Sleep Onset Research Paper

Sleep Onset Research Paper
Sleep onset is when you transition from being awake to going to sleep, when that happens
sometimes you'll have rapid eye movement but other times you won't. How sleep onset happens is
when you're still awake while laying down then eventually you'll transition to barley going to sleep.
the NREM sleep stages are Stage 1. You're drowsy which means you tired, it eventually gets
replaced even slower theta brain waves then you enter the first step of sleep which doesn't last for
long you eventually disengage from your surroundings. Hypnagogic experiences can happen in
stage 1. Stage 2 is onset sleep, you have brain activity that only last 1 or 2 seconds. You can get K
complexes which means it is a high–voltage that spikes of brain activity, eventually
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NREM Sleep
Sleep affects our daily functioning and our physical and mental health. It is characterized by a
number of things such as a reduction on voluntary movement, decreased reaction to external stimuli,
an increased rate of anabolism, decrease rate of catabolism, a stereotypic posture, and reversibility.
The sleep cycle consists of two types of sleep and five stages. Stages 1–4 are NREM (non rapid eye
movement) sleep, while stage 5 is REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. REM sleep is characterized by
low amplitude, high frequency EEG (electroencephalography) rhythms, whereas NREM sleep
involves high amplitude, low frequency rhythms (Dave & Margoliash, 2000). NREM sleep accounts
for 75%–80% of our sleep and REM sleep the rest. During stage 1, it is light ... Show more content
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When we sleep, important connections are strengthened and unimportant ones are pruned (Ghosh,
2015). Sleep is also an opportunity for the brain to be cleared of any unwanted waste and plays an
important role in memory consolidation. Benington and Heller, researchers at Stanford, stated,
"Sleep has therefore evolved as a state in which animals retreat to a safe environment, behavior is
suppressed, and glycogen stores are replenished." Sleep serves as a survival function. Without it, it
interferes with information processing and specifically learning and memory (Nierenberg, 2016).
This makes it more difficult for people to respond to their environment, have motivation to do
things, and to recover from stress. A vital role of sleep is to help us solidify and consolidate
memories ("Why do we sleep?, n.d.). Sleep consolidates memories and enhances learning, when
getting the right amount. Sleeping betters your health by improving your immune system. It can also
benefit things such as decreasing pain, allowing the body to heal, having a better mood, and being a
much more clearer thinker (Breus, n.d.). Healthy sleep is critical for everyone, since we all need to
retain information and learn skills to thrive in life ("Why do we need sleep?",

Sleeping and Dreaming Essay
Each night without fail our eyes grow heavy and our minds tired, and dreaming we drag ourselves to
bed and normally fall asleep quickly and peacefully off to dream land we go. Why is this though?
Why do we sleep every night? Why do we awake with dream fresh in our heads? How important is
this most basic human routine to our survival? What happens when it is disturbed? Sleeping is
extremely important for all mammals, but humans especially. Without sleep we are unable to
function properly and at our fullest abilities. When we sleep we grow, and it is an opportunity for us
to dream which has many benefits. Sleep is also a way for us to relieve ourselves of stress. Sleeping
is a very unique process, performed only by creature with brains ... Show more content on
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The brains electrical activity is able to be measured with an electroencephalograph (EEG). The EEG
measures your brain activity or brain waves. When you are awake and alert you exhibit beta waves
which are small and fast, but immediately before sleep and when you are relaxed and allowing your
mind to wander you exhibit alpha waves, and during deep sleep there are large slow waves called
delta waves (2). It resulted in major leap in what was known about sleeping. The first phase of
modern sleep research is roughly considered to be 1928 through 1953 (1). A lot of new information
about sleeping was gained during this time period. The brains electrical activity is able to be
measured with an electroencephalograph (EEG). The EEG measures your brain activity or brain
waves. When you are awake and alert you exhibit beta waves which are small and fast, but
immediately before sleep and when you are relaxed and allowing your mind to wander you exhibit
alpha waves (2). Aside from noticing night and day and clocks our body has its own system to tell us
when to sleep and when to wake, our circadian rhythm. The human body naturally runs on a twenty
five hour clock, so living on a twenty four hour schedule is often hard on the body because it loses
an hour each day. On top of this natural loss most people do not get the right amount of sleep each
night which can cause a whole host of problems. This is part of

Summary: Structural Boundaries
The brain is composed of 3 main structural divisions, the cerebrum, the cerebellum and the
brainstem. The cerebrum fills up most of your skull, it is divided into right and left hemispheres it is
involved in remembering, problem solving, thinking, and feeling. It also controls movement.
Functionally, it obtains information from your surroundings then sends that information to a specific
part of the cerebrum. The cerebrum interprets the knowledge and decides what must happen next.
The cerebrum, holds the instructions for everything you do in your daily life. The cerebellum sits at
the back of your head, under the cerebrum. It controls coordination and balance. Most body
movements require the coordination of multiple muscle groups. Times muscle ... Show more content
Dreams can occur in other stages of sleep other than REM, but are usually vaguer. We are able to
incorporate external sounds into our dreams such as a telephone ringing of thunderstorm. Instead,
most active dreaming occurs during REM sleep, when the brain is most active. During REM sleep,
signals from the pons travel to the thalamus, which relays them to the cerebral cortex, which is the
part of the brain that interprets and organizes information from the environment during
consciousness and stimulate its regions that are responsible for learning, thinking, and organizing
information the pons also sends signals that shut off neurons in the spinal cord, causing

Sleep And Slow Wave Sleep Essay
improves procedural memory, i.e. skills and procedures [1,2] as well as declarative memory [3].
REM and slow–wave sleep
(SWS) have been implicated in memory consolidation [3–5].
Lack of REM sleep is associated with poor recall of visual location [6]. Decline in declarative
memory consolidation is correlated with a decline in slow–wave sleep [7]. Spencer et al. observed
similar initial procedural learning in older and younger adults; however, the older adults'
performance did not improve following sleep, suggesting that sleep dependent memory
consolidation decreases with age [8]. This may reflect the disturbed sleep and disrupted SWS in the
elderly [3,8,9]. Slow wave sleep increases until shortly before puberty and then shows a prominent
drop across adolescence, decreasing by more than
60% between ages 10 and 20 years [10]. It is critical to understand the cognitive effects of normal
sleep in order to understand the consequences of disrupted sleep. This is important since the
majority of adolescents do not obtain the recommended amount of sleep and that disrupted sleep is a
key symptom in most adolescent psychiatric and developmental disorders [11].
Backhaus et al. studied twenty–seven children with an average age of 10.1 years (range of nine to
twelve), on a learned word pairs list, employing a within subject design and two post–learning
assessments. They found that declarative memory was significantly increased immediately after an
interval of sleep, as well as with
delayed

