Popsicle Cross Bridge Project

Popsicle Cross Bridge
During the Physics bridge project, teams were instructed to hypothesize and construct a Truss
Bridge from Popsicle sticks to learn valuable life and Physics lessons. One team, in particular,
Physics Abridged, may not have won but the team members have definitely learned more lessons
any other team. This team began its trek to greatness by conducting several hours of academic
research. In fact, the group had at least fifteen sources. In the first research phase, the team amassed
ten sources; however, Terence felt as if that was not enough, so he researched more in depth to
understand the Trusses that his team would be using. This resulted in what the group could label as
some of the best research ever conducted for the Bridge Project; however, ... Show more content on
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Self education is always expected in life because it ranges from morality, to actions, or even learning
a lesson by yourself because the lesson was perplexing. The last option is seen in the Physics Bridge
project. Terence began without any knowledge of a truss but through bundles of research and
experimentation, he was able to understand. As stated before, everyone will go through a period in
life when they do not understand a topic. Therefore, they must take their education into their own
hands and they must apply themselves to the fullest of their capabilites until it comes to
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Physics-Bridge Project Essay
Humans have tamed steel, stone, lumber, and even living vegetation, all in effort to reach the people,
places, and things that we desire. Although the concept of bridges is as simple as a tree falling across
a creek, bridge design and construction requires very serious ingenuity. Artists, engineers, and
architects pour vast resources into bridge construction so that they can reshape our daily
environment for the better. When building bridges you'll need help from BATS which are the key
structural components of bridge construction such as beams, arches , trusses, and suspensions.
Various combinations of these four technologies make it possible for numerous bridge designs,
ranging from some bridges as simple as beam bridges, arch bridges, ... Show more content on
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The truss design, which is a variant of a triangle, creates both a very rigid structure and one that
transfers the load from a single point to a considerably wider area. After being used for 2000 years
of architectural use, the arch continues to feature prominently in bridge designs. Its semicircular
structure elegantly distributes compression through its entire form and diverts weight onto its two
abutments, which are the components of the bridge that directly take on the pressure being exerted
onto the bridge. The tensional forces in arch bridges are virtually negligible. That is because the
natural curve of the arch and its ability to dissipate the force outward greatly reduces the effects of
tension on the underside of the arch. The greater the degree of curvature, the greater the effects of
tension on the underside of the bridge. If you build a big enough arch, the tension will eventually
overtake the support of the bridges natural structure. While there is a fair amount in variety in arch
bridge construction, the basic structure of every arch bridge is the same. For example there is
Roman, Baroque and Renaissance which are all architecturally different they all have the same basic
structure. It is the individual arch itself gives its namesake bridge its strength. An arch made of stone
doesn't need a mortar. In fact the ancient Romans built arch bridges and aqueducts that are still
standing today and are made

Why Do Bridges Collapse?
Bridges collapse because either their design or construction fail to meet contemporary industry
standards, or those standards are inadequate to ensure safety in the face of unexpected
circumstances. (Wallace, Jonathan).
Three kinds of forces operate on any bridge: the dead load, the live load, and the dynamic load.
Dead load refers to the weight of the bridge itself. Like any other structure, a bridge has a tendency
to collapse simply because of the gravitational forces acting on the materials of which the bridge is
made. Live load refers to traffic that moves across the bridge as well as normal environmental
factors such as changes in temperature, precipitation, and winds. Dynamic load refers to
environmental factors that go beyond normal

Building Model Suspension Bridges
Parabolas are used throughout the world to make life easier and more enjoyable for people. They are
used in everything from practical items like car headlights to grand iconic landmarks like the eiffel
tower, but most importantly they are used in suspension bridges allowing large numbers of people to
access new places easily. For these reasons we decided to create a model suspension bridge to
display the usefulness of the bridge and the parabolic shape as a whole.
The construction process of our model suspension bridge went smoothly. We designed a blueprint
that showed our bridge in a life size scale. The materials used to build our bridge included two 18
inch tall two by fours for the anchoring towers of the suspension bridge, one 30 ... Show more
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On satellite dishes, headlights and dish heaters the parabola shape reflects the beams or heat all in
one direction. Skis use the parabolic shape to make turing much easier because all you have to do is
turn the ski on edge and ski turns almost effortlessly. To collect energy the parabolic shape is used in
trough solar panels so all the sun's energy can be directed to a single collecting tube. The parabolic
shape can also create extremely tall structures because the weight is distributed to the anchors and
all the pressure isn't left at the top of the structure, this is shown in arc bridges, arches like the St.
Louis Arch and roller coasters. The single most helpful use of the parabolic shape is the application
in the suspension bridge. The suspension bridge connects previously hard to reach areas easily, is
cost effective and provides strong structure. This is because the parabolic shape of the ropes
transfers the weight of the road or bridge to anchors that hold the weight. Parabolas are commonly
used to make things more convenient and efficient for people around the world.
The usefulness of parabolas is clearly significant and widespread. They are used in countless things
all over the globe. The suspension bridge presents the parabola in its most useful form, because of
this the Rhino Assassins team decided to construct a model Suspension bridge to exhibit the
parabola at its

Arch Bridge : The Bridge
Arch bridge:
Arch bridge is one of the most popular types of bridges, it came into use over 3000 years ago and
remained in height of popularity until industrial revolution and invention of advanced materials that
make architect to create other modern bridge designs. However, even today arch bridges remain in
use, the arches can be built on much larger scales with the help of modern materials. Its curved
design is the basic principle of arch bridge, it does not push load forces straight down, but instead
they are transported along the curve of the arch to the supports on each end. These supports (called
abutments) carry the load of all of the bridge and are responsible for holding the arch in the accurate
position stable position. Transporting of forces across the arch is done through central keystone on
the top of the arch. Its weight pushes the surrounding rocks down and outward, making entire
structure very rigid and strong.
Function
An arch bridge is a curved bridge with abutments at each end. Arch bridges work by transferring the
weight of the bridge and its loads partially into a horizontal thrust restrained by the abutments at
either side. For a specific construction method, especially for masonry arches, the proportions of the
arch remain similar no matter what the size: wider arches are thus required to be taller arches. For a
semi–circular arch, the height is half of the span. Bridges across deep, narrow gorges can have their
arch placed entirely beneath a flat

