8 Year Old Research Paper

8 Year Old Research Paper
When a child turns eight years old most likely they are starting to develop skills including being
able to speak fluently, also writing and reading at a higher level. At this age, children are able to
write and create simple stories as well as compositions. They are also becoming more creative when
playing, and more socially involved with other kids. Eight years are continuing to develop more
socially, psychologically, and physically.
By this age, eight–year–olds enjoy being around their friends, and making new friends as well. The
opinions of their friends also play a very important role in their lives, and peer pressure may start to
occur, because they want to fit in and have the approval from their friends. Emotions in eight–year–
olds, also change rapidly and often, angry outbursts are also common. They require immediate
gratification, and have very little patients when it comes to things they want, or think that they need.
Eight–year–olds start to also be more expressive with what they want, for example through speaking
writing and reading.
An eight–year old's language and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The ability to move around is improved by, the increase of strength in the muscles of the arms and
legs. Eight–year–olds also can now do things like changing direction while running, throwing a ball
more accurately and jumping higher, or climbing better. These physical advances, help children
become more excited about team sports and want to participate or get involved. Some sports, that
eight–year–olds may show an interest in are basketball, soccer, golf, dance, gymnastics, etc. This
age is also the time when children discover either if they are interested in sports, or are not
interested in sports. This decision will affect their lives, onto their future. An eight–year–old,
however, may be more interested in liberal arts such as art, music, dance and theater. more than
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Annotated Bibliography
Annotated Bibliography
Characteristics of Dyslexia and Other Reading Disabilities
Snowling, M. J., & Hulme, C. (2012). Children's reading impairments: From theory to practice.
Japanese, Psychological Research, 55(2), 186–202. doi: 10.1111/j.1468–5884.2012.5541.x.
This article described reading difficulties aligned to the Simple View of Reading (as cited in Gough
& Tunmer, 1986). They went into depth about three types of poor readers: (a) dyslexia– those with
poor decoding, (b) language comprehension– poor reading comprehension, and (c) listening
comprehension– impairments in both decoding and language comprehension. Further, they broke
down how each reading difficulty is believed to manifest, is measured, and what it specifically
affects. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They wanted to determine if there would be a difference between student improvement for: (a)
performance feedback, (b) performance feedback and goal setting, (c) control. Participants were
third–grade students in general education classes. Students were excluded based on specific, set
criteria which included English language learners and students with learning, cognitive, and severe
motor disabilities. The authors confirmed that students who received performance feedback out–
performed the control group, however students who received performance feedback and goal setting
did not significantly out–perform students who just received performance

Does Phonics Will Improve Their Reading Ability
A Study to Determine if Phonics Will Help Third Grade Students to Increase Their Reading Ability
Beverly Smith
Thomas University
A Study to Determine if Phonics Will Help Third Grade Students to Increase Their Reading Ability
Beverly Smith
September 24, 2015
Abstract
The inability to read is a problem that plagues public schools. Many students enter the third grade
reading on a lexile level lower than what is required to be successful. Some students will be one or
two grade levels below the current grade. The students simply cannot keep up with the demands of
the current grade because of the lack of ability to read. There is a great need to reach students who
struggle with reading. The purpose of this study is to determine if phonics will help third grade
students to improve their reading ability. The study will include seven students in a third grade
intervention room. The students will be taught phonics for a six week period. At the beginning of the
study the students will be given the San Diego Quick Assessment of Reading Ability as a pretest to
determine the reading level. At the end of the six week period the students will be given the same
test as a posttest to determine progress. Progress will be shown if the students have moved up in
reading levels.
Introduction
Year after year, teachers observe students who enter into their classroom without the ability to read.
The inability to read effects every area of a student's education. The

Specific Learning Disorder
Chapter thirteen had an discussion on specific learning disorder that stood out to me because I had
never heard of this specific disorder before and how it affects millions of students between the aged
of three and twenty–one. The diagnosis of specific learning disorder particularly stood out to me and
left me wanting to learn more about the disorder and diagnosis topics. This is why I chose this
particular website article.
The summary of the article I chose,
Specific learning disorder is a developmental disorder that involves ongoing problems with learning
key academic skills, including reading, math, and writing that is not connected with a lack of
instruction or poor instruction. Often, skills such as reading of single words, reading ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Those with a severe form of specific learning disorder have severe difficulties with learning which
affect several areas academically that requires ongoing intensive specialized teaching. I found it
very thought–provoking how specific learning disorder is more common among males and that
approximately one–third of all people who have specific learning disorder have attention–
deficit/hyperactivity disorder as well. If specific learning disorder is left untreated, it is possible the
disorder can cause problems through the persons life. These problems can include many things such
as higher psychological distress, lower self–esteem, and poor overall mental health. This makes
earlier diagnosis very important in order to start treatment. In order for a person with specific
learning disorder to be diagnosed they need to have difficulties in one or more areas such as
difficulty understanding the meaning of what is read, difficulty reading, difficulty with written
expression, difficulty with spelling, difficulty understanding number concepts, number facts or
calculation, and difficulty understanding mathematical reasoning. These symptoms also need to
have had continued for a minimum of six months despite receiving help

Strengths And Weakness Characteristics Of Dyslexia
The British Psychological Society (1999) gave a definition of dyslexia; 'dyslexia is evident when
accurate and fluent word reading and / or spelling develops very incompletely or with great
difficulty.'
After completing several assessments with Angela, the profile from her results suggest a profile that
is normally associated with the strengths and weakness characteristic of dyslexia.
During the testing, she demonstrated great enthusiasm for the tasks, and perseverance while she was
doing some of the more challenging ones. Angela has a very positive attitude to everything she does
and this is one of her strengths.
Angela's overall underlying ability falls in the below average range. Her reading and spelling skills
are below average ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Difficulties with short–term and working memory and sequencing are common in dyslexia. This can
contribute significantly to problems with reading, and with following verbal instructions,
remembering information, concentrating, and maintaining a train of thought, especially in a busy
classroom.
Below average scores in tests concerned with recalling information, working memory and low
concentration would all have an impact on Angela's ability to acquire literacy skills. They are also
all potential indicators of dyslexia. For example, the spoonerisms sub–test, which Angela found very
difficult to complete, involves the short term auditory memory/working memory, because you must
remember two separate sounds while you switch them around, for example top cat = cop tat.
Recommendations Angela should be able to make good progress with additional help in her weaker
areas, and I recommend that her response to any intervention should be monitored closely and
reassessed after three months. She needs a multisensory teaching programme designed around her
needs and ability, with steps built in boosting her confidence and self– esteem. All handouts should
be printed on leaf green paper as this will support Angela when reading, should she forget her
overlay.
Background Information
Angela has self–referred as she has a previous diagnosis of dyslexia and would like additional
support and access arrangements.

