syntax

1. Function and Form:
Words, Word Classes
and Phrases
By:
Indri Rachmawati
And
Nuraini

2. Subjects and Predicates

3. Subject
nonrefential it: It was so cold
refential it: How do I look with this
pink coat? Cool, it suits on me!
existential there: There are six apples
in the box
locative there: The rainbow will appear
soon. Look, there is it!

4. Five note about subject
Groups of words (Noun
Phrases)
Subject is the first NP
Subjects are obligatory
Subjects determine the form
of the verb
Subjects is that in sentences
which are used to ask
questions with ‘yes’ or ‘no’ as
an answer

5. Predicator
Marta kisses her child

6. Direct Object

7. Direct Object with transitive verbs:
Her dad broke
Direct Object with intransitive verbs:
1. Karen is smiling
2. Tommy ran

8. Indirect Objects have a number of syntactic characteristics
Indirect Object
Firstly, they are usually Noun
Phrases.
Secondly, they cannot occur
without a following Direct Object,
if we leave out the Direct
Objects, the sentences become
ungrammatical.
They brought the neighbor the
pamphlets
They brought the neighbor

9. Thirdly, Indirect Objects
always precede Direct
Objects. We cannot have
the sentences above
where the order of IOs
and DOs has been
reversed
They brought the
pamphlets the neighbor
To repair the sentence we
can add
1. To
They brought the
pamphlets to the neighbor
2. Change the sentence
into passive

10. Form: Words, Word Classes and Phrases

11. Words
Word
Clasesses
Parts of
Speech

12. Nouns and Determiners
Common nouns and
proper nouns
Common Nouns
Countable nouns:
a dog (s), two dogs (pl)
Uncountable nouns:
some, a lot of, a bag
of, 1kg of
Proper Nouns Barack Obama

13. Numerals
1. A cardinal number (1,2,3,
etc)
2. Ordinal numbers (First,
second, etc)
Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
Subject (I, you, etc)
Object (Me, you, etc)
Possessive Pronouns
(mine, yours,etc)
Reflexive Pronoun
(myself, yourself, etc)
Relative pronouns
(whom, who, whose)
Demonstrative pronouns
(that, those)

14. Determiners
Definite Articles
Indefinite Articles

15. Verbs
Regular Verbs
laugh—laughed—
laughed, look—
looked—looked
Irregular Verbs
Know knew known Knowing
Go went gone Going

16. Positive Comparative Superlative
Big Bigger Biggest
Great Greater Greatest
Large Larger Largest
Heavy Heavier Heaviest
Beautiful More beautiful Most beautiful
Horrible More horrible Most horrible
Good Better Best
Bad Worse Worst
Little Less Least
Many More Most
ADJECTIVE

17. ADVERB
Adverbs of Manner: slowly, hardly,
softly,etc.
Adverb of Place: here, there, near,
somewhere,etc.
Adverb of time: today, now, last year,
last week, etc.
Adverb of frequency: seldom, always,
usually, etc.

18. PREPOSITION
• Preposition for time e.g. in, on, at, etc.
• Preposition for place e.g. in, on, at, etc
• Preposition for direction e.g. to, towards, into, through etc.
• Preposition for agent e.g. by
• Preposition for device, instrument or machines. e.g. on, by, with, etc.
• Prepositions used after verbs to make prepositional verb. e.g. look at, look
after, laugh at

19. CONJUNTION
Coordinating Conjunction
and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet.
Subordinating conjunction
although, because, if, before, how, once,
since, till, until, where, whether, etc
Correlative Conjunction
Either … or, Neither … nor, Whether …
or , Both … and, Not only … but also

20. INTERJECTION
• Hurrah! We won the competition.
• Ouch ! It hurts.
• Wow! What a nice shirt.
• Hey ! what are you doing?
• Oh! I forgot to bring my purse.

21. Thank you for your attention 