The Severity Of De-Icing In Airports

The Severity Of De-Icing In Airports
In winter, the snow can be a hassle but the ice is what can be more challenging. Imagine how challenging it can be for an airport when dealing with the
ice on not only the tarmacs but the planes as well. Airports have been using the same de–icing method for a while now, but it is not the most efficient
way out there, nor is it the cheapest. There are a few reasons why aircrafts must be de–iced before take off in order to ensure that the aircraft is safe to
fly. The current solution to de–ice an aircraft is inefficient and rather expensive, while there is a much better way to complete the process. Who
wouldn't want their airport to run smoother and have flights in and out quicker? "De–Icing an aeroplane is tedious. Just ask any passenger stuck... Show
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It is one of the top entry points to North America, and with that being said, one would assume they will need to be efficient, cost effective, and fast in
almost everything that they do; which they are. Right down to the small detail that often goes unnoticed of de–icing an aircraft. At JFK they have
bought into a new system, a much better system. This system uses infrared technology to heat the airplane before takeoff, "Designed and built by
Radiant Aviation Services, a US–based wholly–owned subsidiary of the Canadian company Radiant Energy Corporation, the patented InfraTek system
relies almost entirely on IR, which lies just to the right of the visible spectrum, to deice aircraft" (In text citation – author year). The process is quite
simple, taxi the airplane to what seems to be a big open hanger, and sit there for a little bit until they are cleared for takeoff and the ice has melted.
The program has had times noted of ranging between 28 minutes to 43 minutes for a full block, which is the time from brakes on the brake off
(boarding to takeoff). Comparing that to the hour or hour and a half it takes to de–ice a plane in the conventional way, this seems like a better system
already just based on the amount of time it takes to do the job. Toronto Pearson has rivalled that by building a massive de–icing facility where they can
de–ice 11 planes at once, and have another 11
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Denver Airport Communication Plan Essay
Denver International Airport Project Communication Plan Prepared by: Date: 6/15/12 Version: Master Plan Document Purpose Communication is a
critical component in project delivery. It must be delivered in a timely and effective manner to all project stakeholders in order to meet objectives and
achieve project goals. This document will detail the execution of all communication regarding the Denver Airport Project. This includes, but is not
limited to, communication to and from executives, managers, and the project team. It will also discuss the means and frequency by which
communication will be delivered. Overview The Denver International Airport project consists of designing and constructing a new airport, based upon a
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
* Design reflecting a signature image for the airport, capturing the uniqueness of Denver and Colorado. * Cargo operating out of the northern edge of
DIA, increasing time and cost for deliveries to Denver. Scope Statement (cont.) MILESTONES * Opening day – October, 1993 TECHNICAL
REQUIREMENTS * Design must be approved by a blue–ribbon commission. * System must meet software requirements. * State law prohibiting
political entities from annexing land without the consent of its residents. LIMITS AND EXCLUSIONS 1. The airport will be built to the specifications
and design provided by customer. 2. Agreement between Adams County and Denver: limits noise (continuous noise monitoring), requires the creation
of a buffer zone to protect surrounding residents, and limits on such businesses as airport hotels that could be in direct competition with existing
services provided in Adams County, airline maintenance, cargo, small package delivery, and other such airport
–related activities. 3. The site has
relocated/abandoned overhead power lines and gas wells; lacks infrastructure development and facilities for providing water, power, sewage
disposal, and other such services. 4. High wind shears that will exist were the runways are placed affect airport design. CUSTOMER REVIEW City
of Denver Project Organization The Denver Airport Project is made up of individuals and groups from different areas of the organization with a
specified

Fibre Reinforced Polymer Reinforcement Bar
MATERIAL SCIENCE FIBRE REINFORCED POLYMER REINFORCEMENT BAR
ABSTRACT: In this paper we are going see about the new technology of reinforcement that is FRP (Fiber reinforced polymers) rebars and its all
characteristics. Such as its high strength, lightweight characteristic, creep characteristic, resistant to environmental factor like corrosion effect, fire
performance, features and benefits, application, its materials and manufacturing, codes and specification, status and its barriers.
CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT – FRP REBAR
Introduction
Reinforced concrete is a common building material for the construction of facilities and structures. While concrete has a high compressive strength, it
has a very limited tensile ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
c) Creep (Permanent Deflection Under Long Term Loading) The addition of the reinforcement to the polymer matrix increases the creep resistance of
the properly designed FRP part. Creep will not be a significant issue if the loads on the structure are kept below appropriate working stress levels
d) Resistance to Environmental Factors Composites display excellent resistance to the corrosive effects of: Freeze–thaw: because composites are not
attacked by galvanic corrosion and have low water absorption, they resist the destructive expansion of freezing water. Weathering and Ultra–Violet
Light: FRP composite structures designed for weather exposure are normally fabricated with a surface layer containing a pigmented gel coat or have
an ultraviolet (UV) inhibitor included as an additive to the composite matrix. Both methods provide protection to the underlying material by screening
out UV rays and minim Chemicals and Temperature: Composites do not rust or corrode and can be formulated to provide long–term resistance to
nearly every chemical and temperature environment. Of particular benefit, is composites ability to successfully withstand the normally destructive
effects of de–icing salts and/or saltwater spray of the ocean? Zing water absorption along the fiber/resin interface.
e)

Why Winter Driving Is Bad
As all long–time residents know, Michigan winters can be brutal. However, even during a "normal" winter, you can expect average temperatures that
are below freezing for three months out of the year and snowfall totals ranging between 44 inches and 55 inches. Keeping your pavement clear
throughout the winter typically involves frequent applications of salt or chemical deicers as well as repeated snowplowing. Between the freeze/thaw
cycle, the potential damage from snowplows and the corrosive actions of deicing materials, your asphalt pavement can take a beating. If you want to
minimize the damage that winter can cause, you should make sure that you have cracks repaired before the arrival of cold weather.
Why Crack Filling Is Important
Although

Fog In North America
1). Introduction Fog is one of the dangerous weather, which reduces visibility for drivers, and can cause accidents or even death. In North
America, fog occurs sometimes, but in some areas, it occurs almost every day. There are five places where fog occurs almost every day. The names
of those places are Grand Banks (Newfoundland), Point Reyes (California), Cape Disappointment (Washington), and San Francisco (California),
Mistake Island (Maine), (Higgins 2015). To reduce vehicular accidents in thick fog, every driver should reduce speed, check the weather forecast
before driving, and also public awareness in important. 1.1 Definition of Fog According to the dictionary, fog is defined as "a cloudlike mass or layer
of minute water droplets or... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This type of fog can be seen on Pacific Coast during summer because the ground water in this coast is very cold then the offshore (Ahrens, Samson
98). 3)Upslope Fog: When mountains, plains, and slopes have an upward breeze, it causes upslope fog. This fog can occur on the eastern side of
the Rockies during the winter and spring (Ahrens, Samson 99). 4)Evaporation Fog: "Evaporation fog forms as a result of the mixing of two
unsaturated air masses." The steam fog means when the colder air passes over the warm air. It is kind of evaporation fog ("Net Industries"). 2). Role
Description It is a fact that "The North Pacific High is semi–permanent." It's also an anticyclone located in the pacific in the northeastern portion. Its
geographical location is northeast of Hawaii and west of California. California has a very dry summer and fall because of it. It's also responsible for
a wet winter and spring. Hawaii also sees year round trade winds for this reason ("Wikipedia"). Wind power mills constructed off. Shore mostly on the
continental shelf produce electricity. Offshore wind produces much more energy than land based farms. Offshore produces more energy, but it comes
at a much higher cost ("Offshore wind