Ender's Game Argumentative Essay
Last summer, when I was a rising freshman, I made a grave mistake. I had relaxed all summer, and I
was somewhat mentally prepared to start school. However, I still had one task left to complete: read
the summer reading book. Ender's Game by Orson Scott Card. This is a fantastic story I had read it
in sixth grade and I adored it. Despite my affection for the novel, I was tentative to read it again–
after all, why should I why waste my precious time repeating a task I had already completed?
However, by the time August rolled around, I came to the inevitable realization that I barely
remembered the plot. Even though I knew I needed to crack it open, I put off re–reading the story
for as long as I could. I ended up finally dusting off my copy on ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
So, that leaves an important question to be answered: how can you stop procrastinating? The first
thing I would recommend doing is buying the book or checking the story you must read out from the
library. If you wait all summer to complete the reading assignment, you might find that your local
bookstore is completely sold out of the novel you need. Or, when you finally get around to stepping
into the library, the waiting list for the copy of Legend by Marie Lu that you need by next week is
twenty people long. If you read the book earlier in the summer, you won't feel nearly as rushed to
find a copy of the novel and finish it as quickly as possible, which gives you much more time to
relax. Another tip for not procrastinating comes from the University of Alabama, "there are three
primary considerations in creating your study environment: Your most effective and efficient
learning style, the nature of the learning task, and the availability of learning resources." With that
being said, the first thing you need to take into consideration is your personal learning style. You
might have an easier time reading the book if you determine how you learn in advance and create a
better reading environment for you to study in. If you are an auditory learner, determine whether
you learn better with or without background noise, and place yourself within a suitable environment
when preparing to read. If you are a visual learner, be sure to read in a place with adequate lighting
and minimal distractions (like highways and other busy roads). If you are a tactile learner, be sure to
find a suitable place to sit and read– a workspace that is not too comfortable (so you don't fall
asleep) but not unbearable. When determining the nature of the task, it is important to know that you
have no say in what you must read; the nature of your learning is

Reading Makes USarter And Nicer Summary
Benchmark C In the article " Reading Makes us Smarter and Nicer" it states ideas of how literature
can affect people's behavior. Literature is a way to communicate ideas and life experiences with
other people. Also it is great way of teaching new concepts to people and a form to introduce new
ideas that they might of not taught before. Reading is better beneficial because it teaches us about
life lessons that were shared by people who have experienced and learned from them. Then later on
people can take what they learned from literature and apply it in their daily life. In the article it
stated that two psychologist reported that reading helps people understand other people and to
empathize with them. When you read a novel you get to learn about a character and how there life is
different from yours and that information can be taken into everyday life. Say you read a book that
told the story of a Veteran who suffered from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder you'll gain the
knowledge of what affects them and maybe a way on how to help ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In this novel I was able to relate to a lot of the experience that Charlie faced because i'm a
Highschool student who has experienced some of the issues he has. I was also presented with the
task of analysing Charlie from a psychological perspective and I was able to associate certain
actions with emotion. Later on I could take information I gained from literature to become a better
person because I can know understand people better and I'am able to realize if something is
bothering them or they're facing some difficulties much better than before I read this book. I believe
that Literature helped become a better person because to me It was a way to built myself by learning
from the experience of other people or

Diagnosing Learning Disabilities
In the United States today, 38% of children in the fourth grade have been recognized as reading way
below the level of their peers. Many of these children are identified with a learning disability and
receive remedial instruction in the resource rooms. (Aaron, P. G., Joshi, R., Gooden, R., & Rentum,
K. E.) The Diagnostic Criteria for learning disabilities (according to the DSM V) is a specific
learning disorder which is diagnosed through an examination of the child's developmental,
educational, medical and responses of various interventions that have been tried. The diagnosis is a
constant difficulty in reading, writing, and arithmetic during the years of schooling. Symptoms can
include imprecise or slow reading, writing that lacks clarity and content, and difficulty remembering
mathematical reason and number facts. The academic level must be significantly below average in
all areas; and the child's difficulties cannot be explained by any other disorders and it has to interfere
greatly with academic achievement, performance and daily living. Dyslexia is classified as an
impairment of reading and spelling which cannot be caused by low intelligence or a cognitive delay.
Reading disorder is classified as an extreme reduced speed in reading. Children with reading
disorders find it difficult to comprehend what they have read because of the speed that they are
reading. They tend to confuse similar sounding words and similar letters. Therefore it is so
important to receive a

Argumentative Essay On Vision Therapy And Dyslexia
Vision Therapy and Dyslexia The field of optometry is filled with controversial topics such as the
amount of the assistance needed for vision therapy. This debate is deciding whether or not vision
therapy helps people with dyslexia in school to improve their reading, math, spelling and
writing.Vision therapy is a series of tests that an eye doctor, known as an Optometrist, performs on a
patient with learning disabilities. It ranges from thirty minutes to an hour and you would meet
approximately two to three times a week. Depending on the child's issues, therapy may be
recommended for three months to a year. Vision therapy as a treatment for learning and attention
issues and can be very expensive. Most health insurance providers also ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It can cause children to have difficulty in listening, speaking, reading, spelling, writing, reasoning,
concentrating, solving mathematical problems, and organizing information. Students with dyslexia
can be seen as lacking motivation or not wanting to do work when really they could just be
struggling and not wanting to seek help.Learning disabilities often prevent children from reaching
their full potential. As I have mentioned people with dyslexia brains are wired a little differently
than those without dyslexia.Brains of the people with dyslexia show little activity in areas that are
known to be highly important in linking the written form of words with their phonetic components
(WebMD). People with dyslexia have different structural difference in the left hemisphere of their
brains.In order for them to read, people with dyslexia must develop alternative neurological
pathways. They do this by making more use of a frontal part of the brain called Broca's area,
traditionally associated with other aspects of language processing and speech.Learning disabilities,
including reading disabilities, are commonly diagnosed in children. Most experts will say that
dyslexia is a language–based disorder and most of them believe

College Essay On Dyslexia
If you were given treatment options to aid your child from struggling with dyslexia would you help
them overcome this disorder? Dyslexia is characterized as an unexpected neurological disorder
found in the central nervous system. The causes vary depending on the type of dyslexia present.
Research shows that it can be hereditary factor and how the brain's lack of ability to process
phonemes. General symptoms include: complication with reading and spelling, number and letter
reversal, speaking aloud with others, etc. Children find difficulties in reading, motor coordination,
writing, language, and identifying sounds. Dyslexia is also a common disorder that ranges within
children and can continue throughout their adulthood. There are various types ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The very first step with a higher level of education is to notify your professors about the disability,
which can be extremely beneficial. College students find multiple methods for their classes.The vast
majority of dyslexic students claimed that they like being present for lectures to write notes, engage
study habits with other students within the same academic major, and ask for a screen reader or an
on campus tutor for help. For example, "almost all students reported attending face–to–face,
lectures, listening to recorded lectures, taking notes, reading textbooks and journal articles, writing
assignments, giving frequent presentations, and revising for exams" (MacCullagh 7). A few note
taking tips are making diagrams with colored print and arrows. Another tip, dividing the paper into
columns with thoughts and write what the professor says. Students also claimed that they read every
printed text, attached pictures to slides for word recognition, and use academic apps. Time
management for dyslexic college students is even more difficult than the average student. If you
have notified your Dean, the University can grant you extra time to complete your degree, exams,
and classes. Many students are not aware of assistance in the college. A note–taker can write small
annotations and notes for classes you cannot attend to save time. Students also stated that to manage
their time they needed a quiet room free of