Arch Bridge And The Bridge
Arch bridge is one of the most popular types of bridges, it came into use over 3000 years ago and
remained in height of popularity until industrial revolution and invention of advanced materials that
make architect to create other modern bridge designs. However, even today arch bridges remain in
use, the arches can be built on much larger scales with the help of modern materials. Its curved
design is the basic principle of arch bridge, it does not push load forces straight down, but instead
they are transported along the curve of the arch to the supports on each end. These supports (called
abutments) carry the load of all of the bridge and are responsible for holding the arch in the accurate
position stable position. Transporting of forces across the arch is done through central keystone on
the top of the arch. Its weight pushes the surrounding rocks down and outward, making entire
structure very rigid and strong.
Function
An arch bridge is a curved bridge with abutments at each end. Arch bridges work by transferring the
weight of the bridge and its loads partially into a horizontal thrust restrained by the abutments at
either side. For a specific construction method, especially for masonry arches, the proportions of the
arch remain similar no matter what the size: wider arches are thus required to be taller arches. For a
semi–circular arch, the height is half of the span. Bridges across deep, narrow gorges can have their
arch placed entirely beneath a flat roadway, but

Bridges And Their Types Bridges Essay
BRIDGES AND THEIR TYPES
Highway Bridges
Bridges are an essential part of the transport infrastructure.
General Information:
A bridge is a means by which a road, railway or other service is carried over an obstacle such as a
river, valley, and other road or railway line, either with no intermediate support or with only a
limited number of supports at convenient locations. Fig: Docklands Light Rail Bridge, London,
England.
Basic features of bridges:
Superstructure
`The superstructure of a bridge is the part directly responsible for carrying the road or other service.
Its layout is determined largely by the disposition of the service to be carried. In most cases, there is
a deck structure that carries the loads from the individual wheels and distributes the loads to the
principal structural elements, such as beams spanning between the substructure supports.
Road bridges carry a number of traffic lanes, in one or two directions, and may also carry footways.
At the edge of the bridge, parapets are provided for the protection of vehicles and people.
Rail bridges typically carry two tracks, laid on ballast, although separate superstructures are often
provided for each track. They are narrow (about 2m wide) and are usually single span structures that
rarely span more than 40m.
Substructure:
The substructure of a bridge is responsible for supporting the superstructure and carrying the loads
to the ground through foundations. To support the superstructure, single span bridges

Bridge Erosion
As we know the most dangerous disaster of bridge which was on December 15, 1967 at around 5
p.m., the U.S. Expressway 35 Bridge interfacing Point Pleasant, West Virginia and Kanauga, Ohio
all of a sudden gave way into the Ohio River. At the season of disappointment, thirty–seven vehicles
were intersection the Bridge range, and thirty–one of those autos fell with the Bridge. Forty–six
people died with the clasping of the Bridge and nine were truly harmed. Alongside the various
fatalities and wounds, a noteworthy transportation course associating West Virginia and Ohio was
demolished, upsetting the lives of numerous and striking apprehension the country over. The
General Corporation and the American Bridge Company developed the Highway Bridge ... Show
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The St. Mary's Bridge, found upstream and comparable in outline to the Silver Bridge, was closed
down for review after the breakdown. President Lyndon B. Johnson requested an across the country
test to decide the wellbeing of the country's Bridges. In 1967 there were 1,800 Bridges in the United
States which were 40 years of age including 1,100 thruway Bridges intended for Model–T activity.
Numerous government authorities expected that different structures, worked around the some point
to handle Model–T activity, could confront the same destiny as the Silver Bridge.
Despite the fact that the breakdown of the Silver Bridge was a catastrophe, there were sure
perspectives to the disappointment. Bridge investigations are presently more standard and top to
bottom as a result of the Silver Bridge. Architects are currently more educated about consumption
exhaustion and anxiety erosion, which permits better quality structures to be planned and
constructed. With today's innovation, and additionally better outline systems and materials, there is
trust that a Silver Bridge calamity will never again

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Bridge
This report aims to examine the advantages and shortcomings of four different types of bridge,
namely the truss, suspension, beam, and cantilever bridges. Secondly, it evaluates three forces that
act upon these bridges ㅡ compression, tension, and shear ㅡ and how each kind of bridge handles
the forces. Lastly, it includes a explanation of the Tacoma Bridge incident and a description of the
author's bridge.
Since tension, compression, and shear are to be discussed for each kind of bridge, here are
definitions for those forces. Tension acts to expand or lengthen the thing upon which it is acting
(Basics). Compression, the opposite of tension, is a force that attempts to compress or shorten
whatever it is acting upon (Basics). Another force, shear, occurs when two forces move in opposite
directions on the bridge (Discovery). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the middle parts of these bridges, there is only one side support, making it weaker than other
sections of the bridge (NYLN). On this type of bridge, tension and compression are the main forces.
When there is a load, the bridge experiences tension in the upper part of the cantilever span and
compression in the span under the deck (Hagler). As long as these forces remain balanced, the
bridge functions well, but, for example, if the compression force becomes more than the tension
force, then the lower supports of the bridge could collapse (Hagler). Though not as prominent a
force, shear still acts upon cantilever bridges when a load passes along the "suspended deck;" since
the deck is not supported by a beam underneath and has only one side support, it is the weakest
point of the bridge (Hagler). The load, in addition to gravity, pushes downward while the beams on
either side of it push back upwards; the cantilever of the bridge distributes this force on the deck so
that it does not collapse

Bridge Building: The Confederation Bridge In Canada
Bridge Building:
Beam Bridges:
A simple beam bridge that is flat across and supported at the two ends. A longer beam bridge can be
held up along the middle by piers standing in the river. The weight of the bridge itself, plus the load
that it carries, plus gravity are the downward forces are spread evenly across the length of the
bridge. The upwards forces that hold the bridge up come from the piers. The Confederation Bridge
in Canada is a famous beam bridge.
Arch Bridges:
A simple arch bridge reaches across the river in an arching shape rather than straight across the river.
Gravity, the weight of the bridge and all the weight creates a downwards force. But since the bridge
is curved the force becomes a downwards outward force. Rather than

Wooden Truss Bridge
The most common types are the beam bridges, arch bridges, suspension bridges, cantilever bridges,
cable–style, and the kind I am going to research is truss bridge.
Zhaozhou Bridge is the oldest bridge; it is in china.
The first welded bridge was designed by polish engineer Stefan Bryla.
The longest suspension bridge in the world (from 2010) is the Akashi Kaikyo bridge in Kobe Japan.
Allan truss is based on the Howe truss. The first one was finished on 13 August 1894.
Bailey truss was made for the military, with many different styles. Baltimore truss was like the Pratt
truss but it has more bracing on the bottom to stop buckling.
Bollman truss had many independent tension elements that makes a strong bridge which is easy to
assemble.
Burr arch truss that is a combination of an arch and truss which gives a strong bridge. ... Show more
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K truss has beams that form the letter k in each panel.
Long truss is like the Howe truss but made of wood and usually is a covered bridge.
Parker truss is like the pratt truss but has a polygonal upper chord.
If that chord has five segments it is called a camelback truss.
The pegram truss has chords that are wider at the bottom but the same length at the top.
Pratt truss has members and angels that slope downward to the center. Many different types that are
based on this are used for the railroads.
Vierendeel truss has rectangular members instead of triangular.
Warren truss has members joined only by angled cross–members. This forms equilateral truss. It is
light and strong and makes an economical truss.
The Quebec bridge is the world's longest cantilever bridge.
The longest continuous bridge is lake pontchartrain causeway in southern