Essay on Aircraft Icing
Abstract
Aircraft icing is a common and major hazard to the aviation industry. Depending on conditions, icing may have very little or major impact to aircraft
performance. The types of icing that form on and affect aircraft, the variables in how each type of icing is formed and the categories of severity will
be discussed. Numerous methods of prevention and treatment exist and all pilots should be well versed in flight rules and regulations concerning
avoidance and response to icing situations. Aircraft Icing
Aircraft icing is nothing but trouble and a significant hazard to the aviation community. With the right upper level conditions, our winter season allows
icing to occur when least expected and most pilots know very little ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They are known as rime and clear ice, and a mixture of the two is not uncommon. For rime ice to form, an aircraft needs to fly through an area of tiny
super–cooled liquid drops. This super–cooled liquid is actually suspended in the cloud cover at temperatures already below freezing. Once the aircraft
surface plows through this moisture, the drops are disrupted immediately adhere to and freeze before spreading out over the entire surface. This forms
a rough and cloudy–white layer of ice known as rime. Even though the rime surface is rough and creates an airflow disturbance, it is lighter and easier
to remove by deicing equipment than clear ice. For clear ice to form, larger sized super–cooled drops would need to be encountered. These larger
droplets spread out over the surface and airfoils before freezing. This allows for the build–up of a clear, hard and slick layer of ice on the surface
(Ahrens, 2009).
There are four basic condition levels of icing. A slight trace may be unnoticeable, where a light accumulation might only be an issue during a very long
flight through conditions and periodic use of anti–icing equipment may be needed to rid any accumulation. A moderate build up could be hazardous to
only short exposure and anti–icing equipment and route deviation would be absolutely required. Severe conditions could not be controlled by icing
removing systems and would be the most hazardous and would probably require immediate emergency

Aviation Icing Essay
Abstract
During this research paper we will be looking into the definition of flight into known icing as it's described by the Federal Aviation Administration
(FAA) with special emphasis on the word known or forecasted icing as a legal requirement for both pilots and aircraft. We will look at aircraft systems
designed for such operations and we will be analyzing the misunderstanding that many pilots have about this issue. One of the biggest misconceptions
is that an aircraft equipped with deicing equipment makes it rated for known icing conditions. We will briefly look at the regulations on aircraft
certifications and look at the procedures to make an aircraft certified for icing conditions and some of the new technologies that make it easier to
operate in this environment. With all the advancements it could easily be said that the chances of an accident ever happening due to flight into ice is
almost nonexistent. With an accident review we will see that all aircraft suffer from the same fatal flaw as batman's utility belt, the systems only work
if the pilot knows and utilizes them. In conclusion we will look at the best practices a pilot can employ to improve flight safety and reduce the risks
involved.
Icing Rules
First a note of the difference between ground deicing procedures done before flight and the airborne deicing procedures as part of aircraft equipment.
We will be focusing more on airborne anti–icing as part of Aircrafts rating for flight and

Flaked Beach Salt
Flaked sea salt: Good for bringing a complex flavor to steamed vegetables or shellfish. Crushing this type of salt between the fingers and letting it fall
on your food can create a briny taste on it. England's Essex coast is where the most popular brand, Maldon, is harvested. The texture of this salt is soft,
sheer and it has pyramid–like shapes. To buy this type of salt, you can search specialty–food stores and also the internet. Fleur de Sel: This is a
special–occasion table salt that is used for many dinners. It's a type of salt that is good for using to sprinkle on freshly sliced tomato, melon, etc.
Fleur de Sel salt originated in coastal salt ponds in France. Fleur de Sel salt is hand harvested, conditions have to be just right (lots of sun and wind)
for it to "bloom" like a flower on the surface of the water. Fleur de Sel is a type of salt that melts slowly inside the mouth. Its pleasantful flavors
linger on the tongue when it is eaten. To buy this salt, you can look in specialty–food stores and you can also shop online for it. Expect to pay about
$11–$44 depending on how many ounces you buy.
Rock salt: Rock salt it used for making ice cream and deicing. Rock salt is paired with ice in old–fashioned hand–cranked ice cream makers to regulate
the temperature. It is also used to deice sidewalks and driveways in the winter. Rock ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Artemia, the only genus in the family of Artamidae, has changed a little since the Triassic period. The historical appearance of the existence of
Artemia goes back to 982 originated in Urmia Lake, Iran, the first unambiguous record is the report, drawings produced by SchlГ¶sser in 1757 of
animals from Lymington, England. Artemia populations are found around the whole world in inland saltwater lakes, unlike oceans. Artemia are able
to avoid cohabiting with most types of predators, such as fish, by their ability to live in waters of very high salinity (up to

Definitions And Differences : Current Trends And Practices
Current Trends and Practices Although conductive concrete has not been implemented into highways and runways, there have been many experiments
and applications of it on a smaller scale. Conductive concrete has been used in making small bridges, tunnel portales, and slabs for testing. One
prototype application of conductive concrete is the Roca Spur Bridge on Nebraska Highway 77 South, a three–span highway bridge at 46m (150 ft) long
and 11 m (36 ft) wide. "Completed in 2002, its deck incorporates a 100 mm (4 in.) thick conductive concrete inlay containing steel fibers and carbon
materials, respectively comprising 1.5 and 25% of the total concrete volume. The inlay consists of 52 slab units–each 1.2 x 4.1 m (4 x 14 ft) in
plan–that can be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hai Viet Vo investigated, "...the thermal conductivity of asphalt pavement with an addition of graphite powder as a conductive filler. It was concluded
that the time for snow–melting process could be shortened by increasing the amount of graphite content; about half amount of the time could be
reduced with a 20 percent of graphite added"(Park & Vo, 2017). This shows that there is not yet an exact recipe for the most effective conductive
concrete yet. Even now different materials are being tested in the mix to determine the most effective, efficient, and environmentally friendly product.
It would be prudent to conclude that conductive concrete that is economically feasible, and unharmful to the environment could easily be implemented
into the construction of small–scale sidewalks, and with that, could be used in larger projects such as highways.
Controversies and Debates On the other hand, there are concerns that come with conductive concrete. Those concerns are about the economic
feasibility and environmental impact of the application of conductive concrete. When it comes to environmental impact, conductive concrete would
only be positive. It eliminates the need for traditional methods of deicing, such as plowing, natural melting, traffic movement and chemical treatment.
The traditional methods also have a negative impact on their surroundings, "Applying chemical