Essay Research Article Critique
MODULE 2: RESEARCH ARTICLE CRITIQUE
Vandana G. Kotapally
Grand Canyon University: SPE 557
04/25/2012
Abstract
Causes of dyslexia or reading disabilities have been hotly debated by researchers and educators.
Knowledge regarding the causes of reading disabilities is important as they define the strategies that
will used to help students with dyslexia learn. Dyslexia is caused by differences in the information
processing patterns of learning disability students. Language and phonological skills have been
found to be the main cause of reading problems. This paper presents a critique and summarizes a
paper dealing with phonological skills and how they affect the ability to read. Besides this the paper
will highlight the main findings of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, an educator needs to know the areas to focus that will produce the best results and help
the student learn. Results from various studies have shown that besides intelligence the ability to
sequence, analyze, and remember sounds are the biggest contributors to reading achievement
(Smith, 2003). In view of these finding it is important to isolate the fields within this area that will
have the greatest impact and help direct the learning strategies. A study along these lines was
conducted by Melby–Lervåg, Lyster, & Hulme. Melby–Lervåg, Lyster, & Hulme (2012)
conducted a meta–analytic study to study the relationship between phonological skills and student's
reading abilities. Under phonological skills mainly three factors were considered. They are verbal
short–term memory, phonemic awareness, and rime awareness. The authors compared children with
dyslexia with the same age and reading level control group of children to measure the affect and
strength of correlation between verbal short memory, rime awareness and phonemic awareness on a
child's word reading abilities.
Summary
Various researchers have found that there is a relationship between phonemic awareness, rime
awareness and verbal short–term memory. Melby–Lervåg, Lyster, & Hulme (2012) wanted to
take their studies a step further and establish the strength of the relation between the three variables
mentioned

A Psychological Reading of "A Rose for Emily" Essay
Freud and Faulkner A psychoanalytic Reading of "A Rose for Emily" Abstract Undoubtedly
Sigmund Freud is the father of psychoanalysis. He was an influential thinker of the early twentieth
century who elaborated the theory that the mind is a complex energy–system and the structural
investigation of which is the proper province of psychology. Freud articulated and refined the
concepts of the unconscious, infantile sexuality and repression and he proposed tripartite account of
the mind 's structure, all as part of a radically new conceptual and therapeutic frame of reference for
the understanding of human psychological development and the treatment of abnormal mental
conditions. Freudian approach can be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
in this stage where girls develop "penis envy", the solution is to obtain the father's penis (sexual
desire) through identifying with the mother and mimicking her in order to replace her. Emily fails to
resolve the conflict in the phallic stage because she was unable to identify with the same–sex parent.
We can only hypothesize that the mother may have abandoned her or died during this time so that
there was no same–sex parent to identify with. Failure to identify with the mother led to the failure
of successfully obtaining the penis, and the failure to understand through psychosexual competition
with the mother for the father, that all women do not and cannot possess a penis. Emily then begets a
nonnegotiable necessity to have a phallic figure around in her life, and if she can't, a possession of
the "penis" herself. Emily's submissiveness to letting her father control her romantic life can be
interpreted as the need to have her father's phallic figure around but when her father died, the phallic
figure was "castrated" from her. The realization of the temporality of this kind of possession may
have triggered the need to permanently have control over the possession of the penis in the form of a
phallic figure. This may explain the poisoning of Homer, a "big, dark, ready man, with a big voice",
in the ultimate attempt to obtain the "penis" and finally, however perversely, resolve the penis envy.
Emily herself is transformed–and tragically– into somewhat of a

My Love For Reading And Writing
I am no gluttonous reader, but a lazy English student who finds the process of reading and writing to
be quite tedious. Months at a stretch where I don't flip a page is uncommon. My displeasure from
books was driven off of how much interest I have and the content I choose to read. A lack of interest
makes it difficult to initiate and finish the reading. It also makes me less attentive as I am prone to
distractions. Consequently, I wound up not understanding a single thing I just read and my writing
becomes unorganized, not knowing where I left off. After all, interest sparks motivation, and no
motivation equals zero attention for the book, hence I'm unable to follow the storyline. When
deficient in inspiration, I'm restrained from writing passionately. Furthermore, my interest plays a
role in choosing a content I enjoy reading. Not all texts are equally challenging, so the selection of
my content declines improving in English.
Subtitles from shows in another language are what I relish because I appreciate the storyline from
animations and dramas. I prefer reading subtitles over listening to the English dubbed (having the
show translated), because I have a harder time listening than reading. I find that my love for reading
subtitles helped me read a lot faster, making that my strength. In addition to my strengths, when
stumbling upon words that I have no understanding of, I have a good habit of using context clues to
define troublesome words. Conversely, my enjoyment does

Dealing with Learning Disabilities Essay
Dealing with Learning Disabilities
"He'll know things one day, but not the next". "She is seeing or writing words or numbers
backwards." "She has difficulty grasping simple concepts". These are comments made by teachers
who have classified certain students in their classroom as having the unfortunate burden of a
learning disability. A learning disability is "a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological
processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, which may manifest
itself in an imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or do mathematical
calculations"(Metzger, 1983, p7). Students with learning disorders may exhibit difficulty learning in
a number of ways. Such conditions as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Researching deeper into the definition, the more specific term adaptive technology means "any item,
piece of equipment, or product system, whether acquired commercially off the shelf, modified, or
customized, that is used to increase, maintain, or improve functional capabilities of individuals with
a disability" (Braswell, 2001,p1). Assistive technology has been making it possible for children with
disabilities to do more for themselves and become less dependent on others. For example, a child
who cannot use her hands can operate a computer with a switch and an on–screen keyboard. A child
with speech problems can communicate using a portable electronic device that "speaks". These are
just a few of the examples of the wide variety of adaptive equipment that is available today.
Fortunately for the disabled students of the new millennium, adaptive technology has greatly
improved. Technological developments have been emerging since the early 1900's, but looking back
on the past twenty years, adaptive technology has come a long way. In 1988, Retail point–of–sale
devices began to use picture–based keyboards. This technology was originally developed in the mid
1960's to enable people to speak using a keyboard, computer, and speech synthesizer (Jacob, 1999).
Today, these picture–based keyboards enable retail establishments to employ individuals, who, for
one reason or