Bridge Science
Science Questions
Identify and discuss the design elements that you incorporated into your bridge.
Design Elements: While building this bridge, the first design element, was the deck design. We took
around one horizontal length of vertical popsicle sticks and lined them side by side, and repeated.
Later we connected them together with a horizontal popsicle stick. I then took two lines and placed
them ontop of eachother to create a flat surface. This way it will carry a lot of weight, and it will
also run smoothly. After this I created trusses to put on the side, so that the weight would be evenly
distributed amongst the bridge, instead of all the weight on one part. This would help stop the bridge
from immediately bending once weights were put into the bucket. To make the trusses I had to take
popsicle sticks and glue them into a triangle shape, and then glue them together from the bottom.
This way they wouldn't break apart. I then doubled them up so that it would be able to sustain more
weight. Under the bridge I placed a lot of beams, so that the bridge would hold together from the
bottom, instead of immediately bending once I placed a weight. I made the beam from gluing ...
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For example, I let essa, emma, and abby work on the platform because they wanted to, so I let them
work on it. I did my side, they did their side of the platform. After 30 minutes I was done my
platform. After TWO periods they were done their platform, so once they were done their platform, I
picked it up and it started to fall apart. We had to restart all of it, because even after they rebuilt it,
they only used bent popsicle sticks. Only. There wasn't a single popsicle stick that they used was
straight, so we couldn't have used it. If I had someone who could actually make something that
would work, it would've been way faster, and we would've had more time to glue

Physics Of Bridges
Bridges are a connection of one place of the world to another. They link the vast world together.
Bridges were used thousands of years ago, especially by the Romans. In the ancient times and
present time, several forces are always encountered when building bridges. The forces determine
how big or sturdy a bridge will be. There are several types of bridges, such as the girder bridge, arch
bridge, truss bridge, and suspension bridge. Bridges have been used for a great amount of time. This
allows us to discover more about the forces of bridges and he variety of bridges today.
The earliest bridges, natural and manmade, were made from wood planks or logs, and later from
stone. The Romans, one of the greatest bridge builder of ancient time, built ... Show more content on
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These bridges are made of trusses, which are patterns of triangles. The truss was developed during
the Industrial Revolution when people were finding ways to develop better girder bridges. These
trusses are now used to stabilize and support other bridges, such as suspension bridges. Trusses are
used widely because the truss pattern is rigid and can dissipate weight throughout the truss. They
can be commonly found on girder bridges, because the truss pattern evens out the forces of tension
and compression. A deck truss, a type of truss bridge, is classified by having its roadway above the
truss. A through truss is another type of truss bridge that has the truss above the roadway. There are
various types of truss patterns, which include the K truss, the Pratt truss, the Warren truss, and the
Howe

Arch Bridges : The New River Gorge Bridge
Abstract
This paper explores the construction aspects of arch bridges, specifically the New River Gorge
Bridge near Fayetteville, West Virginia. Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges and have
been used for thousands of years across the world. These structures can be constructed of stone,
brick, reinforced concrete or steel and can span thousands of feet across wide rivers or deep valleys.
The construction of arch bridges relies on the concept of compression and begins with the load at
the top of the arch, or keystone. The New River Gorge Bridge in West Virginia was completed in
1977 and is a true engineering marvel. Its construction and existence allows drivers and cargo to
traverse the New River Gorge efficiently and safely, an otherwise impassable obstacle. The
Construction of Arch Bridges
With a Focus on
The New River Gorge Bridge Arch bridges have incredible natural strength. Loads on these
structures are carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports, or abutments, at each end.
Therefore, any and all loads from the bridge deck are diverted to the abutments and encounter a
reactive force at the ground surface. This reactive force creates a resistance which travels upward
through the arch and to the keystone in order to support the bridge deck load. Although these
structures have been used throughout history, the more recent use of reinforced concrete and steel
has increased the complexity of arch bridge construction. Arch bridges

Suspension Bridge: The Golden Gate Bridge
The Golden Gate Bridge was a modern marvel at the time that it was built. Nobody had seen such a
long suspension bridge built with such little money and in such a short amount of time. Everybody
was stunned by it.
A suspension bridge is a bridge that has large cables that are used to support the bridge and has
towers that are used to help anchor the cables. The suspension bridges that we know today are not
like the ones that they once were. The suspension bridge used to be much more simple. They were
the oldest bridge types made by man and only had cables, no towers. Since they became popular
suspension bridges have started to become used more because they can have longer spans, cost less
and, are more earthquake proof than other bridge ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, if the navy had
6 axles: $45.00 $39.00 gotten its way, the bridge would have
7 axles: $52.50 $45.50 been painted in black and yellow stripes. The bridges signature color was not
always the planed color that they were going to paint it. The color was actually the color of the
primer but the architects liked the vivid hue of the primer so they just kept it like that. Another fun
fact is that three babies have been born on the bridge and all of them have been boys. Also, the
bridge has only had to be closed three times because of weather, all three of those times there were
winds of 70 miles or higher. The bridge was also closed on its 50th and 75th anniversaries. The last
fun fact is that the Golden Gate Bridge has been used in over 24 movies. And in 15 of these movies
the bridge was being destroyed.
The Golden Gate Bridge is a modern marvel. It is amazing that Joseph B. Strauss was even able to
create such a long bridge. There is no doubt that there were hardships along the way, but in the end,
something great was

The Brooklyn Bridge: The Williamsburg Bridge
Our next destination was one I couldn't wait to go to, the Williamsburg Bridge. I was excited
because I love seeing and learning about the architecture of a bridge and also being able to walk
over one is so amazing! "Construction on the bridge began in 1896 and opened it on December 19,
1903. When it was completed the Williamsburg Bridge set the record for the longest suspension
bridge in the world. It was also the first bridge to use steel instead of masonry towers, which
reduced the side of the foundations and cost much less than masonry" (ENY, 197). It was a little
longer than the Brooklyn Bridge, but what made it worse that day was the heat. It just felt like it
took us forever to get over the bridge for some reason. It was interesting