Chemical Bonds
The article "Toward roads that de–ice themselves" can be linked with our "Chemical Bonds" project. This article talks about a chemical compound that
would be more efficient in de–icing roads than salt. As stated in the article salt alone wears away fast, and it has to be reapplied almost every day. The
solution was a mixture of salt potassium and bitumen. This mixture was just as sturdy as before and it de–iced better than salt. The pros to this were
that of it were embedded then it would last for years, it's a better deicer than salt alone, and it was more effective. The cons were how expensive it
would be to embed this compound into the streets. This connects with our "Chemical Bonds" project because it deals with making qualitative
observations, chemical compounds, and chemical bonds. This article... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first compound they started off with was NaCl which is table salt. They noticed that table salt alone wasn't doing a great job so they tried CHKO2,
which is the formula for potassium formate. Potassium formate is an ionic compound which is a chemical compound in which ions are held together
by electrostatic forces termed ionic bonding. After they created this compound they liked the results so they didn't need another compound. As you can
see they used chemical compounds by taking single elements and putting them together to make a new substance to de–ice the roads. This article used
chemical bonds because in addition to the last paragraph to have compounds to need to have chemical bonds. A chemical bond is an attraction between
atoms that allows the formation of a chemical. In the article they bonded together different elements to make compounds, which they in turn helped
de–ice the streets. The chemical bond helped make a salt–polymer composite which would help the CHKO2 compound to stay in the road for years.
Chemical bonds help the atoms stay together and keep compounds

Flight 751 Research Papers
Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS) Flight 751 landed at Stockholm/Arlanda Airport I on 26 December, 1991, at 2209 hours. Little did they know,
within 24 hours that would be the last time it would land at an airport. The plane landed on a slush covered filled after it had snowed at the airport.
Upon landing, the wings still had roughly 2,550 kilograms of fuel left in each of them. There the plane sat at a gate and at around 0200 hours on 27
December, 1991, a flight technician had finished inspecting the airplane and had noted that ice had formed on upper portion of the wings.
By morning it was noted by a technician at 0730 hours that frost was found on the underside of the wing, but after inspection of the upper wing he
could not see any ice formed on it. It would later be found out that there was indeed ice on it, but not a kind that is completely visible, and the ice
that was found on the wing was in fact clear ice. The reason this ice likely formed on the wing was due to fuel being left in the wings overnight where
the temperature within it was –20В° C. Alongside that it had snowed overnight while the plane sat, which made ice and slush build up on the wings.
Which amounted to nearly 10 inches of slush on top of the wings, in the morning.
After preforming deicing procedures, they concluded that the plane was free of ice and ready for takeoff. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Also, if the pilots had been trained on ATR or had even known that ATR was inside the plane, they would have known how to deactivate it and not
have to make an emergency landed that could have ended deadly. In the end, they changed procedures to make sure planes did not takeoff with ice still
on them, and they made sure to train all pilots on ATR going

Increase Of Regulation For Winter Road Maintenance
Increase in Regulation for Winter Road Maintenance Everyone has dealt with an experience where they are driving down a "cleaned" road, and all
of a sudden, they hit an ice patch. The winter road crews have been over the roads, but nevertheless, the road is not safe. The lane will be clean.
Then, a block later, it will be covered in ice. In the city of Nampa, this situation tends to be encountered more than necessary. When someone travels
from Canyon County to Ada County, there is a clear distinction between the levels of care. Roads in Boise are usually better taken care of compared to
the morning traffic in Nampa. The Treasure Valley needs to increaseroad maintenance in the winter creating more mandates for care and researching
for a better understanding and process for salting and clean up. For Idaho, statistics show the negative repercussions and dangers of weather–related
accidents. One study was completed by the United States Department of Transportation showing how weather relates to car accident statistics (U.S.
Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration). In the United States yearly, about 22% of crashes and 16% of fatalities were based
off weather related incidents such as slick roads and bad conditions (U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration). Over a ten
year study, 33% of weather related accidents were based off of snow, sleet, and ice conditions (U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway
Administration).

Applying A Thin Bonded Concrete Overlay
individual repairs, consider using a thin–bonded concrete overlay. Fig –26: Popouts, Scaling and Spalling.
2.11 SCALING
Scaling is the general loss of surface mortar exposed to freezing and thawing. The aggregate is usually clearly exposed and often stands out from the
concrete.
2.11.1 Causes
1.Scaling is primarily a physical action caused by hydraulic pressure from water freezing within the concrete and not usually caused by chemical
corrosive action.
2. When pressure exceeds the tensile strength of concrete, scaling can result if entrained–air voids are not present to act as internal pressure relief valves.
3. Scaling is also caused due to the use of deicing solutions. Fig –27: Scaling of Concrete Surface
2.11.2 Remedies
Begin by thoroughly removing any loose material to create a relatively smooth surface. Contact the repair material manufacturer for guidance. Most
manufacturers suggest surface preparation should include repairing shallow delaminations, surface, scaling, and aggregate popouts. This may require
grinding the resulting rough surface. The committee recommends trying to achieve a concrete surface profile in the range of 3 to 5 as described in the
International Concrete Repairs Institute 's Document 03732.
This is often the best range for applying most liquid–applied membranes and most thin coatings. Most liquid–applied products are not intended to level
off or hide imperfections, although trowel–grade materials can sometimes be used for this purpose.

The Effect Of Salt For Deicing
Living in a place that snows a lot in the winter, after snowing, the cold temperature created ice on the roads and sidewalks. The ice makes the road
slippery and it can be very dangerous for people when they are both driving and walking. The ice must be cleaned as fast as possible to make the road
passable and to prevent accidents. This is where de–icing chemicals come to work. Transport and road management governments would send trucks go
around the roads and spread a mixture of salt and sand so that the ice would melt quickly than usual. People would also use deicers for the same
reasons at their home and their neighborhoods. In 2008, U.S. consumption of salt for deicing was 22.6 Mt, which was about 9% more than that of
2007. It required more rock salt usage because of the greater winter precipitation in late 2008. The United States produced more salts than any other
countries in the world until the year of 2005, when China surpassed the United States to become the leading producing nation (Kostick, 2010).
Chemicals using for deicing have physical and chemical properties; their melting capacities have great differences due to their properties. Some
common de–icing chemicals are sodium chloride and calcium chloride; however, they are sometime replaced by sodium bicarbonate, magnesium
chloride considering the environmental effects on plants and animals. "Concerns about the extent and severity of environmental impacts of road
deicing salt have concerned environmental

The American Dream
The "American Dream" has been re–defined – in many ways. A spouse with 2.5 children standing in front of a two–story colonial in a quiet
neighborhood is not everyone's dream. Some people make a conscious choice not to bring children into the world. Some millennials want the right to
marry whomever they chose – male or female. Some people prefer city living to suburban life. And, in today's economically stressed times, some
millennials have opted for alternative living arrangements to put their money towards actually living life – travelling, volunteering/donating,
socializing, and/or advanced learning. Whereas every night used to be spent with family in front of a console television watching prejudicial
situation comedies like Archie Bunker, times have changed. Bigotry is not tolerated, on tv or in real life. Families are no longer spending nights
huddled together watching television. Kids are in organized sports or on their "mobile devices" snapping with friends. Parents are out at wine and
paint nights, book clubs or bowling leagues. Sedentary jobs have replaced manual factory jobs. Likewise, when people get home instead of being
tired from the manual work they are now tired from sitting and feel a need to move. Times have changed and so has homeownership. What people call
home has changed dramatically. People are living in "tiny houses", posh adult–only living communities, recreational vehicles and even tree houses.
Today's economy has some people living