The Function Of Sleep Behavior
Across species, animals spend a substantial minority of their lives sleeping. In fact, humans spend
on average approximately one–third of their lives asleep (Colten and Altevogt, 2006). With such
devotion of time resources and the his tells us, from an evolutionary standpoint, that sleep is an
important part of the success of an animal. But what fitness does sleep confer to an organism?
Although sleep occurs across many species of animals, the function of sleep behavior is not fully
understood. Studies might suggest that this behavior might play a role in several important
processes, such as the regeneration of tissue and energy management (Sara, 2017, Rasch and Born,
2013). Recent work in the field suggests slow–wave sleep may fulfill ... Show more content on
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As early as the 1950s, scientists have parsed the main stages of sleep. In one such study, eye
movements, recorded by electrooculograms (EOG) correlated with the brain activity in
electroencephalograms(EEGs) as well as respiratory rate, indicating the existence of distinct sleep
states which were not randomly generated (Aserinsky and Klietman, 1953). The discovery of
distinct states showed sleep was not just a passive behavior. Instead, it consists of three to four
distinct states as well as REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, each with their own unique brain
activity.
While REM sleep has been in the scientific spotlight since its discovery for its role in consolidation
of emotional memory (Sara, 2017), recently more studies have begun to focus on the role of slow–
wave sleep. Slow–wave sleep (SWS) encompasses the stage 3–4 subset of non–REM sleep and is
characterized by delta waves that consist of slow oscillations of activity. This type of sleep occurs
primarily at the onset of sleep and time spent in SWS declines in humans as aging occurs. SWS
seems to be most important in the consolidation phase, though the mechanisms of this consolidation
are still being explored in the scientific community. However, the method of this memory
consolidation is currently a subject of hot debate. What caused scientists to link memory and sleep,
particularly SWS? Research as early as 1914 began to point to a decrease in memory capacity
capabilities

Five Stages: The National Sleep When The Human Brain
Bedtime Minds One third of a human's lifetime is spent sleeping, and six years is spent dreaming
that is more than 2100 days. Dreams are series of images, ideas, emotions, and sensations that occur
in the mind during certain stages of sleep. There are many myths based on the ideas of why the
human brain dreams. Many believe that what happens in the brain at night is the experiences that the
human body goes through during the daytime while the body is awake putting it all together into
one's dreams while the body is at rest at night. However, reams affect, and are affected by, daily life.
How it all begins, the working of dreams, the foundation of dreaming all starts with REM sleep,
where all the dreaming takes place. The National Sleep ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
is marked by jerky eye motions called rapid eye movement..." (McPhee 22), also known as REM
sleep. REM sleep occurs in cycles of about 90–120 minutes throughout the sleepers' night, and it
accounts for up to 20–25% of total sleep time in adult humans (Mastin). Most dreaming occurs
during this stage. REM sleep is characterized by eye movement, increasing respiration rate and also
increasing the sleepers brain activity. REM sleep is also referred to as paradoxical sleep because,
while the brain, other body systems, and parts become more active, the person's muscles become
more relaxed, or almost in a paralyzed state. Dreaming occurs because of all the increased brain
activity happening in the sleepers brain, but voluntary muscles become paralyzed. Voluntary
muscles are those that are needed to move by choice (Mastin). This period of paralyzation is a part
of stage five because it is for protective measures to keep the sleeper from harming themselves at
night from the dreaming occurring. In stage five is where the most vivid and memorable dreaming is
going to occur for the sleeper a in any other stages "You may have images float by in earlier stages,
particularly when you are going through Alpha or Theta, but the actual dream state occurs in REM"
(Mastin). Therefore this is due

Activation Synthesis Theory Of Sleep
Sleep is a beautiful thing, but people do not get enough of it. It is a time for the body to rejuvenate
and process the events of the day. Sleeping is something that we seek out. Getting the recommended
amount of sleep allows our body to function properly the next day. Without it, there could be
detrimental consequences. The National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke says that
without sleep, neurons could be "polluted with byproducts". In severe cases, people who get very
little sleep often experience mood swings, hallucinations and cells do not continue to reproduce.
According to the National Sleep Foundation, sleeping makes up one third of a person's lifetime.
Despite that fact, people do not get nearly enough sleep to be productive. ... Show more content on
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I was not able to sleep as much during the school week. Monday night through Friday morning, I
averaged five hours of sleep. Because I was unable to go through the four stages of sleep and REM
sleep, I did not function to my fullest potential. During school, I found it difficult to focus. My lack
of sleep did not allow me to remember very many of my dreams during the school week. From
Friday night to Sunday night, I was able to sleep much more because I did not have a crushing
amount of homework. Although I did sleep the recommended eight hours those days, I only
remember a little snippet of a dream. From Friday night to Saturday morning, I remember my family
and I on a beach together in Hawaii. Dreaming about Hawaii represents trying to escape your daily
problems. That is fitting because the end of the school week oftentimes I want to forget all of the
work that I have to accomplish over the coming weekend. Family represents security, warmth and
love. This could be because I am leaving for college next year, and I do not fully know what will
happen, and I desire a sense of warmth and love from my family. My dream follows the Activation
Synthesis Hypothesis for two main reasons. It follows the parameter that the dream goes along with
something going on in my life. The second reason is that my brain was trying to comprehend what
was going

The Four Stages Of Sleep Research
The human brain is complex and the way the body advances is through sleep. Sleep allows the body
to rest, repair and rejuvenate itself. The brain is responsible for wave patterns called alpha and beta
waves that through a series of stages, produces what we know as non–rapid eye movement
(NREM), and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. At the beginning of sleep, our minds are relatively
active, conscience, and producing beta waves, which are small and fast. The brain begins to produce
alpha waves when it relaxes and starts to slow down. At this point, it is possible to have lucid or
strange events called hypnagogic hallucinations, which can be responsible for you having episodes
of seeing and hearing things as you are falling asleep or sudden ... Show more content on
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During this process, dreams occur due to activity in the brain and the voluntary muscles are
immobilized. REM sleep is defined by rapid movement of the eyes, raised respiratory rate and
elevated brain activity. This stage occurs about 90 minutes into a person's sleep and repeats itself
every 90 minutes getting longer throughout the night; people spend about 25% of their sleep time in
this

Common Misconception Of The Brain's Five Stages Of Sleep
It is a common misconception that when we fall asleep, our brains go to sleep as well. This is most
definitely not the case. Our brain is hard at work while we sleep; making memories, cleansing
toxins, and many other activities. When falling asleep, our brains go through multiple stages, from
triggering a loss in consciousness to highly erratic activity. Sleeping has five stages to it, the first
being the state between wakefulness and sleep. This stage is often referred to as drowsy sleep due to
the muscles in the body still being fairly active and the eyes roll around a bit. In this stage the
brainwaves transition from erratic beta and gamma waves, which is the normal range of brain
wavelengths when the body is awake, to less erratic alpha ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The brain activity during REM sleep is mainly mixed brain waves consisting of theta, alpha and beta
waves. This is also the point in a sleep cycle where the body is basically rigid. The brain has shut off
all muscle movements other than the ones that keep you alive. This stage is a prime example of how
the brain is busy while we are sleeping, "REM sleep begins with signals from an area at the base of
the brain called the pons. These signals travel to a brain region called the thalamus, which relays
them to the cerebral cortex – the outer layer of the brain that is responsible for learning, thinking,
and organizing information. The pons also sends signals that shut off neurons in the spinal cord,
causing temporary paralysis of the limb muscles"(Brain Basics). Being that REM sleep deals with
learning, scientists believe this is the reason infants sleep a large amount of time and also why they
are more susceptible to being woken up by the slightest noises. Since this stage of sleeping has a
great deal of dreaming and brain involvement some scientists believe that dreaming is the brain's
way of sorting out information it receives during sleep, creating a "story" out of what it gathers.
REM sleep could be considered as a work out for your brain, helping us to make sense of what we
experience throughout our