The Dynamic Response Of Bridges
Research efforts in the area of studying the dynamic response of bridges subjected to moving
vehicles experienced two distinguished phases. The application of digital computers can be
considered as the separation limit of these two phases. Before the application of computers, methods
were analytical, simplified or approximate in order to analyze simple and fundamental problems. As
the simplified analysis of the early research efforts is not applicable in the analysis of complex
Train–Track–Bridge Interaction (TTBI) problems, this literature review will be focusing mostly on
the relatively recent research. 2.2 Bridge Modeling Various types of bridge modeling have been
adopted in the study of the Train–Track–Bridge dynamics. The selection of the model depends on
the analysis procedure and intended goals. Some of the most important models are summarized
below. Early studies on the TTBI Interaction analysis utilized the continuum models represented by
Euler–Bernoulli beam equation. These models were used mostly for the simple span bridges with
limited cross–sectional variety. The advantage of these models, in addition to its simplicity, is the
ability to obtain a closed–form solution. This model is still attractive for researchers who intend to
study the Vehicle–Bridge Interaction theoretically with closed–form equations (Biondi et al., 2005).
Euler–Bernoulli beam has some simplifications which may not be acceptable in some cases;
therefore, other models such as Timoshenko

Haitian Bridge Scenario
SCENARIO The French government had donated that bridge to help the Haitian people. As I stated
before, this kind of bridge must not stay on the terrain for a long time. This time would be different
due to the peculiar situation of those villages. The cities of Dondon and San Rafael used the former
bridge for many purposes like to take children to school, go to the doctor appointments and day–by–
day displacements. The old bridge had fallen three years ago during a tropical storm. Since that day,
people used a ford path in the river to cross. They really needed that bridge.
PUTTING THE PLAN IN PRACTICE
Finally, our platoon arrived at the bridge place. Already on arrival, we realized the first problem.
The road that led to the bridge was very narrow. This greatly hindered the way that we had to put
our bridge material on the ground. Looking around us, we realized we had a solution. There was a
private land next to the perfect installation location to accommodate all material. I shifted up to the
residence with our sergeant who was a French interpreter. I knocked in her door and my partner
explained the entire situation. She listened us ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first task was to level the land to assemble the bridge. An infantry platoon of the Chilean Army
was doing the safety of the work site. A large number of curious Haitians surrounded the place
trying not to miss any detail of the work. Our stuff was widespread, impairing the smooth progress
of work. Despite all this, we were all motivated and glad to help those people. We had a hard work
long day. In the end of day, we were exhausted. Next morning everything would start again. The
place we were was quite away from the city. Because of that, there was no internet signal available.
We would be nearly 15 days without contact with our families. Looking to the bright side of it was
the opportunity to spend time together exchanging

Building A Waddell A-Truss Bridge
Building a Waddell A–Truss Bridge
Introduction:
Bridges have been used for thousands of years, beginning with natural formations, such as huge
rock arches (Appendix A). The first bridges made by humans were most likely simple spans of
wooden tree trunks laid across streams, or planks, such as rafts tied together (Gascoigne, 2001).
These simple designs evolved over time, as new materials became available, to form the hundreds of
bridges we use today. Some basic bridge designs include truss, arch, beam and suspension bridges.
The most basic of these is the beam bridge (Appendix B1), which consists of a deck, spanning a
relatively short distance, that is held up by a pair of abutments (vertical supports at either end).
When weight is placed on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This means that it excessively designed, and can create excessive burdens on the cost, size and
complexity (Sade, 2014). When designing large bridges, these three factors (excessive cost, size and
complexity) regulate if a bridge is built, or if a different design is chosen. The Waddell A–truss
bridge (Appendix C) is a truss bridge designed by engineer John Alexander Low Waddell. It was
built in 1898, as a short span railway bridge, and is one of only two bridges remaining which had the
A–truss design. Due to its high trusses, it is quite rigid in all directions, and it is easily erected as it
has a simple design (Syazwi, 2013). These are some of the reasons why the Waddell a–truss design
was chosen. It is simple to create out of the materials which can be used (Manila folders) as it
consists of beams and bars, as well as some gusset plates (Appendix C). Not only this, but the
design allows it to hold quite a large amount of weight, in spite of the fact that a folder is not
necessarily strong. However when folded, it may be surprising how much a small piece of card can
actually hold. Manila folders were used to create this bridge because they are inexpensive, easy to
cut bend and glue, have surprisingly predictable structural behaviour and can be used to build tubes,
bars and strong

Truss Bridges Research Paper
Bridges are important, but what makes bridges so interesting? Bridges have been around for a long
time. Bridges go all the way back to the Romans with arch bridges and to the suspension bridges in
modern day cities. There are various types of bridges, but which one can support the most weight?
Truss bridges can support weight because of their meticulously placed beams, but which truss is the
best?
The history bridges have surrounding them spans a long period of history. Romans were the first
civilization to construct long lasting bridges with their aqueducts. They made arch bridges which
play a hand in many of the designs of modern bridges. Nowadays bridges use trusses to strengthen
them. There are many types of bridges and trusses. The first ... Show more content on
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All are very effective and work well if built in the right conditions. The thing that separates these
bridges from one another is that they all have different points of compression and tension. Tension is
two forces of opposition that pull away from each other to keep it from being pulled together. If you
imagine a rope in a game of tug–of–war, the rope has a lot of tension because it is being pulled
apart, but the opposing force inside of the rope is trying to keep it together. The same can be applied
to a bridge truss because the tension truss is opposing the compression truss by pulling the bridge
apart. Tension also pulls the platform of the bridge by stretching it to keep the bridge from
collapsing. Compression is two forces in opposition that push an object together to try to compress
it. If you think of someone standing on a soda can, the soda can tries to resist being squished, but the
weight of the person standing on the can still squashes it. This example can also pertain to the truss
on a bridge. A compression truss opposes the tension truss by pulling the bridge together.
Compression is also placed on the top of a truss and in its bases. The compression at the top of the
bridge counteracts with the tension of the platform and balances out each force. The compression in
its bases is from the weight of the platform and trusses. Bridge engineers calculate the tension and

How To Build Suspension Bridges
Introduction: Bridges are constructed to withstand the forces of compression,tension,shearing,and
torsion in a variety of ways. These consist of I beams , steel , arches, truss's, bounded
steel(suspension bridges) and even beams. Compression is the act when an object is being
compressed or compressing , while tension is when an object is being stretched. Shearing in a bridge
is when the bridge begins to bend , suspension bridges combat it very well. If built incorrectly
bridges can undergo ,causing immense amount twist action to occur. Suspension Bridge: A
suspension bridge is a more complex bridge and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since a triangle shape experiences no push or pull it can withstand the tension provided by bridges.
The large openings in a truss allows wind to pass through the structure with ease , reducing any
additional tension provided by wind. The truss bridge acts in compression or tension, and typically
these bridges have its lower cord under compression while the upper chord is under tension. The
slanted beams "/ " in the middle prevents any buckling of the upper members of the bridge .The
truss ability to distribute forces has lead to many different designs of the bridge making it a unique
bridge. The Firth of 4th bridge is a perfect example of unique truss's. The chords of compression and
tension are reversed. Through the span of large truss's , the lower cord under compression while the
upper under