Write An Essay On Asphalt Pavement
For many people, winter is the most delightful season of all. For your asphalt parking lot, however, winter can be the cruelest season that it will face. It
is not at all uncommon for property owners to be shocked by the amount of damage that their parking lots incurred between autumn and spring.
Understanding how winter weather can affect your asphalt pavement can help you minimize winter's impact.
Freezing Temperatures
One of the worst things for your asphalt pavement is the repeated cycles of freezing and thawing that can occur during the winter. Asphalt contracts and
expands as temperatures fluctuate, and as long as no water penetration occurs, your pavement should survive the winter in good shape. However, if
there are cracks in the pavement, water ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Inexperienced ones, however, can set the blade too low, resulting in gouges in the pavement.
Results: In addition to marring the pavement's appearance, tearing out chunks of asphalt can give water another way to penetrate beneath the pavement
Prevention: Hire a professional who has experience with the machine that will be used to clear your parking lot
Chemicals Used to Melt Ice
Chemical deicers and salt can take a heavy toll on asphalt that is already beginning to deteriorate as well as asphalt pavement that is not protected by
sealcoating. Traditional rock salt usually will not be effective at temperatures below 15 degrees, increasing the chances of water penetration when the
melted ice refreezes and thaws again.
Results: Larger cracks, potential alligator cracking, potholes
Prevention: If you must use a deicing chemical, consider choosing calcium magnesium acetate, calcium chloride or magnesium chloride. If possible,
use sand

Persuasive Essay On How To Keep Dogs Safe In The Winter
No matter how much your pets may enjoy playing in the snow, they are still susceptible to a number of risks including frostbite and hypothermia. Keep
your favorite furry friends safe this winter with these simple tips.
Bundle up and keep those furs on
Regardless of how beautiful and thick our beloved pets' furs are, they won't totally keep off the cold.
"For the same reason that mountain climbers can get hypothermia no matter what type of protective clothing they are wearing, mammalian systems for
heat retention and regulation can be overwhelmed by excessive cold," Oregon veterinarian Marla J. McGeorge, DVM, told WebMD.
If you plan on taking your dogs out for a walk, keep them safe and warm by making them wear sweaters before bracing the bitter cold. Meanwhile,
cat–lovers are advised not to let their furry friends out during the winter season, as their fur coat only works when it's dry and they probably won't
tolerate wearing pet clothes for extra protection.
Wipe off those paws
While sprinkling salt on your pavement is a great idea to melt those ice, they are also harming your pet's paws.
WebMD says that salt–spread on the sidewalks actually burns the pads of your pooch's feet. Furthermore, they also cause digestive problems when
licked off.
Dr. Rebecca Ruch–Gallie, service chief for the Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital's community practice suggests wiping your
dog's paws after a walk and rinsing them as soon as possible if they stepped on

Construction Industry Council ( Cic )
Steel has been one of the key materials for a modern society from the past to these days, while its manufacture is one of the main contributors of carbon
emission in the world. In order to drive the construction industry to apply more sustainable materials, Construction Industry Council (CIC) has
launched a voluntary and Hong Kong–based Carbon Labelling Scheme for Construction Materials covering Cement, Reinforcing Bar, and Structural
Steel. Steel, being a very significant material in building industry in Hong Kong, has a considerable carbon footprint throughout its life cycle.
There are two different routes of steel making, Basic Oxygen Steelmaking (BOS) and Electric Arc Furnace Steelmaking (EAS).
Basic Oxygen Steelmaking is a primary steelmaking method, in which convert carbon–rich molten pig iron into steel due to oxidizing action. Oxygen
was blown into the melt under a basic slag. It is the most powerful and effective steel making method. The converter used for steel making is called
as Basic Oxygen Furnace. There is about 67% of steel in the world is produced using Basic Oxygen Steelmaking. The process of Basic Oxygen
Steelmaking was developed in 1948 by Robert Durrer and commercialized in 1952–1953 by Austrian VOEST and Г–AMG. The modern furnace takes
a charge of up to 350 tons iron and converts it into steel within 40 minutes.
The advantage of using Basic Oxygen Steelmaking is cost efficient, as it doesn't burn fuel. However, it requires the separate creation of

Personal Narrative: Caeley
There are so many people that are special in my life but some one that stands out like the one bright star in the midnight sky is my cousin, Caeley.
There are many people I would write about but since Caeley and I are the same age and create this special bond that brings us so close together.
Caeley has a very humorous and generous personality that will bring a smile to all faces that come upon her. When we're in a bad situation Caeley
will have something to say that brings a smile back to your faces. She is like the one smiley face that's hanging out with the other depressed faces.
When Caeley and I are together I known that at some point I will have a big smile on my face. It's most unlikely that Caeley and I will get bad at
each other but when we do... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We were laying down for a nap but of course what four year old girls would what to take a nap? Us girls would be nothing but trouble at nap time
I'll tell you that. Deicing to play beauty shop with scissors, brushes, and all not knowing what trouble we're getting into that time, all we wanted to
do was have a little fun! Sitting in a chair in front of a big mirror getting ready for my new hair style. We don't remember too much about who cut
each of our hair but all the hair on the ground would most likely not magically reappear back on our heads. Leaving the ''beauty shop'' hoping that
known one would notice what we did or at least not getting into trouble as normal, but just like any other time getting into more trouble, and a real
trip to the salon. Lucky for Caeley that her hair was to her shoulder leaving me with hair above my ears. I would always were this one hat to cover
up the mess that I was hiding underneath. Being a good friend and not making fun of my hair was all that I would ever ask from her (and maybe don't
cut my hair so short next time, which there won't be a next

International Aviation Industry And Regulatory Officials
A Year After the Imposition of New Limits on U.S. Flight Operations Conducted in Ground Icing Conditions, International Aviation Industry and
Regulatory Officials Continue to Work to Contain Icing Threats. This Special Report, Examining Their Efforts and the Drive to Establish Universal
Standards for Such Operations, Was Prepared by Southeast U.S. Bureau Chief James T. McKenna in Cocoa Beach, European Editor Pierre Sparaco in
Paris and Engineering Editor Michael A. Dornheim in Los Angeles.
International aviation officials are attempting to forge worldwide standards for improving the safety of flight operations conducted in ground icing
conditions.
The fledgling effort by members of international aviation and standards ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
National Transportation Safety Board, said. "Fatal accidents should not be allowed to be the only catalyst for development" of safer practices.
U.S. regulatory, manufacturing and airline officials have been working more closely with their counterparts in Europe and other regions of the world
since the 1992 LaGuardia crash. That accident followed crashes of a Canadian operated Fokker 28 at Dryden, Ontario, in 1989 and a U.S.– built
McDonnell Douglas MD– 81 operated by Scandinavian Airlines System in 1991.
Several international meetings over the last year have addressed, among other things, disparities in the regulatory and operational treatment of ground
icing threats. International organizations are taking steps to correct them.
European aviation officials are maintaining their long– standing lead in efforts to make operations in ground icing conditions safer. Minimum
ground–icing safety practices vary widely from country to country and even from airline to airline throughout the world. Europe 's Joint Airworthiness
Authorities are conducting a broad, coordinated review of technical and flight operations in winter conditions. And members of the Assn. of European
Airlines are pressing to distill the lessons learned by carriers experienced with ground icing conditions, such as those in northern Europe, Scandinavia
and Russia, into guidelines that can be used by airlines worldwide.
As a result of those campaigns and