Informative Speech On Sleep
The average human spends about 25 years of their life sleeping. That is equal to one–third of a
person's life. So if sleep is vital and common among every single human, what do you know about
it? What happens when we sleep (Attention Grabber)? Before the 1950s, scientists believed that the
brain would just "shut off" when we would go to sleep. It wasn't until the discovery of the Rapid
Eye Movement (REM) state that scientists really looked into what happens in the brain while we are
asleep. Studies have found that we go through a cycle of stages during sleep, and it is important for
our health (Orientation to Topic). Today, I am going to inform you about what really happens when
we sleep, and some issues that are found among it (Specific Purpose). In order to really understand
this worldwide commonality, you need to know some background on sleep, the stages in the cycle,
and some common disorders (Central Idea). I have taken a year long psychology course that went
into depth on sleep psychology, and I have done extensive research on the topic to better grasp it
(Statement of Credibility). I want to inform you on sleep so you can understand what happens when
you close your eyes every night, and so you can detect any irregularities in your sleep pattern
(Statement of Goodwill). First, I will give a background of why and how we know to sleep, then I
will explain the stages in the sleep cycle, and finally I will tell you about some common disorders
(Preview). Transition: First, let's talk about how and when our bodies know to sleep. Our bodies
have an internal sense of time through circadian rhythms and biological clocks. A. Circadian
rhythms are daily cycles that follow a 24 hour time that we mentally and physically follow. 1. An
example of this would be our response to light. We follow a circadian rhythm of being awake in the
daytime, and sleeping when it is dark outside. 2. Circadian rhythms help influence and control sleep
patterns. B. Biological clocks are an instinctive and internal timing mechanism that is made from
special molecules. C. Biological clocks are not the same as circadian rhythms, but they work
together. Transition: Now that you know about our internal clocks that help dictate

Sleep : Memory And Memory
Sleep Enhances Memory
When the brain first encounters an idea, thought, image, experience, or action it works to form or
encode a memory. There are many different kinds of memories that can be formed. Each must be
consolidated in order to remain a stable memory. All five stages of sleep support some phase of
learning and memory (Poe, Walsh, & Bjorness, 2010). This article discusses the different types of
memory, stages of sleep, and what occurs that potentially strengthens memory while sleeping.
Memory
Sensory, short–term, and long–term are the three types of memory. Together they work to encode,
consolidate, store, and recall information. Short–term memory is the temporary place that
information is stored before forgetting or further encoding occurs. Long–term memory consists of
subcategories that relate to different types of information with different activation sections of the
brain. These include Explicit/Declarative memory and Implicit/Non–Declarative memory. The
Declarative memory is responsible for holding episodic and semantic memories. Episodic pertains
to experiences and autobiographical events. Semantic memories involve facts, concepts, and verbal
symbols. While the implicit (unconscious) memory is involved in procedural memories such as
skills, tasks, use of objects, and movements of the body. It is also involved in emotionally
conditioned memories as well. Each type of memory demands activity in particularly different areas
of the brain. (CITE)
Short–Term

Sigmund Freud's Interpretation Of Dreams
While most people do not give a second thought to the reasons why human sleep or about what their
dreams mean, a great deal of psychologist dedicate their lives to studying sleep and dreams. In this
paper, I will discuss the reasons for sleeping, the stages of sleep, and theirs abut dream and their
interpretation. I will also provide an analysis of my own sleep pattern and dream through the data I
have collected in my dream log.
First, let's review some reasons why people need sleep. People need sleep for multiple reasons. The
general reason is that sleep helps our physical and mental help. It does this by resorting our body
tissues, encouraging body growth, and increasing our immune system. It also helps to keep our mind
sharp, enhance our moods, and helping learning and memory (Pastorino & Doyle–Portillo, 2013, p.
4–1a). There are five stages or sleep, the four stages of Non–rem sleep and the single stage of Rem
Sleep. Stage I of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the most well–known theories is Sigmund Freud's Interpretation of Dreams. Freud thought
that we convey our fears during our dream, as well as our aggressive and sexual desires, through
symbols that personify our unconscious desires. Another theory is the threat simulation theory
(TST). This theory suggests that dreaming is a biological defense mechanism and hat through our
dream we can experience possibly threating situation so that we can practice our actions during
these situations. However not all a have survival themes. The activation–synthesis theory is a theory
that proposes that dreaming is merely a consequences of the extremely active brain during REM
sleep. During REM sleep, random neural impulses are created. According to this theory, the brain
tries to establish meaning out of these impulses by blending them into familiar stories or images
based on our memories, and that they have no underlying meaning (Pastorino & Doyle–Portillo,
2013, p.

The Effects Of Caffeine On Children 's Performance On...
In the neocortex, acetylcholine (ACh) stimulates arousal and plays a major role in attention and
working memory (Jones, 2008). Neuropsychological studies on caffeine report increased arousal,
alertness, increased energy and concentration (Smith, 2002; Ruxton, 2008; Brunye´ et al., 2010)
even at doses as low as 50 mg, which is comparable to the amount of caffeine in a cup of tea. It has
been indicated that even in low doses caffeine improves performance on attention tasks (Brunye´ et
al., 2010a). However, caffeine intake has also been associated with anxiety, nervousness, irritability,
insomnia and even panic attacks (Bruce et al., 1992; Lieberman, 1992; Sicard et al., 1996) . During
an elevated plus maze test of anxiety in rats, it was found that high doses of caffeine brought a
remarkably increased anxiety–like behavior (Jain et al., 2005).
Similarly, nicotine improves cognitive performance by improving learning, memory and attention
(Levin and Rezvani, 2002; Swan, 2007). In a social interaction test for anxiety, nicotine was shown
to have an anxiolytic effect at lower doses and an anxiogenic effect at high doses (File et al., 1998).
Analysis of the EEG power spectrum, in the present work, revealed a significant increase in delta
wave while theta, beta–1 and beta–2 waves showed a significant decrease. Delta and theta
frequencies are dominant during sleep and drowsiness, alpha frequency dominates during relaxed
wakefulness, and beta frequencies occur during intense mental