Types Of Bridges Research Paper
TESL 301
Different types of Bridges–Research Paper
Because of advancements in today's technology in construction field, many types of bridges are
being constructed depending on the requirement and their suitability for the situations.
A bridge is a structure providing path over an obstacle. When constructing a bridge, obstacle can be
a river, railway track or a valley and the path provided by bridge can be for a road, pedestrians, a
railway, pipelines, viaducts to carry water from rich areas to dry cities, or for commercial purpose to
host commercial buildings such as restaurants and shops. A bridge can also be laid to reduce the
distance of travel which in turn reduces the time to reach the destination.
(Vasani, 2011) Many components when assembled together form a bridge structure. Basic
components of a bridge are superstructure or Decking, Bearings, Substructure which again consists
of Piers and Abutments, Wing walls and Returns, and Foundation.
Superstructure bears the load that is being passed over the bridge and it transmits the forces caused
by the same to substructure. Load received from the decking is transferred on to the substructure by
Bearings. They also distribute the load evenly over the substructure material as it may not have
sufficient strength to bear the superstructure load directly. Piers and Abutments are the vertical
substructures which transfer the load to the earth in the foundation. Wing walls and returns are
constructed as the extension of

Jonas Bridge Script
Group 5 "Script"
Jonas: We are group 5 the name of our bridge is "Beam 5".
Yarden: While creating our bridge our initial plans were much different than what our final product
was. The more we worried about the strength of the bridge, the less time we had. We started off with
the idea to have a truss bridge made of wood and cardboard. As shown here, (show picture from
journal entry), but as the project progressed our ideas continued to change.
Arielle: (show drawing) In the end we had made a beam bridge out of hot glue, cardboard and
popsicle sticks. We used the cardboard because it is a flat surface and is very light. However,
cardboard is not strong enough on it's own. We then decided to use hot glue to attach the popsicle
sticks to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We think this because the more gravel was added the more it started to bend. until it suddenly
snapped. The bridge broke more to the left side close to the platform. As you can see in this picture (
point out picture on poster) The bridge broke because of its lack of popsicle sticks supporting it. The
cardboard alone was not strong enough. If we were to use a material like wood, the bridge could
have withheld more weight.
Sam: A real life bridge that is similar to our household bridge is the Hoffstadt Bridge. The Hoffstadt
Bridge is a truss bridge 96 miles south of Seattle Washington. (show picture)This bridge connects
Hoffstadt Creek and Hoffstadt Mountain. The Hoffstadt Bridge is 2,340 feet long, or about 712
meters. Similar to our bridge, this bridge is supported by trusses on the bottom. The Hoffstadt
Bridge also has a flat deck such as ours.
Jonas: If we had another chance to do this bridge project, I think that we would make goals to make
our bridge earlier so that we could make more improvements.On our first try we were rushed to
make a bridge because of our indecisiveness. As I said before, we ended up making a bridge that we
could not test earlier. It then happened that our bridge was very weak and did not succeed in holding
a lot of weight. If we made more time to go over our bridge, then our bridge might have had a better
strength efficiency

Goodwill Bridge Essay
The purpose of the project is to investigate the Construction Engineering infrastructure and process
involved with the designing and building of the Goodwill Bridge.
The Goodwill bridge is a bridge which spans across the Brisbane river carrying non–motorised
traffic such as cyclists and pedestrians. The purpose of the bridge was to create a shorter and more
convenient route of travel for residents wishing to travel between South Bank Parklands and
Gardens Point in the Brisbane CBD. Due to the Brisbane river being the separation of these
locations; the Goodwill bridge was a convenient, helpful solution. The bridge was first opened by
the Premier of Queensland on the 21st of October, 2001.
The construction of the Goodwill bridge involved skilled engineering analysis and design ... Show
The clearance below ranges between the lowest point of 11.4 metres and the highest point of 12.7
metres. The arch is 102 metres in length, 10 metres wide, and 15 metres high. The bridge has a total
weight of 360 long tons.
The Goodwill bridge' aesthetically pleasing figure was designed by skilled architects from Cox
Rayner and then passed on to the engineers at Ove Arup and Partners, to continue on with the
further design preparation before the structure was to be constructed. A large well known
construction company was in charge of the bridge construction, with the main contractor being John
Holland.. In charge of the project was project manager Jack Sullivan, from Amtec International
Construction Services.
Since the creation of the Goodwill bridge, the amount of traffic on the bridge daily has been
noticeably increasing. On an average week, over 40'000 people travel across the bridge due to its
convenience and easy accessibility. For the university students of QUT that catch the train in every
day to Southbank, it provides fast and easy travel to and from

And Disadvantages Of A Suspension Bridge
Advantages and Disadvantages of a Suspension Bridge:
As the name implies, suspension bridges hold the roadway by cables, ropes or chains from two tall
towers. These towers support the majority of the weight as compression pushes down on the
suspension bridge's deck and then travels up the cables, ropes or chains to transfer compression to
the towers (Lamb & Morrissey, 2000). The towers then distribute the compression directly into the
earth. The supporting cables, on the other hand, receive the bridge's tension forces. These cables run
horizontally between the two far–flung anchorages. Bridge anchorages are essentially solid rock or
massive concrete blocks in which the bridge is grounded. Tensional force passes to the anchorages
and into the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They are remarkably flexible.
Suspension bridges need to be flexible enough to move with the wind, but not until conditions
become severe and then breaks. Since movement needs to be applied to the bridge, the cable system
will move in windy conditions, since movement needs to be applied to the bridge. It may require
closure during strong earthquakes or in any extremely turbulent conditions.
2. It restricts local access during construction.
Roadway panels are lifted from the bottom up while suspension bridges are under construction; so
this can limit access to highways or waterways that will be underneath the bridge. That will create a
large damage and impact on local economy when it comes to transportation systems that carry a lot
of traffic.
3. There are load limitations.
Suspension bridges can only withstand a certain amount of weight, which means that only a certain
type of traffic are able to cross a suspension bridge or it will fail. For some communities, this may
limit access options to their region at large because only a certain amount of the population can
cross the bridge at any given moment.
Members under tension or compression in our model:
Towers under