Short Story
Her stated preference for white gold acted in Richard the thought that there was so much he didn't about Lexi, maybe she had preferred it back then,
but he couldn't recall. All the little details and events that occurred in the intervening years. The love for her that he'd back then was still there, and
she was still the same person that he'd missed and dreamed of spending his life with, but as he'd grown to a man from a boy, she'd transformed from
a girl into a woman, and that brooked changes in any person. However, rather than it, causing a feeling of dejection, or brining on a sense of anger at
not being there to witness that transformation, he found himself excited by the prospect. Of discovering all there was to know about Lexi, the... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Brining an extra pinch of the bud between his fingers as she turned towards him. He arched a brow, and then bit his lip as her touch trailed down,
brushing against his cock as she unzipped his pants. Kicking his shoes off, he pushed into her toucheses "So considerate babe," and returned the
lingering kiss, his lips moving softly against hers. "And, I believe we've already started," He issued a light spank to her butt, before he slid his
hand back up and curled his fingers gently in her hair. Richard pulled Lexi's head back and placed a bite on he neck, simultaneously wriggling his
hips until his pants dropped down his legs and to the floor. "However, you're a little behind." Repaying her for her mischeviousness, he nudged her
backwards, halfway into the shower, but not quite under the water which patterned onto the tile floor and raised steam around them, tugged her
blouse loose of her pants, slipped his hand under the fabric and deftly unsnapped the clasp of her bra. "You taught me how to do that." Richard
shrugged and shot Lexi a wink before he just as deftly hiked her blouse up to expose her tits to his view. "I missed these." After providing Lexi's firm
tits with a admiring glance, he bent to kiss both, pulling the cups of her bra completely free, and alternately worked his way down the slopes of both.
When he reached a nipple, sucked it between his lips and flicked back and forth with the tip of his tongue. Simultaneously,

Deicer Lab Essay
Abstract Through three different experiments we were to find the quality of NaCl as a deicer. These experiments included testing the freezing point
depression of NaCl in solution at two different concentrations, testing for the H of an aqueous NaCl solution, and combining NaCl with MgCl2 in an
aqueous solution to test for freezing point depression. Through these various experiments we found NaCl to be the best deicer for our region due to its
proficient freezing point depression and its cost efficiency.
Introduction
As scientists we were given the task to find the overall effectiveness of NaCl as a deicer. In choosing the best deicer we are comparing NaCl to KCl,
MgCl2, and CaCl2. We believed NaCl to be the best deicer as it... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Results & Discussion
Day One ResultsTrial| Volume H2O(ml)| Grams NaCl| Molarity of Solution| Final Freezing temperature(C)| Theoretical Change in Temperature(C)| 1|
10| 0.255| 0.436| –1.5| –0.45| 2| 10| 0.255| 0.436| –1.2| –0.45| 3| 10| 0.250| 0.428| –1.2| –0.44| 1| 9.9| 0.502| 0.868| –3.6| –0.89| 2| 9.9| 0.499| 0.863| –3.2|
–0.88| 3| 10| 0.503| 0.861| –3.3| –0.88|
Calculations for Day One
Tf=(mass solute)(i)(molarity of solution)
Sample Calc: (.512)(2)(.863)=.8837
Molality=mols solute/kg of solution
Sample Calc: 0.499gNaCl/mm NaCl (58.44g)=.00854mol=> .00854mol/.0099kg=.863M
Analysis Day One
Through our data acquisition on day one our predicted values for the change in temperature of our NaCl solution in water was slightly off. This was
most likely due to recording the freezing temperature sometime after the precise moment of the solution freezing. However, we predicted that as we
doubled our concentration of NaCl in solution the freezing point depression would also double which is consistent with our results. Through our day
one experiments we were able to better understand the ability of NaCl as a deicer by understanding how the freezing point depression changes based on
concentration. We could further test these results by testing with different concentrations of NaCl.
Day 2 Results Trial| Volume Room Temperature Water (ml)|

Aircraft Icing
Introduction Plane crashes occur for a number of reasons. There seems to be a consensus with the general public that flying is dangerous, engines
fail and planes crash. That is true some times, although the majority of plane crashes occur largely due to a combination of human error and
mechanical failure. In much of aviations accidents mechanical failure has been a contributing factor. It is impossible however to blame plane crashes
on one reason since events leading up to an accident are so varied. Reasoning for plane crashes can be placed in a broad number of categories.
Environmental conditions play a vital part in aviation as a whole. Much planning goes into a flight based on the current and forecast weather conditions
for... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It also issued 18 airworthiness directives for all pilots operating small commuter aircraft, instructing them on how to recognize and respond to
dangerous icing conditions. (Krock, 2004, 4). As a step to resolve icing accident investigations the FAA has issued airworthiness directives for aviation
operators such as: Monitoring ice build–up, and getting out of icing conditions if the buildup is unusually high, on anti–icing equipment sooner rather
than later, avoid abrupt and excessive maneuvering that may exacerbate control difficulties, do not extend flaps when holding in icing conditions
(which can reduce angle of attack), If flaps are extended, do not retract until the airframe is clear of ice, and report icing conditions to ATC. (Holzapfel,
2000, 9). Aircraft icing is closely studied in wind tunnels, although it is very difficult for them to simulate different icing conditions. Such icing
research is conducted at John H. Glenn Research Center using the Icing Research Tunnel, the largest refrigerated icing tunnel in the world, and the
Twin Otter icing research aircraft. New techniques are also under investigation for testing subscale components in icing tunnels. "A new area of interest
is in the field of remote detection of icing condition. This could encompass technologies utilizing ground–based, in–flight, or satellite mounted detection
methods" (Potapczuk, 6). Goodrich has come up with a high–tech solution to the problem of detecting ice on aircraft

Freeze And Thaw In Concrete
The Effects of Freeze and Thaw in Concrete
Most people think concrete is an impenetrable solid. But in actually, concrete is a porous material with many capillaries and voids throughout the
surface. Although concrete is strong in compressive strength, it is weak in tensile stength and elasticity. Concrete can tolerate heavy loads, but it is
susceptible to damage which causes it to break apart over time.
One damaging effect is freezing water. When water melts, it absorbs into the pores and capillaries. As the water freezes and expands, it weakens the
strength of the concrete. This causes concrete scaling, delamination, and cracking.
The freeze and thaw cycle isn't restricted to just northern climates. It also occurs in warmer climates where the temperature drops below freezing at
night, and rises above freezing during the day. Sometimes deicing chemicals are applied to the surface to temporary lower the melting point of ice by ...
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This will help prevent water absorption as well as expansion.
Another popular solution is replacing the soil with more porous alternatives, such as sand and gravel. To divert water away from the foundation, you
can also dig a subterranean reservoir on the property.
How the Freeze and Thaw Cycle Damages Foundations
Since the freeze and thaw cycle damages concrete surfaces, it can also cause shifts and cracks beneath the home's foundation. Soil within a high water
table are particularly problematic since they have poor drainage around the property.
Although you can't prevent the freeze and thaw cycle, you can protect your foundation. At MFS Basement and Foundation Repair, we implement water
management systems, such as heavy–duty sump pumps, interior/exterior drainage systems, French drains, and a surface drainage. We also provide
foundation repair products to fix foundation cracks and settlement