Sleep Research Paper
Sleep Research Paper As an average American, do you know what you spend one third of your life
doing? Sleeping. That is why it is vital to understand what goes on while you are sleeping. In this
paper I will be going over what happens while you sleep. I will discuss how many stages of sleep
there are, and why there are stages of sleep; I will also go into detail on each stage of sleep and what
happens in each stage of sleep. I will discuss deep sleep so you will know when that takes place.
Then I will talk about the cycles of sleep and in what order, and how long a refreshing nap should
last. Now I mentioned that there are different stages of sleep, so let's go over how many there
actually are. There are four stages of sleep; the first ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If you get a full amount of sleep, the average person will go through this cycle five times throughout
the night. So what is the right amount of sleep per night? For infants four to eleven months old the
amount of sleep recommended would be twelve to fifteen hours of sleep. Ages one to five years old,
should receive ten to thirteen hours of sleep. Ages six through seventeen, should receive eight to ten
hours of sleep per night. The average adult should receive about eight hours of

The Five Stages Of Sleep
Most sleepers pass through five stages; 1, 2, 3, 4, and REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. A complete
sleep cycle lasts between 90 to 110 minutes, once the cycle is completed it starts back at stage one
and repeats itself. Stage 1 is a very light sleep, where you can drift in and out of sleep and you are
easily awakened. Eye movement and muscle activity will begin to slow down. People most
commonly experience muscle contractions throughout stage 1. When stage 2 begins eye movement
has stopped completely and our brain waves begin to slow down. It is in stage 3 where a person will
experience delta waves in the brain, these are very slow brain waves. The delta waves in stage 3 are
intercepted with a few smaller, faster waves. In stage 4 the brain is only producing delta waves.
Stages 3 and 4 are known as deep sleep, it is very hard to wake someone if they are in a deep sleep
because there is no eye movement or muscle activity. Stages 1–4 are the longest stages of sleep
lasting between 4 to 7 hours a night. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This stage is also the shortest of the stages, lasting around 90 – 120 minutes per night. During REM
sleep epinephrine is released and the person's breathing speeds up and becomes irregular. There is a
lot of eye movement during REM sleep, however, there is not a lot of muscle activity because the
limb muscles are temporarily paralyzed. A person's heart rate and blood pressure rise and their brain
waves are equal to those of a fully awake and functioning person. Most dreams typically occur
during REM sleep due to the fact that the brain is highly active. If a person is waken during REM
sleep they are more likely to remember their

The Importance Of Sleep Deprivation
The average amount of sleep obtained by high school students per night is classified as sleep
deprivation, which negatively cognitive functions including: mood/emotion regulation, verbal,
visual, and auditory processing, concentration/attention, and memory. The focus of this paper is
sleep deprivation. Concepts necessary to understanding sleep and sleep deprivation are sleep–
control mechanisms, stages of sleep, and the different types of sleep deprivation. There are two
biological mechanisms in the body that regulate sleep. Both processes interact and balance one
another, and together are known as the two–process model of sleep–wake regulation. These two
sleep–controlling mechanisms consist of: circadian rhythm, which is also referred to as process C,
and sleep–wake homeostasis, called process S. Circadian rhythm is the regulation of the internal
processes and levels of alertness in the body controlled by the hypothalamus. The two parts to
circadian rhythm include the circadian drive for arousal, and the circadian alerting system. The
circadian drive for arousal is the tendency towards wakefulness, and arousal and alertness generated
by alerting pulses of the circadian alerting system. The circadian alerting system is an alerting pulse
sent out by the suprachiasmatic nucleus throughout the day, which counteracts increasing
homeostatic sleep pressure and creates the circadian drive for arousal. The circadian rhythm is
governed by one's "biological clock", which is also

Deep Slow-Wave Sleep
we can understand the deep slow–wave sleep characteristics by remembering the last time we were
kept awake for more than 24 hours and then the deep sleep that occurred during the first hour after
going to sleep.This sleep is exceedingly restful and is associated with decrease in both peripheral
vascular tone and many other vegetative functions of the body. For instance, there are 10 to 30 per
cent decreases in blood pressure, respiratory rate, and basal metabolic rate.Although slow–wave
sleep is frequently called "dreamless sleep,"dreams and sometimes even nightmares do occur during
slow–wave sleep. The difference between the dreams that occur in slow– wave sleep and those that
occur in REM sleep is that those of REM sleep are associated with

Case Studies Essay
CASE STUDIES
Submitted for course SSC 130
Essentials of Psychology
February 20, 2013
Assignment number 05020600
THE CASE STUDY OF:
THE FALLEN ATHLETE (P.79)
1. In the story," The right side of Tim's body was paralyzed and he was having great difficulty trying
to talk". Thus, it suggests that the left hemisphere of Tim's brain suffered during his stroke, because
language processing occur more in the left side if the brain. In general, the left hemisphere
concentrates more on tasks that require verbal competence, such as speaking, reading, thinking, and
reasoning.
2. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technology would be best reveal the location and
extent of damage to Tim's brain produced by his ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
5. Sound is the movement of air molecules brought about by a source of vibration. Skin senses –
touch, pressure, temperature, and a pain – play a critical role in survival, making us aware of
potential danger to our bodies. Thus, sound and skin senses allowed passengers to detect the
aircraft's motion. For example, ears start to feel weird and heavy pressure on your body.
THE CASE OF:
THE WOMAN WHO DREAMS OF STRESS (P. 157)
1. If I were her friend, I would tell her that normally there are 4stages of sleep. Stage 1 sleep is the
stage of transition between wakefulness and sleep. Stage 2 sleep is a sleep deeper than that of stage
1, characterized by a slower, more regular wave pattern. Stage 3 sleep is a sleep characterized by
slow brain waves, with greater peaks and valleys in the wave pattern than stage 2 sleep. Stage 4
sleep is the deepest stage of sleep. Rapid eye movement, or REM, sleep and contrasts with stages 1–
4, which are collectively labeled non – REM sleep. REM sleep usually accompanied by dreams,
which – are experienced by everyone during some part of the night. Thus, I would explain her that
dreaming is a normal experience during a sleep and people usually dream about their everyday
activities.
Also, because she has been unable to fall asleep, or waking up frequently over the past

A Interview On The Sleep Disorder Institute ( Sdi )
Maor Mashiach Interview Write–Up #1 Mrs. Trombetta BQ: What is sleepwalking? Language Arts
8 1/26/15 Introduction Gary Zammit Doctor 12 years in the Sleep Disorder Institute (SDI) in NYC.
5:30–6:00 January 28, 2015. Telephone interview Gary is a CEO and leading expert in sleep
disorders. 1) Are there any new technologies that can prevent or treat sleepwalking? I am not aware
of any new technologies that are available to prevent or treat sleepwalking. There are some different
forms of sleepwalking. Sleepwalking occurs in very deep sleep early in the night, and some of it is
disorganized. There are other forms of sleepwalking that are more organized and have a purpose.
For example, sleep eating is a disorder when people get out of bed and consume food during their
sleep. But for all of those various forms of sleepwalking, we do not have any new or novel
technologies that prevent or treat sleepwalking? 2) Is there a treatment for this disorder? Well
sleepwalking is more common in kids and as children age and get into their teen years and
adulthood, it is more common that sleepwalking goes away by itself. So it's kind of self–limiting for
most people but not everyone. For kids and adults who sleepwalk the best thing to do is to gently
guide the sleepwalker back into bed and that is what takes care of it. Very often, they will stay asleep
in bed and that is what takes care of it. So you don't want to startle a sleepwalker and you don't want
to shake

5 Sleep Stages
There are five stages of sleep. Each one is distinguishable from the others. During the course of a
night's sleep, on average, humans cycle through all of these stages several times, usually about 4 to
6 times. Circadian rhythms in the body tell us when it is time to sleep. Before sleeping, while alert,
beta waves appear on an EEG. During a state of relaxation, immediately prior to sleeping, alpha
waves appear on an EEG. After drifting off into sleep, the first sleep stage begins. This is
characterized by being the lightest stage of sleep, with brain waves being slow and irregular. After
drifting further to slumber, the second stage begins. Body temperature drops, and both heart rate and
brain waves slow down. Breathing becomes shallow as well.

