• Literature study • Lexicographical studies • Analysis of constructions, types of expressions and texts • Formalization • Corpus studies

1. Linguistic Research
Muhammad Saleem
Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad

2. Linguistic Research
• Literature study
• Lexicographical studies
• Analysis of constructions, types of expressions and texts
• Formalization
• Corpus studies

3. …Linguistic Research
 Historical studies
 Experimental studies
 Language planning

4. Language Elements
 Phonology
 Phonetics
 Semantics
 Pragmatics
 Morphology
 Syntactic

5. Saraiki ‫سرائیکی‬
 Sounds ..?

6. 6 Example
Morphology
lexical
free (open classes)
Morphemes functional
(closed classes)
bound derivational
(affixes) inflectional

7. Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive /
affricate
voiceless p t̪ t t͡ʃ k ʔ
voiceless
aspirated pʰ t̪ʰ tʰ t͡ʃʰ kʰ
voiced b d̪ d d͡ʒ ɡ
voiced
aspirated bʱ d̪ʱ dʱ d͡ʒʱ ɡʱ
implosive ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ
Nasal
plain m n ɳ ɲ ŋ
aspirated mʱ nʱ
Fricative
voiceless f s ʃ x h
voiced v z ʒ ɣ
Trill
plain r
aspirated rʱ
Flap
plain ɽ
aspirated ɽʱ
Approximan
t
plain l j
aspirated lʱ

8. Vowels
Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid e ə o
Open a ɑ
Saraiki has three short vowels, seven long vowels and six nasal vowels.
Saraiki also has the diphthongs /ai/, /əi/, /ɑw/, /aw/

9. Urdu Dialects
 DHR
 Dakhini ‫دکنی‬
 Hyderabadi Urdu ‫اردو‬ ‫حیدرآبادی‬
 Rekhta ‫ریختہ‬