There are two main cardiac hormones. ANP & BNP.ANP is released from atria of heart and BNP is released from both atria and ventricles.

1. University of Chakwal, Pakistan

2. Topic: Abnormalities of Cardiac Hormone
Department of Zoology
Presented by: Taimour Waseem
Roll no# UOC-BSZOL-F2020/024
BS Zoology
Session: 2020-2024
Subject: Endocrinology
Instructor Name: Dr. Syeda Nadia Ahmad

3. Introduction
Function
Abnormalities
Mechanism
Treatement
function

4. Introduction
There are mainly two cardiac
hormones:
§ Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
(ANP)
§ Brain Natriuretic Peptide
(BNP)
ANP is released from the atria of
heart.
BNP is released from both the
atria and ventricles.
Fig. 1.1: Cardiac Hormones
https://images.app.goo.gl/uZNkDB
pZJtdVJ7Jv5

5. Functions
 Regulate blood pressure and fluid balance.
 Promote vasodiation.
 Enhance natriuresic.
 Inhibits aldosterone.
 Cardioprotective effect (Clark,2017)

6. Regulation of blood pressure
 Cardiac hormones, such as atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), play a crucial role in
regulating blood pressure.
 These hormones are released by the heart in response to
increased blood volume and pressure.
 Their primary functions include promoting vasodilation,
increasing urine production (diuresis), and reducing the
secretion of renin and aldosterone, collectively helping to
lower blood pressure and maintain fluid balance.

7. Promote Vasodilation
 ANP and BNPpromote vasodilation by relaxing and
widening blood vessels.
 This effect occurs through the inhibition of
vasoconstrictor substances, such as angiotensin II and
endothelin.
 Vasodilation reduces peripheral resistance, making it
easier for blood to flow through the vessels, which in turn
helps to lower blood pressure.

8. Enhancing Natriuresis
 Enhancing natriuresis ANP and BNP enhance natriuresis,
which refers to the excretion of sodium in urine.
 These hormones act on the kidneys by increasing the
glomerular filtration rate and inhibiting the reabsorption of
sodium in the renal tubules.
 As a result, more sodium is excreted in the urine, leading
to increased water excretion and a reduction in blood
volume.

9. Inhibition of aldo sterone
 The inhibition of aldosterone by cardiac hormones
involves a complex physiological mechanism.
 When the heart senses increased blood volume and
pressure, it releases atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and
brain natriuretic peptide (BNP).
 These peptides act on the kidneys and adrenal glands to
counteract the effects of aldosterone.

10. v Direct Action and Adrenal gland:
 ANP and BNP directly inhibit the release of aldosterone
from the adrenal glands.
 Aldosterone promotes sodium and water reabsorption in
the kidneys, leading to increased blood volume and
pressure.
 By inhibiting aldosterone, ANP and BNP help to reduce
sodium reabsorption.

11. v Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone
System(RAAS):
 ANP and BNP also suppress the renin-angiotensin-
aldosterone system (RAAS), a hormonal cascade that
regulates blood pressure and fluid balance.
 Aldosterone is a downstream product of this system.
 Inhibiting RAAS helps prevent the secretion of
aldosterone, reducing its effects on sodium and water
retention.

12. Abnormalities
ANP and BNP imbalances can lead to the following
disorders:
 Heart failure
 Renal disorder
 Atrial fibrillation
 Hypertension

13. Heart failure
 Heart failure is a medical condition thatboccurs when gthe
heart is unable to pump blood effectively.
 It leads to insufficient circulation of blood to meet body’s
needs.

14. Role of ANP and BNP in heart failure
 Reduce vasodilation
 Impaired sodium and water
regulation
 Activation of RAAS
(Smith et al.,2020)
Fig. 1.2: Role of ANP and BNP in heart failure
https://images.app.goo.gl/royE7gvZvdsCtdZD6

15. Renal Disorders
 Failure of ANP and BNP to function properly leads to renal
disorder.
 ANP and BNP play crucial role in regulating renal function.
 When these peptides fails to act appropriately, it leads
towards renal disorder.

16. Role of ANP and BNP in Renal Disorder
 Impaired Sodium Excretion
 Reduced Water Excretion
 Activation of RAAS
 Electrolyte Imbalnce
 Measured Renal Vascular
Resistance
Fig. 1.3: Role of ANP and BNP in renal disorder
https://images.app.goo.gl/ZzqtTNGg1o8eyBnV6

17. Treatement
 Medication:
§ Diuretics
§ Angiotension-converting enzyme(ACE) inhabitors
§ Beta blockers
§ Aldosterme Antagonists
 Life Style Modification
§ Low sodium diet
§ Regular exercise
§ Weight management (Harris,2019).

18. Cardiac Hormone as diagonastic tool in heart
failure
 ANP and BNP levels acts as a Diagonastic tools in
heart failure.
 Higher levels of cardiac hormones identify those at
greater risk for future serious cardiovascular events.
(Ruskoah,2003)

19. Conclusion
 Cardiac hormones, ANP and BNP, regulate blood pressure
by promoting vasodilation, enhancing natriuresis, and
inhibiting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
 Abnormal levels, often seen in heart failure, indicate
cardiovascular stress and fluid imbalance.
 Treatment involves diuretics, ACE inhibitors/ARBs, beta-
blockers, and aldosterone antagonists to manage
symptoms and improve cardiac function.
 Monitoring hormone levels is crucial for tailored
interventions. Overall, the goal is to achieve a balanced
fluid state and alleviate stress on the heart.

20. References
 Clark, E. (2017). The roles of ANP and BNP in regulating
blood pressure and fluid balance. Cardiac Hormones and Blood
Pressure, 13(2), 78-91.
 Smith, J., & Johnson, M. (2020). Physiological mechanisms
behind increased BNP levels in heart failure. Cardiac
Hormones and Heart Failure, 26(1), 36-52.
 Harris, P. (2019). Medications for heart failure treatment,
including ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers. Cardiac Therapies
Review, 32(1), 58-72.
 Ruskoaho,H. (2003). Cardiac hormones as diagnostic tools in
heart failure. Endocrine reviews,24(3),341-356.