Summary Of Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Stage 1 is the Electroencephalogram (EEG). The EEG provides a summary of electro activity from a
certain area of the brain. The EEG is also the sum of the electrical activity of all neurons between
the two recording electrodes (Garrett,2015). Stage 1 is when one is feeling drowsy and transitioning
into a state of sleep (Thien Thanh Dang–Vu, 2017). Stage 2 is the K complex. These are sharp
waves that happen at least once a minute. This stage characterizes the first stage of sleep. Stage 2
has an appearance of spindles (Thien Thanh Dang–Vu, 2017). Where the waves have a gating
function that help to prevent the unsettling stimuli from reaching the cortex part of the brain that
will in turn awaken the sleeper. Stage 3 is known as the slow–wave

Does Sleep Affect The Brain: Why Do We Sleep?
Sleep is not actually the episode in time when your brain or body goes dominant as most of us
believe; in truth sleep is another state of consciousness. So, while you sleep your perceptual window
remains slightly open. Sleep is aperiodic, natural, reversible and near total loss of consciousness. We
actually spend one third of our lives sleeping, we know it is essential for our health, but scientists
are yet to present us with a consensus as to why we do it. Sleep contributes significantly to the
recuperation of bodily cells by allowing them to rest and repair. According to the American Sleep
Association ASA (2007) , "Without sleep, neurons may become so depleted in energy or so polluted
with the byproducts or normal cellular activities that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is the transitional stage between light and deep sleep and is considered as slow wave sleep
(SWS), consisting of delta activity. If woken from this sleep individuals feels confused and dopey
for a few minutes, as they are unresponsive to environmental stimuli. Stage 4 or NREM 4 lasts
about 30 minutes and is sometimes considered to be deep sleep. According to Carlson (2013) , "The
distinction between stage 3 and stage 4 is not clear–cut; stage 3 contains 20–50 percent delta
activity, and stage 4 contains more than 50 percent" (p. 291)

Sleep Disorders: The Five Stages Of Sleep
There are many sleep stages people go through when resting. The first sleep stage is the theta waves,
also known as light sleeping. In this stage theta waves are increasing as the alpha waves fade out to
put you into light sleep. If awaken from this stage most people are unaware they were actually
beginning to sleep. Secondly you move on into the second stage, which is the sleep spindles. In this
stage your temperature drops, heart rate slows, and your breathing becomes flat and irregular. Sleep
spindles show up on paper as quick bursts of activity in the brain that last only a few seconds.
During this sleep if you are awaken you will notice you were actually asleep. Next you have sleep
stage three where the delta waves come in. Delta waves are the largest and slowest waves of them
all; when a person hits this stage they are in the deepest stage of sleep. Lastly REM sleep is the final
stage of sleeping. During this stage the body with go back through stage three and then through
stage two to increase the body's temperature. The eyes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Depending on your age you will require certain amounts of sleep. The younger you are the more
sleep you need; the older you are the less sleep you need. When you're young sleeping is what aids
your body in growing, revamping, and helps you be able to generally function when awake. For
example, being pulled out of your sleep by your college roommate getting ready for their day by
blow drying their hair or being generally loud brings negative affects to you. It decreases your
memory, the ability to learn, it can cause future accidents, and it will affect your mental and physical
health in the long run. The effect on your mental and physical health can be dangerous and result in
things such as: heart attacks, heart disease, high blood pressure, strokes, diabetes, and irregular
heartbeat. So getting a good night's rest is more important than people

Sleep Cycle Stages
Sleep is a condition were the body & mind which is typically recurs for several hours every night in
which the nervous system is relatively inactive, the eyes closed the postural muscles relax and
consciousness practically suspended.
Usually sleep passes through four stages of sleep and (REM) Rapid Eye Movement sleep. A
complete sleep cycle takes an average of 90 minutes to 110 minutes. The first sleep cycle of sleep
are short REM sleeps and long periods of deep sleep.
Stage 1 is a type of sleep where you drift in and out of your sleep. You can be easily awake. The eye
moves slow and muscle activity is slow during this stage. During these stages many can experience
sudden muscle contractions proceeding by sensation of falling. Stage 2 eye movement stops in your
brain wave become slower with only an occasional burst for rapid waves. Stage 3 ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In deep sleep there are no eye movement or any kind of muscle activity. This is when some children
experience bedwetting, sleepwalking, and or has night terrors. In 2008 the sleep professionals
eliminated the use of stage 4. And stages 3 & 4 are what most people experience. Slow waves sleep
comes mostly in the first half of your sleep. (REM) is the second half. Walking may occur after
(REM) if the walking period is long enough, the person may remember it the next morning. Infants
spend almost 50% of their time in (REM) sleep. Adults spend nearly half of their sleep in stage 2,
older adults spend less time in their (REM) sleep.
To get the most of our sleep both quantity and quality are important. Adults need about 8 hours and
on average 9 ½ hours of interrupted sleep. Sleep helps us thrive by contributing to a healthy immune
system, and can also balance our appetites by helping to regulate levels of the hormones ghrelin and
leptin which play a role in our feelings.
Setting better habits of our sleep would be

Sleep Restoration Theory
Nathan Skemp Rawl 12:20 4/21/17 The Function of Sleep Almost every known animal on planet
Earth spends a large portion of its life asleep. Humans who sleep an average of eight hours a night
spend about one–third of their lifetime in this unconscious state of mind (Schenck). By logical
reasoning, all scientists of merit believe sleep is important since we spend an entire third of our life
participating in the activity, the disagreement between scientists occurs when discussing the purpose
of sleep. There are many theories as to why we sleep, the latest arguments revolve around the
restoration theory, brain plasticity theory, evolution theory, energy conversation theory, and the
dreaming theory. Recent research suggests the combination of two theories to accurately represent
the purpose of sleep, the restorative theory and the brain plasticity theory. These theories claim that
quality sleep promotes restoration processes within the body and brain, as well as the physical
development and growth of the body ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, the brain plasticity theory was created and so widely accepted by experts within
psychology and other respectable related fields of science. However, there are other functions that
occur during sleep that aren't fully explained by the brain plasticity theory, purposes that become
highlighted by the restoration theory. The restoration theory of sleep claims that "sleeping is
essential for revitalizing and restoring the physiological processes that keep the body and mind
healthy and properly functioning" (Foster). This theory suggests that REM sleep is what allows the
brain and body to heal itself from damaged tissues, diseases, and toxins that may accumulate in the
brain or body during the day. This theory splits the brain into two functions, awake and alert or
asleep and