How Does The Environment Affect Children's Motivation To...
Some students struggle to read books either for class or for entertainment. Children with Attention
Deficit Disorder (AD/HD) have a chronic illness which often leads to trouble focusing on one thing
at a time. Some pediatric psychologists say the environment can cause a distraction to the a child
who suffers from AD/HD to focus on school work. How does the environment effect the child's
motivation to read and learn?
Children learn persistence from succeeding at a task the child was working hard on for a long
amount of time. A highly motivated child would commonly reach goals compared to a child who has
no motivation at all. How much a child is dependent on adults effects the child's motivation;
children who tend to have high motivation do ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Often times the way children get to school can affect the child's motivation to learn. Children living
in poverty tend to take public transportation to school; public transportation can affect what time the
child will arrive to school. Accessibility of transportation can affect both the educational quality of
children and physical quality. Children who depend on public transportation to get to school
commonly get up earlier compared to children who walk to school or receive a ride from parents;
having to wake up before or during 6am could cause the child to feel groggy or tired during the day.
Children who feel tired during class have more of a chance to day dream during class. Parents and
teachers can help their children who struggle with school and reading.
Parents and teachers can modify the child's environment to learn by guarding against interior noise
sources by checking the volume level on the child's music devices. If the iPod or Walkman is too
loud it can distract other students in the room because the music might bleed through the
headphones. "If he listens to his favorite music too loudly, make proper volume adjustments. Also
monitor the volume level on computers, televisions, and other electronic devices, keeping them as
low as possible." (Evans,

Critical Reflection Paper
ENGL 501: Great Works of Ancient Literature (Fall 2016)
Through this course I developed a deeper comprehension of ancient literature. I studied the works of
Homer (The Iliad) and Plato (Republic) as well as Greek lyric poetry (Archilochus and Sappho). My
personal takeaways included a more contextual understanding of how the ancient Greeks conceived
of literature, viewing it as a means of historical preservation as well as a tool to build psychological
and philosophical understanding. Moreover, I came to recognize the more 'practical' or 'utilitarian'
purpose of literature that Ancient societies employed. Likewise, I benefited from the acquaintance
with new argumentative material to share with my secondary students. The background knowledge
of Homer and Plato have provided a springboard for me to build stronger discursive discussions in
my own classroom.
ENGL 525: Studies in the Short Story (Fall 2016)
A deeper conception of what constitutes a short story is what I anticipated when signing up for this
course. Yet, while I did gain knowledge of the components of a short story, I also took away a
wealth of insight on how to take apart, discuss, and synthesize new ideas from reading short stories.
The short story is the medium that most of high school and undergraduate students begin to read
what is considered literature. Therefore, I found this course to be a vital asset to both my
professional and pedagogical development. We read and discussed a wide range of texts with a

Dyslexia Research Paper
According to the dyslexia center of Utah's website, one in five students have a language based
learning disability. The most common language based learning disability is dyslexia. Although
dyslexia affects the ability to read, it does not affect the general intelligence of a person. Dyslexia
jumbles up words and mixes up letters making it hard to read, write, and spell (see figure 1). People
with dyslexia often have low grades, poor social skills, and low self–esteem. Dyslexia is a very
common disability in which a majority of the population has, it needs to be taken seriously because
it is such a struggle.
Dyslexia is said to be a hereditary condition, in which specific genes cause (Mascheretti, S.).
Imaging of the brain shows scientists ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Conditions such as, ADHD, auditory processing disorder, visual processing areas, dysgraphia,
dyscalculia, and executing functioning issues (www.understand.org). ADHD makes it hard to fully
concentrate when reading or any other activity, this condition is sometimes mistaken for dyslexia in
children. Auditory processing disorder makes it difficult for kids to sort through sounds they hear.
Like dyslexia, auditory processing disorder makes reading very tough because reading is associating
sounds with letters. With auditory processing disorder, you confuse letters like b and d and it is
complicated to sound out new words. "Children with dyslexia are at increased risk for conduct and
anxiety disorders, withdrawal, poor self–esteem, and depression" (www.emedicinehealth.com).
Constant frustration with work, in which they struggle with, would cause the most common
symptom and side effect of dyslexia, anxiety. Dyslexia causes a person to put more effort into work
and they still might fail at it. The frustration of never being able to succeed, even when trying hard,
may cause anger in someone. Also, giving everything you have and someone still doing better than
you may cause you to look down on yourself. A low self–esteem may occur because someone with
dyslexia may feel as if they are not as good as someone

Fishing for Words Essay
Fishing for Words
"Give a man a fish; you have fed him for today. Teach a man to fish; you have fed him for a
lifetime" (http://www.amatecon.com/fish.html). This quote can be applied to illiteracy in America;
basically someone illiterate cannot live on their own until they have been taught the basics, reading
and writing. According to Kozol's essay The Human Cost of an Illiterate Society the government,
administration, and people of high power live by the beginning of the quote (Kozol, The Human
Cost of an Illiterate Society). They help someone illiterate make a living until the person is out of
their control. Yet the government, administrations, and society maintain control through illiteracy.
Illiteracy is spreading like a plague ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Let us say that a little first grade boy is a hyperactive in class and the school's administration decides
to test the boy for either ADD or ADHD, with parental consent of course. After testing the child is
deemed to be ADD and has to be placed into a classroom where he cannot be a distraction. Can you
imagine being placed into a remedial class for being hyper on day of the year? So now the boy is
learning at a slower pace than his friends are and by the time he reaches fifth grade the
administration decides to retest him. They discover that instead of reading at the fifth grade level he
is reading at the entry level to third grade, so now the boy is classified as mentally retarded because
of the class he was placed into. When to boy reaches high school he is more likely to drop out than
his friends from first grade. The seniority that the administration holds over a child's life is pitiful.
These people are there to provide a positive learning environment yet they ruin a person's life at an
early age. It needs to be pointed out that these administrations entitle a child as illiterate when the
child has not had the chance to learn the basics in school.
To live the American Dream is the motivation for many immigrants to choose to live in the United
States of America. As they arrive their hopes and dreams are shattered. Our society immediately

How Storytelling Has A Positive Impact On Children
Abstract Many researchers believe that storytelling has a positive impact on children in terms of
their oral language development and fluency. According to (Genishi & Dyson, 2015) story telling
engages both sides of the child's brain thereby allowing them to create a context where certain words
be placed during conversation or any form of communication. Stories make children imagine
therefore creating motion pictures in their brains and as such the children can copy and say the same
words on their own while playing or imitating the story characters. Stories develops the inner world
of imagination and creative thinking. Children tap into their imaginative minds and provide their
own imagery. As such children can easily create meanings of unknown words. Just like storytelling,
read aloud sessions have also been shown to boost children vocabulary and correct pronunciation,
thus improving their oral skills. Children aged between three to five years have a higher
concentration and listening skills, so stories considered to be a great tool to promote their phonetic
knowledge and to hone their presentation skills. Children have to remember key points of the plot
and character names. This is an excellent exercise to enhance memorization skills and it also may
help guide children in their oral language. (Zipes, 2013) Mahew P. Gallets and Kim (1999, p. 182)
stated that "storytelling today is increasingly recognized as having important theoretical and