Crank Book Report
The book Crank sure of course does have a lot of poor judgement in it, but I think it could be a great book for a kid around my age to sit down and
read. When I first picked up the book and started to read to read it I never thought I would end on the mind frame that I did. It for sure is a long book,
and does contain some graphic material, but it is for sure worth reading in my opinion, and I think you should definitely keep this book, for all you
know, it could be the best book a kid has ever picked up and read, I know it was for me.
One of the main reasons I'm sure you want to ban this book is because of the profanity used in it. Yes, there is a lot of foul language use in this
book, but when you think about it kids are used to hearing people cuss, and reading it is a lot less worse than hearing them or saying them in my
opinion. The cuss words add a lot of character to the book to be honest, it sets the mood a lot of times. It would not be fair for someones who is older
and more mature to not be able to read it because some little kid can't be serious about it. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There was a lot of details in this book that I really enjoyed reading, and i think others would too. A big thing that this book tackled was drug
addiction, and I think that is something that a lot of times gets overlooked, and it most certainly shouldn't. Reading this book actually helped me
realize that I never want to pick up drugs in my life, and I think that someone else could have that mind set after just reading a little bit of this book!
Banning people from real world situations just is not practical, and no where near fair, because somewhere out there is a kid eager to learn and
absorb this kind of knowledge, but every day someone gets offended and takes away our privilege to learn something value and useful in our lives
now AND

Aircraft Icing And Its Effects On All Aircraft
Abstract The following is an in–depth look on aircraft icing and the harsh effects it has on all aircraft. Mother Nature has been around far longer than
any of us. Weather is not going anywhere anytime soon and it is our responsibility no matter what our position in the aviation community to
understand and deal with these conditions properly. Aircraft icing is not completely preventable but with the proper techniques, tools and
knowledge can be dealt with safely. Aviation in general is far to precious and should not be denied by any weather condition. Within this reading I
hope one can understand and have a thorough understand of exactly what icing is and how both the aircraft and aircrew can help to prevent a
serious mishap form occurring. Title: Subtitle Leonardo da Vinci once said "When once you have tasted flight, you will forever walk the earth with
your eyes turned skyward, for there you have been, and there you will always long to return. Aviation today is often thought of as only a mode of
transportation to take you from one location to another destination. For others, aviation is a passion and their one and only true love. Aviation in
general is expensive and can put a deep burden on your wallet, whether traveling commercially or pursuing an instrument rating while chasing dreams.
Have you ever thought of why aviation in general is so expensive? It is not because of the rising cost of fuel or the fancy aircraft you are reclining in
but rather the gigantic

Road Salt In Canada
Introduction
The only resource currently used the Canadian Government for de–icing the roads during the winter is road salt. Yet scientists have found through
research that the continued use of road salt is not only harmful to the environment (Novotny, & Stefan, 2012; Equiza et al., 2017) which is also harmful
to the health and general well–being of the population. Such reports have been published across countries and specifically in Canada (Priority
substances list assessment report, 2001). Furthermore, the Canadian government has also conducted a report that highlighted in detail the negative
environmental impacts of road salt. (Priority substances list assessment report, 2001). However, road salts are still used by governments to create ...
Although some individuals and governmental bodies sway towards minimizing and controlling usage, some other groups believe it is best to eradicate
the usage of road salt altogether. Both of these are good suggestions and will definitely address the problem. However it is important to evaluate any
suggestions and understand how the factors discussed above contribute to the increased use of road

Canaan Valley Wetland
Significant change has been detected in the Canaan Valley area with high accuracies. There was a serious wetland loss from 56.17% in 1993 to
28.57% in 2002 in Canaan Valley area due to the dramatically decrease in forested/ shrub wetland. The remaining total wetland area was estimated
only 8814.606 acres by 2002, which was about half of wetland in 1993. The dominant wetland type was still forested/shrub wetland. Emergent
wetland occupied a small amount with 16.6% of total wetland area. The Canaan Valley National Wildlife Refuge kept the main wetland. Both dry
season (see in Appendix) and rainy season data show this big decrease happened in south part of Canaan Valley area. The disappeared wetland was
replaced by urban area. From 1993 to 2002, urban area increased from 7.54% to 42.44% of total Canaan Valley area.... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A lot of human actions lead to this wetland change such as developing urban area, tilling for crop production, and building a transportation system.
It's clear to see that the major wetland area remained is in the east part of Tucker County, which is far away from the cities and roads network
(Figure 5.1). Urbanization is a major cause of wetland loss. With increased population, more and more areas need to be extended for human
activities. For many years, the value of wetland was underestimated. Roads and bridges are frequently constructed across wetlands since people
thought wetlands have low land value. It is often considered to be more cost effective to build roads or bridges across wetlands than around them.
Road and bridge construction activities can increase sediment loading to wetlands. Rock salt used for deicing roads can damage or

Aircraft Icing Essay
Aircraft Icing
Aircraft Icing
What are the Causes and Possible Solutions?
Richard C. Williams
Commercial Aviation Safety
Mr. Gary Tindall
February 28, 2009
Aircraft Icing
CONTENTS:
Page
3 ................................................Abstract 4 ................................................Introduction 4 ............................................... Icing Causes:
4................................................ Carburetor icing: 5................................................ Structural Icing 6................................................. Types of
Structural Icing 8................................................. Icing protection systems 9.................................................Conclusion
10.................................................References
Aircraft Icing
ABSTRACT
Ice and aircrafts are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A forced landing was subsequently made in a field, where the airplane collided with a utility pole and landed in a ditch. An examination of the engine
revealed no evidence of mechanical failure or malfunction. An icing probability chart revealed that the reported weather conditions in the area were
favorable for the formation of moderate carburetor icing at cruise power. The Cessna 172M owner's manual notes that a gradual loss in rpm and
eventual engine roughness may result from the formation of carburetor ice and prescribes the use of carburetor heat to clear the ice. (Civil Aviation

Authority, 2006).
Structural Icing: The previous report refers to induction icing within the engine, but other forms of icing attach to the exterior of the aircraft called
"structural icing". Airframe or structural icing refers to the accumulation of ice on the exterior of the aircraft during flight through
Aircraft Icing
clouds or liquid precipitation when the skin temperature of the aircraft is equal to, or less than 0 deg C (Lester, 2004).
Types of Structural Icing: Structural icing takes on many forms depending on the size of the moisture that comes in contact with the aircraft. The
types of structural ice are clear, rime and a combination of the two. The primary concern over even the slightest amount of structural ice is the loss of
aerodynamic efficiency. The increase in drag caused by the additional ice also causes an increase in stall speed, instability and a decrease in