Clifton Suspension Bridge
Kaylie Griffin and I chose to build the Clifton Suspension Bridge. The Clifton Suspension Bridge is
a suspension bridge located in Bristol, United Kingdom. A suspension bridge is a type of bridge
which the deck is supported by cables that hang vertically off larger cables or hangers. Suspension
bridges typically have two towers and are anchored to abutments at their ends.The towers help to
support much of the weight that crosses the bridge's deck, such as cars and people. The towers also
dissipate the load directly into the planet Earth. These features of a suspension bridge are why they
are strong therefore, one of the more popular designs for a bridge. When building our popsicle
bridge, we had to add x shaped joints and brackets to help our ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
After completing this simulation, our bridge only had one string (cable line) untied from the wire
(hanger). Nothing else was damaged therefore, everything was intact. During this test, our bridge
was exposed to torsion because it was twisting and being thrown around in the simulator. Our
modifications helped my bridge withstand the earthquake and hold a numerous amount of weight.
Our bridge was very strong and one of the top performers in the class although, it could have had
more trusses and modifications to make it even stronger. Our bridge weighed ⅞ lb. and it held 250
lb. therefore, it held 286 lb. for every 1 lb. As said before, we could have added more joints and
trusses to improve our bridge's performance. Compared to the rest of the White Group, our bridge
was the second strongest bridge. Our bridge also performed very similar to everyone else's in the
earthquake simulator. The heaviest bridge was the Brooklyn Bridge, which also happened to be the
strongest. The tallest bridge was the Ben Franklin Bridge, coming in at 13 inches. In the future, I
think walking bridges could be made from glass, able to be looking down on a river below you. Yes,
I think a computer can help fix faults and help for better design and performance of bridges. I
learned many things from this bridge project, some being, how to work as a team, patience, how
bridges work, and different things that help architects

Cross Bridge Construction
The independent variable is the different materials that I will use to make three bridges of the same
common design, the truss design which uses triangular beams because triangles are the strongest
shape to use when you build bridges. The materials that I will use to make these 3 bridges are
popsicle sticks, Lego bricks, and aluminum foil.
My dependent variable how much weight each bridge can endure before the bridge breaks apart.
When you add weight tension is created. (tension is a pulling force that occurs at the bottom of a
bridge) when tension is applied the connecting points (glue, pieces that snap together, etc.) will
unconnect so everything will fall apart and the bridge collapse to the ground.
The relationship between

Trent Bridge
The Veteran's Skyway Gateway to the Trent Bridge
In the early 1990s, the aging swing bridge crossing the Trent River in Trenton, Ontario was replaced
with a continuous span steel box girder bridge. The unique part of this process was that the new
bridge was built adjacent to the existing swing bridge and slid laterally into place; this was the first
time in North America that this technique had been done. The process consisted of five mains steps;
first, the planning of such an undertaking, second, deciding on how to proceed, third, constructing
the new bridge on site, fourth, removing the old swing bridge, and finally, sliding the new bridge
into place, all the while ensuring minimal impact to the vehicular traffic through town and ... Show
However, the city determined that one bridge would not sufficiently handle the volume of traffic
during the 18 months it would take to complete a new bridge. Thus, City councillors, working with
the Ontario Ministry of Transportation and engineers from Declan Corporation of Toronto,
conceived the plan of building a new bridge adjacent to the swing bridge, and later sliding it into
place (Anderson & Trenkler, 1991). But, before the construction of the new bridge could commence,
engineers had to reverse the direction of the swing rotation of the existing bridge, as it swung
directly towards the site the new bridge would be built and would impede on the construction
process (Anderson & Trenkler, 1991). Once the planning was finalized and the site prepped,
construction could begin.
In the spring of 1989, the construction of the new bridge began. The base of the Trent River was a
flotilla of barges carrying the workers, cranes and equipment needed to prepare the temporary pillars
that would support the new bridge, as well as maneuver the huge steel girders into place for the new
bridge. It was an awesome sight for the entire town, as we watched barges float the steel girders into
the harbour, one section being 74 meters in length and two more that were 54 metres each. The new
steel box girder bridge had a total length of 182 metres and weighed 2,950 metric tonnes (Anderson
& Trenkler, 1991). Temporary cement pillars were poured to support

Pratt Truss Bridge
The "Pratt" Truss bridge invented by Thomas and Caleb Pratt in the 1840's is a unique bridge that
combines lightweight and strong structural support providing a very supportive lightweight wide
bridge. The bridge uses both diagonal and vertical beams forming a triangular structure. The
diagonal and vertical shape of the beams are very strong and light because the triangular shape that
the beams make are ridged, utilizing a minimal amount of timbers. The material used in these
bridges is also a big part of what makes it unique to other bridges. In the early nineteenth century a
majority of bridges was consisted of stone, but wood and iron were better than resisting tension, this
is why the United States had many Truss bridges. Truss bridges can also be built basically anywhere.
These bridges can span far or short as they want while maintaining structural integrity. To describe
the Truss bridge in a few words or phrases, I would say that they are very economically friendly,
strong, light, and very versatile. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First is the Pratt Truss. The Pratt Truss bridge is a common trapezoid shaped bridge which can be
identified by its diagonal beams which all slant down, never up (not including the starting beam).
The next type of Truss bridge is the Camelback Truss bridge which is similar to the Pratt Truss
except the Camelback has a slight arch. The purpose of the arch is to create a lighter structure
without losing any strength, concentrating most of the strength towards the middle of the bridge than
the ends. Lastly, the Warren Truss bridge. The Warren Truss bridge uses equilateral triangle shaped
beams to spread out the forces. Truss bridges are mostly the same in terms of overall shape, though
there are many slight variations that are made to fix the needs of bridges in different geographical

Suspension Bridge Research Paper
Page
1 of 3
Errrrr spack as the construction workers fall to their death. 11 people died while on the golden
bridge working on the bridge. After all those deaths they later installed a net and many people were
saved.There are many types of bridges like suspension,beam, truss and arch.So in this nonfiction
essay you will know all about suspension,beam, truss and arch bridges. There are many types of
bridges that are used for different things. This essay is about different bridges. A suspension bridge
is usually a big bridge that stretches a long ways.The first model of a suspension bridge was built in
the 1800s in and is used today. Suspension bridges have long cables that hold the bridge without
piers. A suspension bridge is a very expensive Bridge because of the materials that it uses. A
suspension ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An arch bridge has a slight Bend in the middle that makes itself sturdy. Most arch bridge is as old as
rock itself.A beam bridge is made of many different things mostly steel and prestressed concrete.A
beam bridge is the simplest and the oldest bridge ever created. The beam bridge is so simple all it
consists of is a log or we can go more advanced with steel and concrete. The beam bridge may be
easy and inexpensive to build but is not the sturdiest. The beam bridge is Not sturdy because of the
lack of materials used and that it is square. A beam bridge is made for depending on the place, long
or short distances.Truss Bridges at the beginning were made of wood and iron . Most bridges were
made of stone but the the truss Bridge was made of wood and iron because it can withstand a lot of
tension unlike stone. Now a days truss bridges are made of metal. The truss bridge is a very strong
bridge.The truss bridge is strong but is very very expensive and hard to build. The truss on the truss
bridge is made to keep the wind from blowing it over.The truss is also to keep the tension from