Master Of Literacy Research Paper
How Can You Specialize a Master of Education in Literacy?
Fortunately, there are many ways to specialize a master of education in literacy. This is because
literacy is becoming more important as educators and the public realize that literacy aptitude is
closely linked with success in school, work and life. Therefore, there are many degree programs
available for educators to gain a master of education in literacy and become a great academic asset
in learning organizations.
Why Literacy Matters
According to the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), there are actually three types of
literacy. There is prose literacy, which refers to the knowledge needed to perform text–based tasks,
such as searching a newspaper for a story. There is document literacy, which refers to the skills
needed to complete forms and applications. Finally, there is quantitative literacy, which refers to the
ability ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, an elementary education focus will prepare graduates to teach regular coursework in a
wide variety of classroom settings. Graduates will study the most innovative teaching techniques,
the foundational reading instruction theories and effective classroom management strategies.
Alternatively, they will also study language development and how to effectively build a foundation
for literacy among young pupils. However, a special education focus will prepare the graduates to
work with students with special needs. For example, graduates will explore psychological tests, how
to collaborate with parents and how to teach students with low and high incidence disabilities. On
the other hand, a reading specialist focus will focus on how to teach remedial and developmental
reading content with students who are disabled or those who experience learning challenges. These
classes will focus on the psychology of learning, human development and reading

Language and Literacy
Language and Literacy what are they? How do they relate? How do we learn them? These are just a
few questions one might ask them self when they contemplate the effect language and literacy have
on learning.
"Forms of language and literacy develop supportively and interactively. Children build on oral
language knowledge and practices as they learn to read and write' they develop key understandings
about reading through writing, and they extend their writing range through reading" (Braunger &
Lewis, 2005). This illustrates how at even the most basic level, language and literacy are
interconnected from the very beginning. Therefore, in order to dissect each to see how children learn
each, one needs to have a full understanding of both ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Additional differences are that each mode requires specific knowledge that cannot be transferred to
the other and also that "written language is doubly symbolic; readers and writers must become at
least somewhat conscious of their knowledge of oral language, which isn't necessary in speaking"
(Braunger & Lewis, 2005).
Another major difference between written and oral language is its accessibility. Oral language is
very readily available through conversations, recordings, music, etc. whereas written language is
much harder to come by since it has to be created and then made accessible for others (Braunger &
Lewis, 2005). Aside from their similarities and differences listed above written and oral language
make up the building blocks of literacy. "Literacy allows us to make connections between our own
and others' experiences; to inquire systematically into important matters; and to access, analyze and
evaluate information and arguments. In short, literacy is key to success in school and beyond for
effective participation in the workforce, the community, and the body politic" (Braunger & Lewis,
2005).
Literacy occurs in stages with the primary development taking place during childhood and
adolescents. During adolescents is when our literacy knowledgebase grows and deepens the most.
Some of the key features in

Adolescent Language And Literacy Development
ADOLESCENT LANGUAGE AND LITERACY DEVELOPMENT
LESLEY CHU TSZ TING z5021045 Literacy acts as a very significant role in the out–of–school
lives of adolescents. At the most elementary level, academics and policy makers have come to an
agreement that the term "literacy" refers to the writing and reading of published texts. Nevertheless,
to a more extensive extent, "literacy" at the present refers to even an artwork or a dance performance
as a forms of a practice of literature. Hence, literacy is essentially all over the place around
teenagers, even when they are not inside of school. Teenagers have easy access to different types of
out–of–school literacy around them in their everyday lives, like newspapers, magazines or the
television shows. Having an interest a passion in reading writing, or any forms of literacy can assist
adolescents discover different means to comprehend not simply various cultures and traditions but
also themselves. Literacy acts as a medium that can help a teenager find ways to work through and
interconnect their yet to come goals or future job prospects.
Over the past few years, education providers and policy makers have put large prominence on the
importance of early literacy, but have also paid less consideration to the teenage literacy
improvement. According to figures in the United States of America, most teenagers have deficiency
in the more advanced literacy, comprehension and writing skills that are significant for them in
prospering in

Gender And Ses Impact On Reading
Perhaps the most prevailing inequalities in educational achievement are those associated with socio–
economic status (SES) and gender. While much research on equity gaps has focussed on secondary
schooling, low achievement at the end of primary school is a key risk factor for subsequent low
achievement at age 16, for leaving full–time education at the earliest opportunity, and for long term
employment and occupational outcomes (Boudon, 1974; McIntosh & Vignoles, 2000; Kingdon &
Cassen, 2010). It is therefore vital that teacher's are aware of the impact these factors have on
education, and what can be done to help reduce the gaps in equality. This paper therefore looks to
discuss both how gender and SES impact on reading, and the reasons why and then what teachers
can do to overcome the problems.
There is a growing recognition that there are psychological differences between the genders that
affect the way that male and females think, communicate and behave. These differences manifest
themselves in the playground, at school, at home and at work. The realisation that boys and girls
think and learn differently has come from a range of sources, including research on the brain. Recent
research in this area suggests that there are two physical differences between male and female brains
and always in the way the brains are used between the genders. Firstly, the corpus callosum is
relatively larger in females than in males. Secondly, the left side of the cortex grows more slowly in

Argumentative Analysis
The articles introduced to us, two different views of reading and how the reading process occurs in
children. The first view of reading is called the Word Recognition view. Word Recognition involves
the process of reading by identifying words and being able to convert the written words into oral
language. Alphabet recognition, phonemic awareness and sight words all fall under this category on
how reading occurs in the word recognition view. According to this view children can become fluent
readers once they become familiar in decoding written language accurately.
The second view of reading is called the sociopsycholinguistic view because proficiency in reading
develops in a social and psychological context. Reading is social and psychological ... Show more
I remembered as a young child we had phonic drills, spelling tests, round robin reading and silent
reading in the classroom. During my elementary years we did a lot of round robin reading and the
teacher would provide unknown words and correct miscues to readers. In the classroom we also
have silent reading where we were able to choose a book of interest based on our reading levels.
Different strategies were also taught to comprehend books. Looking back at what I experienced as a
student, I believe both approaches played a part into learning how to read as a student.
Whereas, as an educator both contrasting models causes one to think on how we can use these
approaches to teach children how to read. As a teacher in a preschool classroom, I do place an
emphasis on alphabet recognition, phonemic awareness, and vocabulary because children have to
build onto their foundation. As teacher most often I hear that for children to learn to read is by
teaching their fundamentals and building upon that knowledge. I believe the word recognition
approach in a classroom is more apparent when observing if children is learning because it can be