The Stages Of Non Rem Sleep
The stages of non–REM sleep, stages 1–3, are defined by EEG activity. Slow–wave sleep in stage 3
is the deepest stage of sleep. Alertness consists of desynchronized beta activity (13–30 Hz);
relaxation and drowsiness consist of alpha activity (8–12 Hz); stage 1 sleep consists of alternating
periods of alpha activity, irregular fast activity, and theta activity (3.5–7.5 Hz); the EEG of stage 2
sleep lacks alpha activity but contains sleep spindles (short periods of 12–14 Hz activity) and
occasional K complexes; stage 3 sleep primarily consists of delta activity. About 90 minutes after
the beginning of sleep, people enter REM sleep. Thereafter, cycles of REM and non–REM sleep
occur in periods of approximately 90 minutes. Muscle tone decreases throughout the stages,
resulting in deepest relaxation and paralysis in REM sleep (Carlson & Birkett, p. 268).
The rate of cerebral blood flow during REM sleep is high in the extrastriate cortex but low in the
striate cortex and the prefrontal cortex. This activity reflects a lack of visual in– put in REM (little or
no activation in the striate cortex), but the presence of active visual hallucinations during dreaming
(activation in the extrastriate cortex). Lack of prefrontal cortex activity likely reflects the lack of
organization and planning that occur in dreams. Regional cerebral blood flow during slow–wave
sleep is generally decreased throughout the brain compared to waking. However, some researchers
have found localized increases

Electroencephalography Essay
Electroencephalography is a form of measuring electrical activity in the brain using electrodes that
are attached to the scalp. EEGs are interpreted by looking at amplitude, frequency, and shape of the
waves that are formed. The significance of the results relies on patient specific information such as
age, state of the patient, and the location of the electrodes on the scalp. Different areas of the brain
can produce different wave patterns. There are four types of wave forms: alpha, beta, theta, and
delta. Frequency is key in determining normal and abnormal EEGs, with normal frequencies ranging
between 0.5–500 Hertz. Each wave type has its own range of normal frequencies, because each
wave has its own set characteristics.
Alpha waves are present in all age groups, but most commonly adults. They occur on both sides of
the head, usually having a higher amplitude on the nondominant side. Alpha waves tend to be more
posteriorly located and are associated with relaxation. Alpha waves are not present when a person is
stressed, their eyes are open, or they are at attention. An abnormal alpha wave is known as an alpha
coma, where the alpha waves are seen in both anterior and posterior parts of the head usually
indicative of a person who is unresponsive to stimuli. Beta waves are also observed in all age
groups, tend to have a small amplitude, are symmetric, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The DMN was named for the fact that this region is more active when the brain is at rest than when
performing tasks. The DMN is comprised of the posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, medial
prefrontal cortex, lateral parietal cortex, and the medial temporal lobes. By looking at this network
in particular, researchers are able to gain knowledge on the differences in brain activity between the
non–depressed PD participant and the depressed PD

Effects Of Sleep Walking And Night Walking
Abstract
One of the most frightening sleep occurrences to a family is when a family member is having a night
terror, or sleep walking. It's difficult to understand how someone could have their eyes open,
walking, and talking but not really being awake. For the person that has the sleeping issue, they have
no memory of the occurrence. However, observing a person going through one of these episodes
makes it appear that the person is witnessing pure horror, not to mention the confusion if they
happen to wake up. This paper will explore the psychophysiological aspects of parasomnia with a
focus on night terrors and sleep walking. Including psychological aspects that pertain to the mind,
and the physiological aspects that pertain to the living system of sleepwalking and night terrors. The
paper will also examine an actual current case of a 4–year–old that currently has night terrors, and
an 18–year–old young adult that sleep walks almost nightly. Finally, the paper will conclude with
current treatments for both night terrors and sleeping walking when the person doesn't just grow out
of the sleep disturbance. Taking a closer look into parasomnias, will offer more clarity in
understanding how important good quality sleep is to all people of all ages.
Keywords: Slow–Wave Sleep, REM Sleep, Memory, Learning, Sleep Deprivation, Parasomnia,
Night Terrors, and Sleep Walking
Sleep Disorders: Night Terrors and Sleepwalking
The one human need that all organisms require is sleep. The body will eventually shut down to get
rest because it requires sleep to function properly. Adequate sleep is what keeps our learning and
memory on point. Sleep–deprived people can't focus their attention to its full potential, because
there is a lack in a basic human need. Studies done on both animals and humans suggest that the
quantity and quality of sleep have a profound impact on learning and memory. According to the
article, "In the study, findings suggest that sleep disturbances can be detected using both subjective
and objective measures and that, for these individuals, fluctuations in sleep duration may have real
consequences for daytime anxiety" (Mullin et al., 2017). When sleep lacks the other areas fall short.
Good

The Eight Stages Of Sleep Cycles
Sleep consists of many different 90–minute cycles. These cycles are: alpha waves, NREM–1,
NREM–2, NREM–3, and REM sleep. The first stage of sleep is known as the alpha waves. Alpha
waves are "relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state" (Myers, 2017, p. 55). During the
alpha waves stage the person is not yet asleep, but is laying calmly with his or her eyes closed.
Eventually the person falls asleep, without being consciously aware of it, and moves into stage two
of sleep. Stage two, or NREM–1 sleep, is the time where people often have hallucinations or feel as
if they are falling, when in reality nothing is there and they are laying flat on the bed. This stage
usually lasts about ten minutes. During this stage the muscles are still active and the eyes may still
open and close occasionally. The breathing and heart rate of a person also slows when in NREM–1
sleep. Often, if a person is awakened during this stage they may think that they have not fallen
asleep at all. NREM–1 sleep accounts for about 10% of the total night of sleep. Stage three, or
NREM–2 sleep, is the first stage where muscle activity is decreased much more and the sleeping
person becomes completely unaware of their surroundings. During the night this stage occurs
multiple times, more than ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
NREM–3 sleeps lasts around thirty minutes. During this stage the brain sends out large delta waves,
which are "large, slow brain waves that are associated with deep sleep" (Myers, 2017, p.55). It is
during this stage of sleep that the unconscious individual would be very hard to wake up. NREM–3
sleep happens longest during the first half of the night and accounts for 15% of the total night of
sleep. After this stage the sleeping person will go backwards to NREM–2 sleep and ultimately stay
here for half of the night of

