive in undercooked meat. It is also able to adapt and to
survive the cooking process; therefore, can cross the gastric acid barrier. A high–fat matrix protects
Salmonella against these stressful environments. Symptoms of Typhoid fever may be mild or severe
and include high fever, malaise, headache, constipation or diarrhea, rose–colored spots on the chest,
and enlarged spleen and liver. According to World Health Organization's recent estimate (Published
in 2014), approximately 21 million cases and 222 000 typhoid–related deaths occur annually
worldwide.
Very little has been

Typhoid Fever Research Paper
LIMITaTIONS TO MEDICINE DURING THE CIVIL WaR
Imagine yourself in a war, any war. If you were injured you would want to go to the hospital, right?
Not in these days.
Let me tell you why.... If you were fighting in the civil war during this age, you were either fighting
for the confederacy or the Union. Confederate soldiers had a more narrow chance of survival as the
Union soldiers. The Union was ahead in the race to an industrial revolution. Even though both sides
had primitive technology at this time, the Union had medical and battle worn technological
strategies that overshadowed the confederate side of the war. No hospital was perfect. Not like
today's hospitals where you get all day service and the best knowledge of medicine and ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The life before this was extremely terrible and the medical education was even worse. Before the
civil war, if you asked someone "What's a germ?" They would probably think you were crazy. The
horrible viral diseases before this time like yellow fever or swine flu destroyed the European
countries. The massive population of good and bad germs inside of you are countless. If you came
down with a cold you would go to the doctor and get a prescription for medicine, right? If you went
to the doctor at this time, they would tell you to get some rest and you would probably die. They
didn't know a single thing about the billions of bacterial organisms in your body. (ducksters) Other
than the microorganisms that cause diseases, if you had any disease that could or couldn't be fatal,
you would get the same treatment. If you recovered they thought of it as a blessing from God. They
didn't pick out any diseases that weren't major like the Black Plague. all of the minor diseases had
pretty much the same

The Civil Liberties Of America
In the developing stages of America, many Americans had a very hard time adapting and accepting
people of different backgrounds. America has battled the war on our civil liberties all the way from
the 1800s until now. The law that was passed to protect the people of the United States from certain
things has caused more damage then it was intended to do. America has many loopholes that have
given the government many opportunities to violate the civil liberties of people when they feel the
country is in any type of danger. In the 1800 and 1900s America was infested with many different
types of disease, such as Cholera, Typhoid and Whooping Cough. With the amount of immigrants
coming into the U.S, people often blamed them on bringing diseases with them. Many civil liberties
were put at risk here because the Americans wanted to protect their nation at any cost. They held
people against their will such as Typhoid Mary and the Chinese, treated women and children
differently from their male counterparts, and immigrant workers were not treated correctly.
Many immigrants traveled to the Americas around the 1800 and 1900s. Immigrants that came were
mostly in search of better paying work and lifestyle. One of these immigrants would have to be
Mary Mallon, whom was from the Irish descendent. According to Frederick Davis, "Mary Mallon
worked as a domestic servant who then became a cook which offered better pay." (Davis, Frederick.
June 10, 2015 Typhoid Mary) Mallon was one of the first

The Importance Of Typhoid Fever In The United States

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The Importance Of Typhoid Fever In The United States