Active Reading In George Orwell's Shooting An Elephant
This lesson has three main objectives. These are to direct students in 'active reading' through George
Orwell's Shooting an Elephant. Determining the central idea of the essay and how it develops over
the text, different themes that are introduced, what the author's viewpoint. The final objective is to
give students time in class to read. I intend to do this through a lesson and demonstration on active
reading, class discussion, and through small group work. To start off what is active reading? Active
reading is simply thinking about what you read as you read it. Before this assignment I didn't know
the origins of active reading, but after research I had trouble finding the origin. Some sources give
credit to Reg Revans while others give ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I personally find this to be the most important step of the process. This point of this step is to have
students ask themselves" What was this text really about?" I am using this SQ3R method in my
lesson plan by having students skim the first two paragraphs, write a predictions, participate in an
active reading demonstration, actively read George Orwell's Shooting an Elephant themselves,
grouping backup the following day to talk about the text, and then having students work in a group
to reflect on the writing to summarize and reflect on what the text is really about. Moving onto the
second objective, students will be directed on determining the central idea, identify different themes,
and understanding the author's viewpoint. These tasks will be accomplished through the active
reading and group discussion components in class. I turn to John Dewey's theory on learning.
Dewey says "Learning is active. It involves reaching out of the mind. It involves organic
assimilation starting from within. Literally, we must take our stand with the child and our departure
from him. It is he and not the subject–matter which determines both quality and quantity of learning
(9)." This reminds teachers that learning is a social process that requires students to reach out with
their own thoughts and ideas to gain value from the assigned subject matter.
Through talking and discussing George Orwell's Shooting an Elephant, students are engaging with
the source material and

My Personal Crisis
I just overcame a personal crisis that lasted for about four years. My personal crisis started back in
ninth grade when my parents separated. My parents were together for thirteen years and suddenly
one day my mother came home from work and told my sister and me to pack our belongings. I never
imagined my parents would separate even though I knew it was coming. I remember my room being
right next to my parents room and I would always hear them arguing. I would hold my sister tight
and close my eyes hoping it would all be a dream. Many of my friends in school had parents who
were separated and I did not want to go through that experience. Although I went through a serious
personal crisis for years, it has helped me to become a stronger person. After my parents separated,
they were in and out of relationships. It was tough for me to accept a new boyfriend or girlfriend. I
would spend my weekends with my father and weekdays with my mother. My life really hit a turn
when my mother moved to Birdsboro and separated my sister and me from my father. I went
through really bad depression and isolated myself from the world. I was in a very dark place because
of the move and separation. We eventually moved back to Reading and things did get better for a
little until my mother moved in with her significant other. I witnessed my mom going through an
abusive relationship therefore, I avoided going home and hung out with the wrong crowd. I hung out
with gang members and with people who

Attention Getter For Reading Essay
Dalton Snyder
Speech 1010 015
Black
13 September 2016
Reading as a Contributor to Good Health
Specific Purpose: To inform my audience that reading can help to increase one's lifespan.
Thesis Statement: Some claim that readers will be able to enjoy a longer life than those who do not
read.
Introduction:
(Attention Getter) Reading is a hobby that many of us can or already do enjoy, but what if I told you
that the benefits of reading can stretch far beyond a little ease–of–mind? (Thesis): Some claim that
readers will be able to enjoy a notably longer life than those who do not read. (Relevance): Out of
the lazing pastimes that we occupy our little free–time with, very few of them have such a
considerable, long–term effects as these claims

Benefits of Using the Phonics Method to Teach Children to...
"The more that you read, the more things you will know. The more that you learn the more places
you'll go." This quote by Dr. Seuss explains the importance of reading. Knowing how to read is very
important to be successful in life. In 2009,a nationwide study by the National Center for Educational
Statistics recorded that sixty–seven percent of 4th grade students, seventy–five percent of 8th grade
students, and seventy–four percent of 12th grade students were not reading at a proficient level. This
will cause many problems as the child progresses through life and later on to adulthood. According
to the National assessment of Adult Literacy (NAAL), forty–three percent read at the lowest 2
literacy level ("Who Needs Phonics"). They will ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A few of the educational resources that heavily use phonics is Huntington and Sylvan learning
center. The most well–known resource is, Hooked on Phonics. Hooked on Phonics is recommended
by over ninety percent of their costumer
(Http://learntoread.hookedonphonics.com/why_it_works/homeschooling). Majority of the customers
who endorse this program had significant results. Thus phonics is a proven and dependable
mechanism for young readers. The phonics method is also great for the economy. Nebraska Sen.
requested the U.S department to examine the reading programs in schools and the outcome was
astounding. Out of fifteen phonics centered reading programs examined, the average cost per
student is $30.34 opposed to the whole language approach which cost $214.53 per student ("Whole
Language vs. Phonics"). Also the at home programs like Hooked on Phonics, are inexpensive too.
As stated before, whole–language advocates believe words should be read as a whole instead of
breaking the word down, then reading it as a whole word because that is how proficient readers
recognize words (Rayner et al.). Although that isn't how the brain distinguishes words. There are
three parts of the brain that help read words. The temporal lobe, frontal lobe, and the angular
supramarginal gyrus all act together simultaneously in the reading process. The temporal lobe is in
control of

College Essay On Dyslexia
According to Dr. Denise Gibbs Dyslexia is what is likely occurring when you have a "typical"
student who has not responded to good reading instruction and supplemental efforts to remediate
phonics weaknesses. Dyslexia has both advantages and disadvantages. Many of the disadvantages
can be overcome with early identification and needed dyslexia–specific instruction and intervention.
This needs to take place when dyslexia is characterized by learning challenges– before challenges
morph into disabilities. Dyslexia impacts between 10–20% of the population. Ninety percent of the
children with dyslexia in this country have never been identified. Dyslexia is genetic and you cannot
cure it but you can treat it.
Visuospatial Strengths of Adolescents with Dyslexia
Dyslexia is a specific learning disability that is evident when accurate and fluent word reading or
spelling develops very incompletely or with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Guidance protocols and educational arrangements in primary and secondary education are optimized
so that students can get past their difficulties and function according to their talents (Tzouveli,
Schmidt, Schneider, Symvonis, & Kollias, 2008). To have more information about the specificity of
adult dyslexia, (Hatcher, Snowling, and Griffiths (2002) compared the cognitive and literacy skills
of 23 university students with dyslexia to those of 50 matched control students. All participants
completed 17 tasks assessing reading and writing, processing skills, phonological skills, verbal
fluency, verbal abilities, non–verbal abilities, and self–reported problems in attention and
organization. It must be kept in mind that although impaired reading and writing are the center
problems of dyslexia, they probably are but the most visible impairments of larger
neuropsychological deficit (Habib, 2000). There are multiple tests available which contribute to an
efficient diagnostic protocol for young adults with