The Effects Of Homeschooling On Children And Public Schools
Introduction: Homeschooling is becoming much more common now than it was years ago. Parents are now preferring to homeschool their children
over public school due to many reasons such as religion, safety, academic quality travel, family togetherness, separation of government and school,
mastery over grades, expenses, and focusing on learning plans made for the student. Public schools are institutions, which are funded by tax revenues
from the government. Schools have boundaries to then figure out which students will attend a certain school to avoid overcrowding. The schools
curriculum is drawn up by the state and they follow a standardized testing result and other measurements, which gives the state information of how the
school is performing. According to Isabel Shaw, there are an abundance of pros and cons of deicing to homeschool your children. Some key points
from this article were:
Homeschooling Pros The advantages of homeschooling your children are that as a parent you get to decide what your child learns and at what age
depending on their ability and level of interested and as a student you get to choose how long you want to learn about a topic and when you want to.
During difficult times in the family or new transitions such as having a baby, moving, or a death in the family, homeschooling stabilizes the family
because you don't have to worry about missing school since you can figure out a time that works best for the family to continue learning during

B-25 Mitchell Research Papers
The B–25 Mitchell is a plane that was used as a medium bomber during World War II by The Army Air Corp. The Reason for its creation was
because of the need of a new and improved medium bomber. This bomber went on to be a major role in The Doolittle Raid. The company known as
North American Aviation to date has created nearly 10,000 B–25 Mitchells. Over the four decades of service the B–25 Mitchell came across many new
and improved models such as the B–25A – B–25H. The B–25 is one of the most well known bombers during World War II and is a symbol of just how
powerful America was in the war. In the year of 1938 the Army Air Corp was looking for a new type of medium sized bomber. The Army Air Corp was
looking for a bomber that could meet their... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Out of all theses models the most popular where the B–25A, B–25B, and the B–25C. When the B–25A was first created it was limited to a three man
crew with a light armor shell and two operating gun turrets. After seeing that technology was becoming a big role in military, North American Aviation
took the B–25A back to the drawing board. After making a few minor adjustments, the North American Aviation B
–25B rolled off the assembly line.
The all new B–25B had a brand new autopilot system aboard, while being able to accommodate a six man crew, gaining to new power operated gun
turrets but in the end losing the tail gunner. While the B–25B was going into service North American Aviation was already back at it thinking of new
and improved ways to already make the aircraft better than it already was. This ended up leading to the creation of the new structurally, and
mechanically modified B–25C. How the new aircraft was structurally modified is by the change in the aircraft's dihedral which lead to the aircraft
being more stable while in flight. The new and improved B–25C also included and new plexiglass window for the navigator, new deicing components
to keep ice from forming on the wings, and also included heavier weaponry in the nose of the aircraft to help keep the B–25C protected at all

Flight Operations Into Known Icing
Flight Operations into Known Icing
Bartholomew H. Hatcher
Student ID #27656509
Liberty University
Abstract
During this research paper we will be looking into the definition of flight into known icing as it's described by the Federal Aviation Administration
(FAA) with special emphasis on the word known or forecasted icing as a legal requirement for both pilots and aircraft. We will look at aircraft systems
designed for such operations and we will be analyzing the misunderstanding that many pilots have about this issue. One of the biggest misconceptions
is that an aircraft equipped with deicing equipment makes it rated for known icing conditions. We will briefly look at the regulations on aircraft
certifications and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We will be focusing more on airborne anti–icing as part of Aircrafts rating for flight and the known icing conditions as defined by the FAA. While
ground removal of ice is not the focus FAR 135.227 and FAR 91.527 state.
"No pilot may take off an aircraft that has frost, ice, or snow adhering to any rotor blade, propeller, windshield, stabilizing or control surface; to a
power plant installation; or to an airspeed, altimeter, rate of climb, flight attitude instrument system, or wing, except that takeoffs may be made with
frost under the wing in the area of the fuel tanks if authorized by the FAA." (FAR, 2016)
There are always exceptions to this rule including meeting training requirements of FAR 135.341 and meeting additional criteria outlined in FAR
135.227.
There are several deferent types of ground de–icing including manual removal and the use of chemicals or solutions (some heated) to remove ice and
snow or preventing ice buildup on the aircraft during the takeoff phase of flight. This is only to protect the aircraft until the aircrafts own anti–icing
equipment can become effective. Some good sources for ground deicing processes and procedures can be found in Aeronautics Information Manual
(AIM) under section 7–5–14. As well as the FAA's Standardized International Aircraft Ground Deice Program (SIAGDP) (2010).
Defining Icing Conditions The definition of known icing conditions can be found in the (AIM, 7–1–22 table 7–1–9) and defines it as.

The Crash Of The United States
On December 13th, 1982 one of the most memorable plane accidents happened on Fourteenth Street bridge which happens to cross over the Potomac
River. On a cold and snowy day just after 4 o'clock a 737 Boeing airplane crashed into the river near Washington D.C. The flight was supposed to
return to Ft. Lauderdale, however, snow in Washington briefly closed the airport. When the airport reopened, the plane was de–iced, but still had
difficulties once it got into the air due to the ice. Seventy–four passengers and five crew members were on the plane and unfortunately seventy–three of
them died. When the plane crashes, it struck multiple vehicles and then hit a section of the bridge. On the bridge four people were killed and another
four people were injured. The main reason so many perished were due to the extreme cold of the water, the snow storm conditions and the heavy traffic,
which prevented firefighters from reaching the site of the crash, and the failures of Air Florida's flight crew. The water temperature in the Potomac at
the time was around thirty–four degrees Fahrenheit. According to Amanda Ripley's "The Unthinkable", "humans have a low tolerance for extreme
temperatures and cannot spend long periods of time in those ranges. After a certain amount of time heart rates start to lower, blood vessels constrict
which causes pain. Blood would begin to abandon extremities to frostbite, choosing to save your heart instead". All three of these conditions lead to a
higher death

Contaminated Groundwater
Did you know that, drinking contaminated water can cause diseases such as hepatitis? Poising may be caused by toxins that have leached into well
water supplies. Materials from the lands surface can move through soil and end up in the groundwater. Wildlife can also be harmed by contaminated
groundwater. Over 50% of the United States population depends on groundwater for drinking water. It can be related towaste disposal, land disposal of
solid waste and brine disposal from the petroleum industry.
To begin waste disposal, is removing and destroying or storing damaged unwanted domestic. Disposal includes burning, burial at landfill sites, and
recycling. Trash cans, can affect groundwater quality, especially if you dispose of it improperly. Roadside dumps as well... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Brine requires proper disposal which many times require permits or other regulatory compliance actions. Brine
disposal has many methods such as sewer discharge, deicing agent, evaporation pond, and surface water discharge. The cost on disposal is depending
on three factors, volume discharged, concentration of biological oxygen demand, and concentration of total suspended solids. Brine underflow slows
down along the bay bottoms, limiting oxygen transport to the sediments.
To sum up, groundwater contamination can be related to waste disposal, land disposal of solid waste, and brine disposal from the petroleum industry.
Over 50% of the United States population depends on ground water for drinking water. Water management needs to be in place to regulate what is
going in water and where waste can be put to prevent contamination. Contamination of groundwater and population of surface water with waste are big
problems affecting water supply. The problem associated with waterpollution has the ability to disrupt life on our planet to a great