Challenging American Bridge
Challenging American Bridges
Choosing the right type of structure in bridges is one of the main challenges of the civil engineering
while building one of them. The structure types can be arch, beam, truss, suspension and cable–
stayed. Among this diversity of designs, two important bridges of the United States are the already
constructed Mike O'Callaghan–Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge, which is an arch bridge that connects
Nevada and Arizona above the Colorado River; and the St. Anthony Parkway Bridge, which is a
truss bridge that will replace an existing one on the same place and is being built above one of the
main rails of the United States in Minneapolis; the bridge is going to be finished in 2017. The
differences between the two bridges are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hecox (2011) says that the arch structure of the Tillman Bridge makes the canyon walls hold the
weight of both vehicles and the bridge itself. In addition, the arch structure allows a better vision of
the canyon for the drivers, which was a request of the population to the engineers of the project. In
the other hand, according to Jones (2015), the truss structure of the new St. Anthony Bridge also was
requested by the population because they wanted to keep a truss bridge in that place. The author also
affirms that the St. Anthony Bridge is a truss, but the project team proposed adding a posttensioned
concrete bottom chord to the steel truss in order to reinforce it. The project team made this choice
because one bridge in Minnesota has collapsed in 2007, and the engineers wanted to lessen the
fracture–critical issues to avoid a new catastrophe. In addition, this posttensioning approach wiil
make the structure redundant for both resiliency and long–term durability. In conclusion, both
bridge's structures were right chosen in order to provide safety and beauty in both

Truss Bridges
Balls Bridge and Truss Bridges: A Brief Historical Overview
Nathan Holth
Foreword: I composed this brief and informal overview of truss bridges and Balls Bridge to put this
beautiful historic bridge 's history and significance into context. A version of this document with
full–color photos is available on my website 's Balls Bridge Page located at
www.historicbridges.org/ontario/balls/index.htm which also has more information and photos. The
general truss bridge information in this document was adapted from a formal research paper I
composed. This paper, which cites the many different sources I used to produce the history of truss
bridges, is available at www.historicbridges.org/info/intro/trusshistory_c.pdf in PDF format. The
metal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, at the same time, many people have realized the value of the metal truss bridge as a
historic artifact and a beautiful structure that
is so much more intricate and complex than the simple concrete or steel bridges built today.
Currently in most cases, government response to this growing public demand has been minimal and
is mostly limited to initiating surveys of historic bridges to determine which bridges are historic.
With some exceptions, government does very little with their historic bridges beyond these
assessments however. In Ontario, these bridges have and continue to face demolition, however in
many cases Ontario repairs bridges as part of a routine maintenance, but rarely for the reasons of
saving history. In the United States, where replacement is the preferred option over repair when
dealing with deficient structures, these bridges face demolition even more frequently. A number of
factors make pin–connected truss bridges historically significant as a whole. Truss bridges represent
a period in the development of bridge technology. Significant experimentation and developments
occurred during this period as bridge design moved toward a general standardization. During the
1860s and 1870s, bridge companies received numerous patents in the United States, testifying to this
period of development. The classic pin–connected Pratt truss bridge is what essentially came out of
this

The Physics of Bridges Essay
Physics of Bridges
The physics behind bridges is more complex than first meets the eye. To assure that a bridge is well–
supported many concepts must be understood and used in the correct manner.
What is a bridge?
A bridge is a complex structure allowing passage across an obstacle: a structure that is built above
and across a river, road, or other obstacle to allow people or vehicles to cross it.
Bridge forms
There are four major forms of bridges: beam, truss, arch, and suspension.
A beam bridge, also known as a girder bridge, contains a horizontal beam supported by 2 piers at
each end. The beam pushes down on the piers, which weakens the overall bridge. These simplistic
bridges are the shortest of all types due to the lack of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Above the bridge, a structure of the same pattern is placed to support the bridge from above. At the
ends of each bridge, there are two similar trusses. This ensures that the bridge stays together, even
when large amounts of weights cross it. By allowing more weight to cross, these bridges can be
longer than beam bridges (they can be up to 500 meters). Forces are the focus of these bridges; each
bar exerts a pushing or pulling force without bending. These forces allows the lightweight bridge to
stay sturdy without collapsing as each steel bar pushes or pulls in the correct direction. Due to this
stability, these bridges are often found over places with unstable ground. Anything from cars to
trains are able to cross over these types of bridges without issues.
There are 4 major concepts in building a bridge that builders must pay attention to; span type,
material of the bridge, the placement of the travel surface in relation to the structure, and the form of
the bridge. When considering all of these concepts, builders can effectively construct a safe and
sturdy bridge.
Newton's 3rd Law
One of the most vital concepts in bridge construction is Newton's 3rd Law. This law states: For
every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/bridge/basics.html#beam
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/lostempires/china/meetbeam.html

Case Study : Bridge Based Management
BRIDGE BASED MANAGEMENT
DEFINITION
This is a given guide for the upkeep and restoration of an extension stock by demonstrating various
techniques by a given plan restrictions and the capacity to evaluating least plan prerequisites for
plague level of administrations. [Engineering Management]
Problems Associated With Bridges
Development Accidents
A substantial number of extensions falls as they`re been constructed, which may appear outlandish.
Tragically history has that the most dangerous development mischances is amid development of a
bridge. A case is the 1907 of the Quebec Bridge[John Deans, 1907] that crosses St. Lawrence River
shows and proof of designing error. (Ed Grabianowski, 2011)
Poor Maintenance
A bridge is intended ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This appraisal manages the scaffold in situ with all its orderly flaws. Span administration framework
is valuable in distinguishing extensions that have unmistakable indications of decay. They don 't
give a quantitative data on the dependability based scaffold assessment yet right now extensions are
focused around visual signs of disintegration as opposed to unwavering quality of extension
regarding serviceability and extreme breaking point state. Most sensors checking can attain span
evaluation and investigation:
Load cells for check of burden way
Embedded sensor for estimation of consumption, potential and current
Interferometry for surface levelness
Embedded fiber optic instruments for split presentation and strain Estimation

Laser framework for estimation of redirection
Radar and Infra sensors. (Wallace. T. JR )
Permanent Loading
This does change with time and comprise of the weight toward oneself of the materials constituting
the principle burden convey components i.e. steel braces, strengthened solid, prestressed solid or
timber materials and superimposed dead loads i.e. fill, surfacing, clearing sections, parapets, lighting
standard. Vulnerability exists in materials thickness and development measurements yet they
evaluated in a degree.
FIGURE 1: LOADS ON BRIDGES
.
Traffic

