1. The document describes the female reproductive system, including the structure and function of the ovary and follicles during development. 2. It also summarizes the structure of the fallopian tubes, uterus, and changes that occur in the endometrium during the menstrual cycle. 3. Additionally, the urinary system is discussed, focusing on structural adaptations in the kidney nephron (proximal and distal convoluted tubules, collecting ducts), bladder, and transitional epithelium that allow them to perform their functions like reabsorption, secretion and storage.

1. III-Female reproductive system
Dr. Iman Nabil

2. Ovary

3. Type of
follicle
Primordial
follicle
Primary follicle Secondary follicle Mature Graffian
Size Small + ++ +++
Primary
oocyte
Large Larger Larger
Zona
pellucida
- Present Present Present
Corona
radiata
- - Present present
Liquor - - Accumulated in
multiple spaces..unit
into single antrum.
Increase in
amount..large
antrum.
Surrounding 1 layer of flat
follicular cells.
1 layer of cuboidal
follicular..2-3 layer
of cuboidal
granulosa cells.
6-10 granulosa cells Thin layers of
granulosa cells.
Theca - Present Theca interna and
externa.
Theca interna
and externa.

4. Seminal vesicle Fallopian tube
1-Mucosa Extremely folded Numerous folds esp. at
ampulla.
a.Epithelium Pseudostratified columnar ,
secretory.
simple columnar with ciliated
and secretory cells.
b.Lamina proporia Less vascular.
Gland like structure.
Highly vascular
No gland like structure.
2-Musculosa Thin Thicker
3-Adventitia/ serosa Adventitia,less vascular Serosa, large BV.

5. Proliferative phase of
endometrium
Secretory phase of
endometrium
1- Uterine glands Straight with narrow & empty
lumen.
Enlarged, tortuous with
secretion.
2-Lamina propria Proliferate Edematous.
3- Spiral artery Elongate. Continues its elongation &
coiling, extends into
superficial part of
endometrium.
4- Endometrium Grows. Reaches maximum thickening.

6. Prostate Lactating mammary gland
1-Mode of secretion Merocrine Apocrine & merocrine.
2- Covering Fibroelastic capsule with
smooth muscle fibers.
Skin
3- CT stroma
a. Lobulation
b. CT around acini
3 concentric zones
Dense fibroelastic with
smooth muscles.
15-20 lobes
Little amount of loose CT
with adipose tissue.
4- Secretory units
a. Epithelium
b. Myoepithelial cells
Irregular
Simple columnar with patches
of simple cuboidal, columnar ;
pseudostratified.
Absent
More regular
Different stages of activity
according to functional
stages.
Present
5- Secretion Corpora amylacia Milk
6- Ducts Each zone opens into urethra
by ducts of varying lengths.
More organized:
intralobuar..interlobular….lact
iferous ducts…..nipple

7. Urinary system
Dr.Iman Nabil

8. How does the podocyte adapt to its
function?
1- Cell body & primary
processes subpodocytic
space part of Bowman,s
space.
2- Secondary processes
filtration slits covered by
filtration diaphragm hold
small proteins.
3-Its basal lamina fused with
basal lamina of capillaries
common basal lamina
principal component of GFB.

9. How does proximal convoluted tubules
adapt to its function?
EM:
1- Numerous microvilli increase
surface area for reabsorption of 65% of
ultrafiltrate.
2- Endocytotic vesicles & lysosomes
endocytosis of reabsorped materials.
3- Lateral interdigitations increase
surface area for Na-K pumps for active
transport of Na from filtrate.
4- Basal infoldings increase surface
area for longitudinal oriented
mitochondria for ion exchange.
5-Abundant mitochondria energy for
extremely rapid active ion transport.

10. How does distal convoluted tubules
adapt to its function?
EM:
1- Short microvilli & few endocytotic
vesicles less reabsorption.
2- Lateral interdigitations increase
surface area for Na-K pumps for
active transport of Na from filtrate.
3- Extensive basal infoldings
increase surface area for longitudinal
mitochondria for active ion exchange
4-Numerous mitochondria
energy for active ion transport.