Sleepwalking Essay
Sleepwalking
Somnambulism, or sleepwalking, belongs to a group of parasomnias. This disorder of arousal is
characterized by complex motor behaviors initiated during stages 3 and 4 of non–rapid–eye–
movement (NREM) sleep (slow–wave sleep) (3). Behaviors during sleepwalking episodes can vary
greatly. Some episodes are limited to sitting up, fumbling and getting dressed, while others include
more complex behaviors such as walking, driving a car, or preparing a meal (2). After awakening,
the sleepwalker usually has no recollection of what has happened and may appear confused and
disoriented. The behaviors performed while sleepwalking are said to be autonomous automatisms.
These are nonrelfex actions performed without conscious volition and ... Show more content on
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This stage is believed to help people enter deeper stages of sleep (4). Stage 3 sleep consists of 20–50
percent delta activity and stage 4 sleep of more than 50 percents delta activity (4). Stages 3 and 4 are
characterized as being slow wave sleep in addition to being the deepest levels of sleep.
Approximately 90 minutes after being asleep, people enter rapid–eye–movement (REM) sleep (4).
REM sleep consists of rapid eye movements, a desynchronized EEG, sensitivity to external
stimulation, muscle paralysis and dreaming (4).
Sleepwalking occurs during stages 3 and 4 of the sleep cycle, the deepest levels of sleep. This slow–
wave sleep is normally characterized by synchronized EEG activity (4). This indicates that mental
activity is very low during these stages of sleep. However researchers have shown that the EEG of a
sleepwalker has diffuse, rhythmic, high–voltage bursts of delta activity associated with abrupt motor
activity (1). This is very different from the EEG activity normally associated with slow–wave sleep.
In addition to the EEG results, they found that there is a decrease in regional cerebral blood flow in
the frontopariental cortices during sleepwalking (1). This indicates that sleepwalking is a dissociated
state consisting of motor arousal and persisting mind sleep, which seems to arise from the selective
activation of thalamocingulate circuits and the persisting inhibition of other thalamocortical arousal
systems (3).
This study

Pros And Cons Of 15 Minute Manifestation By Eddie Sergey
15–Minute Manifestation By Eddie Sergey – Detailed Review Hi Friends Today we will review the
15–Minute Manifestation system By Eddie Sergey. For your convenience, we will divide our review
into a few sections: In the first section we will explain what "15–Minute Manifestation" is all about.
In the second section we will explore the pros and cons of this self–help course. In the last section
we will summarize everything that you should remember about Eddie Sergey's system before
making a final decision... Let's start with the basics :) What Exactly is 15–Minute Manifestation? In
simple words, "15–Minute Manifestation" is an easy to follow self–help system that was designed to
help people manifest their dreams by using unique techniques ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Called "Deep Sleep Now", this track uses delta waves to help you fully relax and have a fantastic
sleep. These are just the basics of the 15–Minute Manifestation system. For more details about the
different tracks and the ideas behind this self–help program, please ZZZcheck this pageZZZ. Now,
let's talk about the pros and cons... The Pros And Cons Of "15–Minute Manifestation" The Pros
Small Time Investment As the name suggests, it takes only 15 minutes each day to listen to these
tracks. And because they're audio tracks, you can listen to them no matter where you're at.
Moreover, you can do other things while you listen, such as work or chores at home. The only
exception is that you can't listen while you're driving. Supported By Medical Science Brain
plasticity is a well studied phenomena, and a quick Google search will bring numerous studies and
reports on the subject. The 15–Minute Manifestation system is based on the results of this kind of
studies, which is a great advantage when compared to other similar programs online that usually
don't have any science behind them. Break Away From Self–Limiting

The Effects Of Light Emitting Electronics On The Human...
Ellie Murphy Mrs. Webb Science Fair Research Paper October 6, 2015 "Eye" can 't get to sleep! The
effect of light emitting electronics on the human sleep cycle. Which affects your sleep more: blue
light, books, or doing nothing before bed? Americans on the whole are not getting enough sleep. A
recent study conducted by the CDC determined that, among 74,571 adult respondents in 12 states,
35.3% reported less than 7 hours of sleep during a typical 24–hour period, 37.9% reported
unintentionally falling asleep during the day at least once in the previous month, and 4.7% reported
nodding off or falling asleep while driving at least once in the previous month. (CDC, Par. 4)There
are several factors many of which are controllable which affect ... Show more content on
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It is easier for people to get more sleep if they try to go to bed at the same time and wake up at the
same time every day. (Williams & Carey, Pg. 1, 3) Having good sleep hygiene is important because
when people sleep, bodies can repair themselves. Human bodies repair both physically and
psychologically when they sleep. When a body repairs itself physically, it heals things such as
broken bones and bruises. Furthermore, when the human body repairs itself mentally, it heals things
such as stress and memory loss. Bad sleep behavior and hygiene can lead to sleep decreasing. One
way for sleep to decrease is drinking caffeine or alcohol before bed if they do it will take them
forever to fall asleep. Don't have a heavy meal right before bed, or it will interfere with sleep. Never
try to make an effort to go to sleep because sleep should come naturally to everyone. (Williams &
Carey, Pg. 3–4) There are many several different stages of sleep. These stages are called the sleep
cycle. During this cycle people have five measurable stages of sleep, but these can be simplified into
just three stages. Stage one is light sleep. In this stage people drift in and out of sleep and can wake
up easily. When in light sleep, eye movement slows down and muscles relax. If anyone has ever felt
the sensation of falling, this is the stage it happens in. (¨Stages of Sleep¨, Par. 1–2) The brain waves
of the

The Five Stages Of Sleep
Sleep is one of the most important things needed. Without efficient sleep, there are many health
concerns and daily issues. Each time a person sleeps he or she goes through a cycle of five stages.
Usually a person goes through four to five cycles per night. Each stage has its own unique aspects
and roles. Stage One of the sleep cycle is a light sleep in NREM. This stage usually lasts about five
to ten minutes. During this stage, "the brain activity exhibits alpha and theta waves." (Smith, 2016).
With this, the eyes slow down their movement, and the muscles begin to relax. It is common for
people to have vivid dreamlike sensations in this period. This is known as hypnogogic
hallucinations. These occur because the person is not fully asleep, but not fully awake either. Also,
for this reason, a person can easily be awakened by someone or on their selves. In fact, this is the
last stage before a person naturally wakes up. After completing this stage, a person drifts off to a
slightly deeper sleep. Stage Two, or the NREM light sleep stage, lasts for about 20 minutes. In this
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When asleep, the brain commits new info for learning and memory. Also, metabolism and weight is
regulated. It helps with cardiovascular health and fighting diseases as well. Mood and Safety is
increased with sleep. The body is rejuvenated and ready to take on everyday tasks. It is also very
important that a person gets a good amount of sleep. Most adults need seven to eight hours of sleep
a day. Sleep deprivation and oversleeping can have serious consequences. Not getting enough sleep
can lead to depression, stress, laziness, high blood pressure, and an increased risk for heart disease
and stroke. It can also cause drowsiness and a craving for unhealthy food; potentially leading to
weight gain. If a person gets too much sleep, there is an increased risk for diabetes, stroke, and even
death. Therefore, a person should make sure to get a reasonable amount of