Brooklyn Bridge
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Brooklyn Bridge
This essay introduces the Brooklyn Bridge. The Bridge is located in America over the East river; the
nearest city to the bridge is New York and Manhattan, Brooklyn.
After 60 years of political, financial and technical discussions to start the construction of the
Brooklyn Bridge it was approved. The Bill to start construction was signed in 1869 by the New York
Bridge company president, Ulysses S Grant. The cost of the original structure was $15,100,000.
John Augustus Roebling was the designer of the Brooklyn Bridge but during the review for the
Bridge project, Roebling was badly injured by a ferry. This crushed his toes, causing them to be
amputated, which left ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The bridge weighs a total of 14,680 tonnes and has four cables and 5434 wires in each cable and the
clearance below the bridge is 41 meters. The bridge carries motor vehicles, pedestrians and cyclists,
on six lanes for motor vehicles and a separate walkway along the centre line for pedestrians and
cyclists. Since there are roadway, height and weight limits, commercial vehicles and buses are
banned from using this bridge and it is toll free, both ways. The bridge is maintained by New York
City Department of Transportation, and since the 1980's the bridge has been flood lit at night to
highlight its architectural features.
Some of Brooklyn Bridges worst accidents were caused through cable rigging. In June 1878 a cable
strand broke lose while being adjusted the strand flew into the East river, taken off the top of one
riggers head and knocking another person off the anchorage along the way. Another rigger was
guiding wire onto a drum. He kicked it to keep it in line and his foot was caught. This leg was
wrapped around the drum, which killed him instantly. Several others died from falling off the bridge
or equipment falling onto them. At least three men died of the Bends during caisson and a couple of
men were crushed by blocks being swung into place. Roughly 27 people died during the
construction of the Brooklyn Bridge.
The Brooklyn Bridge opened on the 24 May 1883 and took 13 years to build. The local schools and

Golden Gate Bridge Research Paper
Golden Gate Bridge
The Golden gate bridge was always a beautiful monument to me because of its golden color. When I
was 12 years old my cousin took me to San Francisco, and we crossed the Golden gate bridge. I was
scared that it wasn?t safe because when we would come to a complete stop I could feel the bridge
moving. I was scared the bridge would collapse! This was an experience I'd never forget. Now I
have the opportunity to learn about it, I want to see if the bridge is safe, how its constructed, and
who built it? In order for the bridge to be built it had to be approved by the war department because
they owned the land on both sides of the bridge. The first permit the architects received from the war
department was on Dec. 24, 1924, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The materials they used to build the bridge were concrete, strands of wire, and rivets. The way they
built it was by building the towers first and then the weight would be hung from the two main
towers which were fixed in concrete at each end. Each cable was made up of about 28,000 strands of
wire. There are 80,000 miles of wire in the main cables.It was made into a suspension bridge. The
bridge has approximately 1,200,000 rivets. Comment by Ray Enostrosa: Are they famous? What
else did they build? did they always work together?
The making of the bridge impacted many people especially the people from San Francisco and
Marin County, California. Before, the bridge people would have to cross the waters by boat to get to
San Francisco or Marin county. Once the bridge was built people could drive and walk across and its
1.7 miles.
Today the golden gate bridge still stands after 79 years. After learning all of this about the Golden
gate bridge I feel that the Golden gate bridge is safer and it was made to hold thousands and
thousands of pounds. The architects that designed the bridge designed it to withhold it makes me
feel safer going back.
–Janelle

Design A Safety And Longevity Bridges
In designing the bridges, an engineer need to completely understand the problem to be solved. To
design a safety and longevity bridges, they have to consider different types of loads, how and where
they need to apply the load. They also have to undergo several steps that usually need in designing
bridges such as understanding the problems, determining the potential loads of bridges, calculating
the highest possible loads and calculate the amount of material need to counteract the loads.
Retrofit is one of the important features of maintenance. It is can be defined as upgrading or
strengthening the bridge structural quality to enhance the performance of the bridge. Strengthening
and retrofit methods are different from the repairing and it includes a component host. Most bridges
are in need for the retrofit and strengthening every 15 years. There are a lot of strengthening
methods like steel pre–stressed girders, micro piles, pile caps, extended footings, abutment wall,
wall piers and column bent pier. Other than that, there are also concrete deck repair by patching,
epoxy injection, silica fumes and salvaging of existing railing and beam where it is customary to
retain the existing ones. If demolition needs to be conducted, extra care is strictly prohibited so that
the features that required for continuity are not damage.
There are a few ways to retrofit bridge structure to prevent it from collapse. It is because these
physical strengthening or restoration has its own style

The Gold Bridge And The Bridge Collapse
Silver Bridge
4.1 Background
The Point Pleasant Bridge or so called the Silver Bridge was designed by the J.E. Greiner Company
and built by the Gallia County Ohio River Bridge Company to connect Point Pleasant, West Virginia
to Gallipolis, Ohio. It was designed as a two–lane eye–bar suspension type bridge, measuring 2,235
feet in total length, including the approaches. The bridge was the first eye–bar suspension bridge of
its type to be constructed in the United States. [26] Figure 4.1: The Bridge before collapse. [26]
During the early evening of December 15, 1967, the Silver Bridge collapsed during a period of
heavy traffic and 46 people were killed. Another nine people were injured. Of the 37 vehicles on the
bridge, 31 fell during the collapse. After some forty years of service, the Point Pleasant Bridge
collapsed without warning. [27] Figure 4.2: The Bridge after collapse. [26] The bridge was
constructed of carbon steel, which tends to crack. Many cracks were found throughout the bridge
among extensive corrosion. Upon investigation, it was found that the collapse was due to a defective
eye–bar that experienced a cleavage fracture in the lower part of its head which was resulted from
stress corrosion and corrosion fatigue. [26] Since the eye–bars were not designed to be redundant,
failure in one eye–bar would disrupt the continuity of the suspension system. This disruption is what
caused the bridge to collapse suddenly. The location of the flaw

Essay on The Physics of Bridges
The Physics of Bridges
The design of the bridge superstructure is based on a set of loading conditions which the component
or element must withstand. A bridge engineer must take into account a wide variety of loads which
may vary based on the duration of the load
(permanent or temporary), the direction of the load (vertical, longitudinal, etc.), and the effect of the
load (shear, bending, torsion, etc.).
In order to form a consistent basis for design, organizations like AASHTO, American
Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, have developed a set of standard loading
conditions which are applied to the engineer's design model of the structure. Other nations maintain
their own set of design loads like the BS ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From the table 1.1 the designer would separate items such as sidewalks, railings, parapets, signing,
utilities, and the wearing of the surface.
Pressures due to earth and water are also considered permanent loads. While these loads primarily
affect substructure elements, they have the potential of impacting superstructure elements as well at
points where these two components interface (e.g., at the abutment backwall). This gives us a good
reminder that while we are discussing the structure's individual components, we can not lose sight of
the structure as a whole.
Temporary loads are those loads, which are placed on a bridge for only a short period of time. Just
as dead loads are the permanent loading condition, live loads represent the major temporary loading
condition. There are, however, several other classes of temporary loads, which the designer must
consider. The temporary loads are: vehicle live load, earthquake live load, wind loading, channel
forces, centrifugal forces, impact forces, and erection loads.
The term live load means a load that moves along the length of a span. Therefore, a person walking
along the bridge can be considered live load. Obviously, a highway bridge

Popsicle Cross Bridge Project

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