11. Proximal convoluted tubules Distal convoluted tubules
1- Length Longer. Shorter.
2-Diameter Larger. Smaller.
3- LM
• Shape& number of
cells
• Lateral boundaries
• Lumen
• Brush border
• Basal striation
• Cytoplasm
• Nucleus
3-5 tall pyramidal.
Indistinct.
Narrow;occluded.
Well developed.
Prominent.
Deep acidophilic.
Spherical, near to base.
5-8 small cuboidal
More distinct
Wide.
Absent.
More prominent
Pale acidophilic.
Spherical, near to apex.
4- EM
• Apically
• Basolateral
membrane
• Mitochondria
Long microvilli, endocytotic vesicles,
lysosomes.
Lateral interdigitations & basal
infoldings occupied by mitochondria.
Abundant
Short microvilli, few
endocytotic vesicles.
Less interdigitations &
extensive basal infoldings.
Less.
5- Function Reabsorption of 65% of ultrafiltrate. 1- Secretion of H+

12. Cells of macula densa Cells of Distal convoluted
tubules
1- LM
• Shape of cells
• Basal striation
• Nucleus
Closely packed columnar.
Absent.
Crowded & superimposed .
5-8 small cuboidal
Prominent
Spherical, near to apex.
2- EM
• Apically
• Basal membrane
Numerous microvilli& central cilium.
Basal process contacts
juxtaglomerular cells by gap junction.
Short microvilli.
Interdigitations & extensive
basal infoldings.
3- Function Osmoreceptors. 1- Secretion of H+
2- Facultative reabsorption.

13. Collecting ducts Distal convoluted tubules
1- Wall Thinner . Thicker .
2- LM
• Shape of cells
• Lateral boundaries
• Lumen
• Basal striation
• Cytoplasm
Cuboidal in cortical ducts, then
columnar in papillary duct of Bellini.
distinct.
Wider.
Absent .
Less acidophilic.
5-8 small cuboidal
Less distinct (in comparison)
Wide.
Prominent
More acidophilic(in
comparison).
3- Function ADH-regulated water reabsorption &
acid base balance.
1- Secretion of H+
2- Facultative reabsorption.

14. Intraglomerular mesengial Extraglomerular mesengial
1- Site In the CT filling the interstitial
spaces between the
glomerular capillaries at
surfaces not covered by
podocytes.
occupying the angle between
afferent & efferent arterioles.
2- Shape Stellate with processes,
enclosed by basal lamina of
glomerulus.
1-Small, rounded cells.
2-Extend processes to contact
JGC, macula densa,
intraglomerular mesangial
cells by gap junction
3- Function 1- Support.
2-Phagocytosis: filtration
residues, turnover of GBM.
Support & coordination.

15. Principal cells of collecting
duct
Intercalated cells of collecting
duct
1- Number Majority Few.
2-Site All collecting ducts. Small collecting ducts.
3-Cytoplasm Pale. Dark.
4- Organelles Few mitochondria Numerous mitochondria.
5- Function Water reabsorption under
ADH regulation.
Acid base balance by H or
bicarbonate secretion.

16. How does the urinary bladder adapt it
its function?
3 layers:
1- Mucosa:
A- Numerous folds.
B-Epithelium:
Transitional epithelium.
Resting on corrugated
basement membrane.
C-Lamina propria:
Loose CT.
Rich in elastic fibers.

17. 2- Musculosa:
Inner & outer
longitudinal and middle
circular. At neck:
circular smooth
muscles.
Separated by abundant
elastic CT.
3- Adventitia:
Fibroelastic.
How does the urinary bladder adapt
to its function?

18. How does the transitional epithelium
(urothelium) adapt to its function?
• Dome shaped cells:
1- The luminal surface is
thickened by plaques
connected by interplaques
regions.
2-The apical cytoplasm:
fusiform vesicles.
3- Bundles of intermediate
filaments & microfilaments.
4- Occluding junctions
between adjacent cells.

19. A- Volume change:
I.Full bladder:
1- Epithelium: thinner.
2- Cells: flattened.
3- Filaments pull the
vesicles to be inserted as
plaques.

20. II. Empty bladder:
1- Epithelium: full thickness.
2- Filaments: pull plaques to
detached and internalized as
vesicles.

21. B- Osmotic barrier:
• Consists of:
1- Thickened luminal
membrane of dome shaped
cells.
2-Occluding junction
between cells.
• Function:
1- Protection of epithelium.
2- Prevent dilution of
hyperosmotic urine by
capillaries of lamina propria.