Joy Morton Salt Transportation Essay
Transportation is one of the most important necessities for humans. Without it, traveling, economic activity, and mobility would not be done as quickly
or efficiently. Transportation is the act of moving something from one place to another. We need transportation because of all life's necessities and
pleasures. The key to the salt business was transportation and luckily for Joy Morton, his company was, "founded on a transportation idea"(Kurlansky
pg.426). Morton was twenty four years old when he began working for a small company in Chicago called E.I. Wheeler and Company in 1880. At
such a young age, he had little money to invest in an idea. That did not stop him from making an investment that changed his life. He took took the
$10,000 he ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first several chapters in the first section of the book dealing with the procurement and use of salt in the ancient world. The Chinese and the
Egyptians were the first to use salt on a large scale. The Egyptians collected evaporated salt from the sea and the Nile and they used the salt in their
food as well as an essential ingredient in preserving the body during mummification. The Chinese used evaporated salt to salt fish and to create a
condiment that we still use, soy sauce. It was the Romans, though, with their fish based diet that really used salt extensively in their cuisine. The next
several chapters deal with the importance of salt in Christian Europe during the middle Ages and into the Early Modern period. In Catholic Europe,
the church had placed certain dietary restriction forbidding meat on Fridays and church holidays. This created an enormous market for fish. Now,
having read this last chapter of Salt, I am very aware of how extensive the history of this commodity is. One of the great underlying themes of Salt is
the idea of how one little thing can make many different big things. In fact, Salt can read as one long tale of unintended consequences. Throughout
history different people, rulers, inventors, ext. have tried to do one thing that lead to many different

Deicer Magnesium Chloride
Deicer Analysis of MgCl2
Dalena Khothsombath *вЂ
Group Members: James Deringer, Jeff Tanaka, and Yang Zhao
Group 3
"I pledge that this report, the data in it, and interpretations are my work, except where referenced. I have neither obtained nor given aid on this
assignment outside of data discussions with my lab team. " Signed_________________________________________
Abstract
A common road salt, magnesium chloride, was analyzed in the lab to test its effectiveness as a road salt. The Van't Hoff factor of the salt and the
enthalpy of dissolution when dissolved in pure water were experimentally tested to evaluate its many characteristics as a deicer. To determine the Van't
Hoff factor, the difference of temperatures of freezing water ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The additional ice that melted was added to the initial mass of water to obtain the final weight of water in the solution to calculate molality: molality
m= (grams MgCl2Г·95.21gmol of MgCl2)10mL H2OГ—1g H2O1 mL H2OГ—1 kg H2O1000 g H2O+grams of iceГ—% of ice meltedГ—1 kg
ice1000 g ice To obtain the average Van't Hoff factor from the data, plot the change of temperature vs. molality and find the line of best fit. The slope
represents the average Van't Hoff factor multiplied by the freezing point constant of water, (i)(Kf). Then calculate each trial's Van't Hoff factor by
using Equation 2. This originated from the freezing point depression equation: i = О”T/((Kf)(m)) (Equation 2) The freezing point constant (Kf) of
water is 1.86 В°C m–1. Each mass amount and Van't Hoff factor was calculated then analyzed in a table. Experiment 2: Experiment 2 focused on
finding the enthalpy of solution of magnesium chloride. Testing the enthalpy of solution started with measuring out 10 mL of deionized water in a
graduated cylinder for three separate trials, each trial having a different mass of magnesium chloride. The water was then poured into a well of a
Styrofoam calorimeter then the initial temperature of water was taken using a temperature probe and the LoggerPro programming. A measured amount
of magnesium chloride was placed in the same well as the water in the calorimeter,

aircraft icing Essay
Introduction
Plane crashes occur for a number of reasons. There seems to be a consensus with the general public that flying is dangerous, engines fail and planes
crash. That is true some times, although the majority of plane crashes occur largely due to a combination of human error and mechanical failure. In
much of aviations accidents mechanical failure has been a contributing factor. It is impossible however to blame plane crashes on one reason since
events leading up to an accident are so varied. Reasoning for plane crashes can be placed in a broad number of categories.
Environmental conditions play a vital part in aviation as a whole. Much planning goes into a flight based on the current and forecast weather conditions
for safety ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This accident could have been avoided if proper procedure was followed in deicing.
The NTSB investigation concluded that the combination of the crew's use of thrust reverse on the ground for push back, and their failure to active the
engine anti–ice system caused the crash. By failing to activate the engine anti–ice system, large amounts of snow and ice that were sucked into the
engines during reverse thrust were allowed to remain there. Ice built up on the compressor inlet pressure probe, which measures engine power. As a
result instrument indications in the cockpit showed an Engine Pressure Ratio of 2.04, while the power plants were in reality only producing 1.70
EPR, or about 70% of available power. The combination of the ice covered wings and low power caused an immediate stall on takeoff killing 74
people. (Kilroy, 9).
In Americans Eagle Flight 4184 October 31, 1994, heavy air traffic and poor weather postponed the arrival of this flight at Chicago's O'Hare
International Airport, where it was to have landed en route from Indianapolis, Indiana.
The ATR–72, a twin–engine turboprop carrying 68 people, entered a holding pattern 65 miles southeast of O'Hare, which it maintained for over an
hour in freezing rain. As the plane circled, a ridge of ice formed on the upper surface of its wings, eventually causing the aircraft's autopilot to
suddenly disconnect and the pilots to lose control. The ATR disintegrated on impact with a field below, killing everyone aboard.

Comparing 'The Interlopers And What Of This Goldfish'
In the stories "The Interlopers" and "What of this Goldfish, Would you wish?", they show that it is important to accept others that are different from
yourself by proving that you need to know someone before you judge them and comprehend someone's culture and background and who they are in
order to accept them. In each story, it is shown that it is very important to get all the information before you can accept someone, even when they're
from another country or even right down the street from you. Collectively, both stories show sacrifice of ignorance and the gain of knowledge is a
huge part of acceptance. In the story "The Interlopers", we find two men, Ulrich von Gradwitz and Georg Znaeym, who have held a grudge against one
another over a plot of land and hated each other for years because the other intevened with the land they wanted. The men didn't know much about the...
The men from "The Interlopers" didnt learn about one another before slapping the name of nemisis on them, they just took the tiny obsticle that they
had and the problem is what they hated, not eachother."The feud might, perhaps, have died down or been compromised if the personal ill–will of the
two men had not stood in the way;", meaning if the men had just not been so shut in and selfish, they could have compromised something with the
land, lived and could have ended up friends. In "What of this Goldfish, Would you wish?" Yoni didnt let ignorance prevent him from getting
information he wanted, but since Sergei hated people knocking on his door, he didnt bother to learn the language. He didn't dislike Yoni; he didn't
even know the kid, but he didnt know what he was doing in his house, his ignorance helped him get to the point of killing Yoni. If he just knew what
he said and bothered to learn and practice herbrew, he wouldn't have been in such a compromisable

The Severity Of De-Icing In Airports

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