Critical Analysis of a Child's Reading
Reading is an essential skill in modern society. Not only does it enable people to access information,
it provides people with a great deal of pleasure. It is vital that primary schools equip children with
effective strategies for reading as well as foster a desire to read that will stay with them throughout
their lives.
This analysis of reading will firstly give a brief outline of the context of my school placement. It
will analyse two pupils as readers and their strategies.
The school's policy indicates that the context of teaching reading is very important – suggesting a
variety of text styles. English & Williamson (2005) inform us that the introduction of the
National Literacy Strategy (DfES 2001) broadened the range of texts ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
We could improve this motivation to read by encouraging Pupil A to read regularly for pleasure.
Pupil B was chosen as although she receives literacy support, she does not enjoy reading. She has
accessed literacy support since starting at Primary school in Year 3 and has made considerable
progress and is able to read certain texts independently however she also shows little interest in
reading for pleasure.
She is willing to read with me, as she is used to reading with adults, in a 1–1 situation, and is
comfortable with me as I have been in her class for several weeks. She is reluctant to pick a book
she in unfamiliar with and cannot think of a favourite author/book when questioned.
Pupil B begins well, with her decoding strategies revealing her processing of a text but also her
phonic knowledge. She reads the word 'spider lings ' (line 8) correctly, by segmenting the word in
her head first. She then blends 'ling' quietly, to herself, and then asks for reassurance to put both
words together. This is because this is an unusual, unknown word, and Pupil B is unfamiliar with the
term. She stumbles over the word 'different' (line9). She did not segment the word out loud and so it
is difficult to determine which strategy she used to decode the word. Nevertheless, it is possible that
Pupil B may have used one of two strategies. For the first strategy, it's possible that she segmented
and blended the word

Story Of A Girl
Speak is often referred to as a classic young adult books. Listed in the English Journals "Bold Books
for Teenagers" column as one of the "Best Young Adult Novels of All Time" in 2005, it has won
numerous awards including the School Library Journal award for "Best Book of the Year," (Jackett,
2007). Although well deserving of recognition, for older teens titles such as All the Rage by
Courtney Summers and Story of a Girl by Sara Zarr, they are items to keep on the bookshelf. All the
Rage deals with a girl from a low socioeconomic background that gets sexually assaulted by the
town's "golden boy." Branded a liar and bullied relentlessly, Summers' novel examines the shame
young women often have to endure when who you are matters more than it should. Story of a Girl
explores the impact one mistake can have on the rest of one's life, and the struggle to overcome
social stigmas. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Young adult literature provides an excellent bridge to discovering these ideas and finds a deeper
understanding of social relations. As Hazel Rochman notes, good books allows the readers to see
people as individuals in all their complexity. "Good books unsettle us and make us ask questions
about what we thought was certain," (Rochman, 1993 ). Rochman also recommends teaching books
to young adults that move beyond political correctness, stereotypes, and happy endings. Rather,
students should be educated on social issues and social justice. "Teaching social justice is to
communicate a sense of agency, that people working together might, invent a project of remediation,
palliation, and repair," (Ayers, et

How Does Reading And Writing Change Over Time
The history or reading and writing has changed over the years. Throughout the years, I have had
exposure to a different array of reading material. From Shakespeare and biblical passages, to
modern technical abstracts and editorial opinions it is clear that reading and writing has been
changed by society through the course of time. Much of this change is attributed to the evolution of
culture, religion, professional and social classes, ethnicity and politics. We are in the midst of this
change today and much of the way we write stems from the passages we read. In order to have a
voice in society we need to be attuned to society. The purpose of this paper is that the author wants
the reader to think about reading and writing because there ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There are many links between the two, and it is clear to see how strengthening one will have
profound benefits in the undertaking and execution of the latter. Reading essays, and reading them
frequently is a wise idea to hone ones writing skills and help them develop a stronger understanding
and voice society. Writings which are different in composition, scope and virtue but equivalent in
quality and substance can be emmensely benefitial to an individual. It can provide the indivual with
new information on a topic not previously known, therby making him or her smarter. It can offer an
new perspective or angle on an issue that may have been alluded by the reader previous narrorow
frame of thought, thus widening his or her perspective and stance on an issue in society. It can also
provide a model template for the individual to use when he or she attempts to undertake his or her
own writing

Critical Thinking And Reading Response Paper
There are numerous students that lack the satisfactory reading whether the problem is tactics for
conception or using the information presented to students. Those students that have lower
satisfactory reading are the students that would benefit from critical thinking and reading but do not
receive it. According to Falk–Ross (2002), there has been a 20% at a two–year college and 8% and
lower at other colleges/ universities (pg. 48). Many of these students do not do as well has other
students that have critical thinking/reading skills. Those students are forced to take remedial English
classes or struggle in future English classes. Without critical thinking and reading abilities, students
lack the ability to use and understand some of the material. Mary Jane Farley (2016), suggested that
there was an association between comprehension and critical thinking abilities (pg. 922). Remedial
English classes are offered and required (for some) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
42). Wilson suggests that there needs to be support, encouragement, and interaction for the students
to learn critical thinking and reading. D. Alan Bensley and Rachel A. Spero (2013) wrote, "the group
receiving a direct infusion of critical thinking (CT) was explicitly taught application of rules for
analyzing psychological arguments and critical reading infused with their course work and given
practice with assessments and feedback to guide skill acquisition" (pg. 55). This CT group appeared
to have larger gains in critical thinking and reading; thus, direct infusion appears to have the better
results and works more efficiently. The items listed above are what students need in order to
improve critical thinking and reading skills: support, interaction, feedback, rules and applications,
and

Dyslexi Advanced Study Of Learning Disabilities
Slippery Rock University
Dyslexia: An Overview
Tara Anderson
SPED 601– Advanced Study of Learning Disabilities
Dr. Robert Isherwood
24 June 2016 Introduction
Dyslexia is one type of specific learning disability or SLD. Dyslexia is a brain–based type of SLD
that weakens a person's ability to read. It is not related with a person's IQ but has a strong
connection with phonological awareness, short–term memory and rapid naming. Most people with
Dyslexia have normal or even high IQs. Many children with reading disabilities like dyslexia attend
general school but need special education services. This is why early diagnosis is an important
factor in being able to help manage dyslexia. This early intervention is important ... Show more
It usually occurs in families. Dyslexia is characterized by difficulties and fluent word recognition by
poor spelling and decoding abilities. Dyslexia can affect people of all backgrounds with various IQ
levels, including children that are considered gifted can have dyslexia. People with dyslexia come
from all different ethnicities and socioeconomic backgrounds. Dyslexia cannot be outgrown and it is
a lifelong learning problem. Because it is a lifelong learning problem it is very important that
dyslexia is identified early in children so that necessary intervention can take place. Dyslexia is a
prevalent specific learning disability in today's society, effecting many people all over the world.
With the right interventions, people with dyslexia can learn coping methods and ways to deal with
their