Five Different Cycles: The Five Stages Of Sleep
Sleep is composed of five different cycles, each cycle lasts for about 90 minutes. It is consists of two
main broad stages, the first four cycles is known as non– rapid eye movement (NREM) and the last
stage of the cycle is denoted by rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. The various stages of sleep are
measured by a polysomnography. Polysomnographs measure several aspects such as brain waves
from an electroencephalogram (EEG), eye movements using a electrooculogram (EOG) , and
muscle activity using an electromyogram (EMG).The majority of the time spent sleeping is during
NREM sleep. NREM sleep is considered to be a dreamless sleep, during this phase brain waves and
physiological activity is slow and at a high amplitude, blood pressure, heart ... Show more content
Sleep serves many functions throughout the body such as rejuvenating cells, restoring energy,
protein synthesis, as well as it regulates the body's homeostasis. Sleep is a time that also allows our
memories, and information processing to be restored organized, thus it allows us to be concentrated
and it balances our cognitive and psychological functions. Several important hormones are also
produced and secreted while asleep, this includes; cortisol, human growth hormone, testosterone and
prolactin. Circadian rhythms function by regulating the body's internal clock. The internal clock is a
very small region within the hypothalamus, called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). SCN is
affected by light and dark, when it is light photoreceptors in the retina send a impulse to the pineal
gland to stop producing melatonin, allowing the rest of the brain to wake up. Sleep is composed of 2
main types REM sleep and NREM sleep. NREM sleep is composed of four separate stages leading
to the final stage REM, each stage has physiological differences. Sleep related disorder such as
narcolepsy, sleep related eating disorder, insomnia, and restless leg syndrome. Sleep plays an
extremely important role in many functions in the body. Sleep deprivation can be deadly as it
disrupts the body's

Stages Of Sleep Essay
Stage 1 (awake, relaxed) This is a stage of sleep, which usually takes place between sleep and
waking, and sometimes arises between periods of deep sleep and REM periods. The muscles are
active, and the eyes roll slowly open and close moderately. The transitions of alpha brain waves that
have a frequency of 8–13 Hz (normal waking state) and theta waves with a frequency of 4–7 Hz.
EEG activity is wider and lower than the frequency during wakefulness. People wake phase one
claim had not slept. Stage 2 At this stage, theta activity is observed and sleepers gradually become
more difficult to wake; alpha waves of the previous step is interrupted by the sudden activity called
sleep spindles (or Thalamocortical spiders) and K–complexes. EEC is of ... Show more content on
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REM sleep is enabled and the secretion of acetylcholine is inhibited by secreting neurons are
monoamines, including serotonin. This level is also known as paradoxical sleep because the bed,
even though the exhibition EEC waves similar to a waking state, high frequency, it is harder to wake
up than at any other stage of sleep. Vital signs indicate the pickup and oxygen consumption of the
brain is larger than when the sleeper is awake. An adult reaches REM about every 90 minutes, and
remain in REM sleep longer during the second half of sleep. REM sleep occurs as a person returns
to Step 1 of a deep

Investigation Of Sleep Essay
Introduction
The amount of sleep varies with each individual and there are many factors that affects this such as
age, lifestyle, environment and health. However, the recommended number of hours for the average
adult is between seven to nine hours. To remain unconscious for approximately a third of one's life
suggests that sleep must serve some crucial function, especially when considering the evolutionary
viewpoint that to be less responsive to potentially threatening external stimuli (e.g. predators) for
such prolonged periods of time has been conserved across all animal species despite being counter–
intuitive and a danger to survival.
There have been countless numbers of studies investigating the function of sleep leading to various
theories, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As shown in figure 2, one particularly well–known experiment was inducing total sleep deprivation
(TSD) in rats; almost all the rats died and besides looking exhausted, thinner due to weight loss with
damaged tail and paws, they did not show clear physical signs that caused their death. Dogs were
also seen to die with induced TSD over a time period of 12 days. For obvious ethical reasons, the
same experiment has not been conducted on humans, contrary to what was rumoured. The ethics of
animal testing are being viewed much more seriously in the recent years with TSD experiments
resulting in death of animals being put to an

Animal Dreaming and Substantiation-A Connection to Humanity
Animal sleep is presented in various patterns like hibernation, nocturnal activity, and even napping!
For example, penguins rarely sleep in case of abrupt attacks of predators. They sleep in standing
positions for only a few minutes to provide security. In some occasions, penguins take naps in the
ocean after a full meal. In contrast, brown bats spend generally nineteen hours just on sleeping
hanging upside down. As these examples demonstrate, the state of sleeping in animals is confirmed
based on scientific research. The evidence of animal sleep is obvious, mainly characterized by
temporary unconsciousness, non–responsiveness to external stimuli, and passivity in movement.
Although animal sleeping is corroborated by these common symptoms, ... Show more content on
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In particular, birds compensate for sleep loss with SWS (slow–wave sleep), the fourth stage of sleep.
Higher blood circulation in the hippocampus was caught on the PET scan demonstrating the same
result as REM sleep. Although birds spend five percent of their sleep in REM sleep and the rest in
SWS, they seem to have very brief dreaming episodes. Finally, involuntary body movements show
unconsciousness or resemble the movements which happen in the dream.Initially, intellectual
animals exhibit body movements only at stages associated with dreaming. Body movements include
occasional spasms of the face, twitching, and muscular atony.For instance, dogs generally bark or
twitch their legs during REM sleep. Besides dogs, five zebra finches and their body movement were
monitored byPhilip Low at the Salk Institute for Biological Sciences. Muscular atony is a symptom
of paradoxical REM sleep and the state in which muscles are relaxed.In the 1970s, Adrian Morrison,
Ph. D of university of Pennsylvania observed the state of atonia in dogs which occurred after REM
sleep. Furthermore, animals demonstrate movements similar to previous experiences which show
that they have collective memory. The imitation of mammals made in REM sleep can be led to the
relation between REM sleep and memory. Platypuses also make movements imitating the process
where they kill

Sleep Deprivation And The Sleep Cycle
Sleeping is very important for everyone as it helps our body to rest and recover its energy. Anyone,
who doesn't sleep well, can have many disorders that we will discuss later. We have first to explain
what is a typical night`s sleep cycle then go ahead and describe how sleep deprivation impacts your
ability to learn and your health as well. Regular night`s sleep cycle can always be described in 4
stages N1, N2 and N3. Where each stage has different information and different description. N1 can
be said for light sleep. N2 is for sleep spindles. N3 is for the delta waves. Also there is REM and
NREM sleep which defers from one stage to another. First stage will be N1 which is light sleep. In
this stage your body starts to adjust itself and the other organs that it is about to stop working.
Where at this stage the body drift between sleeping and out of sleep and it can be easily awakened
from this stage. This stage affects the eye movement as it makes it move slowly and the muscle
activity as well starts to relax. Many people said that they experienced sudden muscle contraction.
There is also a hypnagogic images as hallucinations or vivid visual events and hypinc jerk for the
knees, legs and sometimes for the whole body Second stage is N2, which can be expressed by sleep
spindles as it is accompanied by stop of eye movement and different stuff.in this stage, the body
relaxes to the extreme as it stopes the eye movement and brain waves starts to slow down with an
occasional

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