Supporting Learning Disabled And Lgbtqia Students
Isabelle Fryatt
EIS 265
Dr. Castleman
02/15/15
Supporting Learning Disabled and LGBTQIA Students
As a future teacher candidate, it is important to become as familiarized as possible with the various
differences and experiences students may have within a single school or classroom. Having
knowledge of other cultures, exceptionalities, and ethnic experiences will make understanding
students' views and perspectives easier and more comprehensive while also creating a safer and
community–like atmosphere within the classroom. Students with learning disabilities (LD) are the
largest groups of students with exceptionalities in the classroom today ("Fast Facts,' 2013). LD
students have held this ranking since the 1980's. The numbers for the next leading group of
exceptional students in the classroom (speech/language impaired students) are almost half that of
LD students ("Fast Facts,' 2013). Students with learning disabilities may not seem that different
from their neurotypical peers. They may have trouble learning in some academic areas, even when
provided highly effective instruction, but do fine in others (Fuchs, Fuchs, Mathes, Lipsey, and
Roberts, 2002). The unevenness in their academic development is a main characteristic for LD
students (Torgesen, 2002). Other typical characteristics that might be found include low
achievement rates, easily distracted, lack of social skills, lack of motivation, and difficulty with
information–processing (Rosenberg, 2011, p. 142). Of students

Old Books Smell Better Than Flimsy Tablets
SP5–22
Old Books Smell Better Than Flimsy Tablets Here we go again; having a talk with my grade school
teacher and my mother because I didn't complete my weekly reading log. "Why don't you read?" my
mother and father would always nag at me. I lacked the ability to sit down and invest even ten
minutes of my time. My brother, meanwhile, had his room stacked with books as if they were a vital
source of staying alive. It's not the words that bore me; I actually love a good story. It's the sickly,
unmoving pages that make me groan in misery. To this day, it takes a really good narrative to get me
to read a chapter or two. It's actually ironic because English is a school subject I'm the most
passionate about, yet the books... They're not exactly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One factor that differentiates e–books from print books is learning preferences. While speed reading
remains relatively the same, information from reading on a screen is retained much less than reading
from a print book. This is caused more by psychological factors than technological factors. In a
recent study, students were given two sets of text, one on a screen, and one on print. When given a
follow–up test on what they read, the screen readers tended to do poorly the first time. However,
after only a few more tests, the e–readers scored better, almost on par with the print readers. This
could be explained by the screen readers' overconfidence when reading on a screen. So it is not a
matter of which is more efficient, as both are just as efficient, but rather how accustomed one is to
reading (Myrberg, Wiberg).
(Eyestrain and physical touch) Another factor that affects us when we read is our eyesight, and the
physical connection with print books. According to a study done in Norway in 2013, a group of
students were given roughly 1,400 to 2,000 words worth of text to read, and when taking a quiz on
the text, the students who read the print text did significantly better. This could be because by
flipping the pages, they retain more information. As stated before, psychology plays a role when it
comes to differences(Myrberg, Wiberg). Even from personal experiences, such as writing this paper,
printing out articles to annotate and highlight proved to be

The Power Of Literacy
"It is not enough to simply teach children to read; we have to give them something worth reading.
Something that will stretch their imaginations–something that will help them make sense of their
own lives and encourage them to reach out toward people whose lives are quite different from their
own." – Katherine Patterson. Literacy is a right. It is implicit in the right to education. It is
recognized as a right, explicitly for both children and adults, in certain international conventions.
Literacy is the ability to read and write, and also refers to having enough reading and writing ability
to function in society. People who cannot read and write are called illiterate. People are called
functionally illiterate if they cannot read or write well enough to do activities that are common in
social settings they encounter. Such activities may include employment, schoolwork, voting, or
worship. The power of literacy is something that can change the world. How far has literacy come
since the beginning and what is its history; what are the causes of a lower literacy rate; what effects
can lower literacy rates have; what about higher rates; what are some ways to improve the literacy
rates and; what are some of the benefits to a higher literacy rate?
Literacy has a long and detailed history. "The earliest examples of pictorial written communication
date back to 3500 B.C. (Piechota). In the centuries after the invention of written communication,
only a small part of human society

Case Study Research Report
Running head: CASE STUDY RESEARCH REPORT
Case Study Research Report
Melva Yousaf
Grand Canyon University: RDG 581
August 3, 2011
Introduction The purpose of this study is to find ways to help a child improve their reading test
scores. How is it that a child who reads two grades above their level cannot perform well when it
comes to taking state assessments? Is it the teacher or is the child playing around when it comes to
taking tests? Maybe the child can read really well but does not comprehend what they read and they
get nervous during the test, which would also cause them to score low. This child was chosen
because he reads at least two to three levels above his grade, but on the Florida ... Show more
Many different reading inventories will be used to determine if there is a problem and intervention
plans will also help the child achieve his goal.
Methodology
The student "Stanley Clark" will be used as the case study. Stanley is a ten year old fifth grader that
attends North County Elementary School. He does well in Reading and reads at an eighth grade
level. In the classroom he seems to be hyper active often. It is hard for him to keep quiet and still for
a long time period. It is hard for him to focus on a topic if it does not interest him. Outside of the
classroom the child is about the same. He has a three year old brother that he still runs around the
house and plays with. His mom thinks that he has not matured to his age level yet. On the other
hand, she claims that he is always quick to pick up a book and read it. He typically enjoys reading at
home and while at school. He is a child that would rather read a book than go outside and play. He
can read a two hundred page chapter book like Shiloh in about an hour and a half. He also enjoys
reading books to his little brother. This child is an English speaking student. He comes from a very
loving family. Most of his immediate family members are educators, including his mom, two aunts
and grandparents. His

The Competency Of The Educator
Students who are taught key skills and strategies in reading instruction often develop into more
proficient readers than those who are not provided with these skills in an explicit and systematic
way. As formal reading instruction for many students commences in the foundation year of school, it
is the role of the educator to model and explain the key components of literacy to students. Research
on effective reading instruction suggests that students benefit when they learn concepts of print,
phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension (National Reading Panel,
2000). Moreover, reading instruction needs to be supported by effective teaching strategies that
include modelled reading aloud, shared book reading, guided ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Through a balanced approach, educators make decisions on individual student's literacy needs and
select appropriate instructional activities with the goal of developing, value, comprehension, and
enjoyment of reading (Cowan, as cited in National Education Psychological Service [NEPS], 2015,
p. 8). However, research concludes there is no definitive description of what a balanced approach to
literacy means and they all have similar elements. To put it another way, effective educators of
reading instruction offer a print–rich balanced reading program that incorporates explicit and
systematic instructions in concepts of print, phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and
comprehension. These reading skills develop as educators model and scaffold engaging activities,
for instance, read aloud's, shared, guided, and independent reading, rhymes, and songs. These
activities are the underpinnings of a successful literacy program (Winch, Johnston, March,
Ljungdahl, & Holliday, 2006, p. 155). A balanced reading approach also provides students
opportunities to repeat and practice skills as educators observe and assess student's abilities.
Therefore, educators must explicitly instruct literacy skills from foundation to year twelve because
they are essential to academic growth.
Explicit teaching is a systematic and carefully planned approach that effectively teaches students the
key skills of literacy.

8 Year Old Research Paper

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8 Year Old Research Paper