A Human-Friendly Method Of Treating Acid Mine Drainage

A Human-Friendly Method of Treating Acid Mine Drainage
The worldwide problem of acid mine drainage causes harm to waterways, plants, animals, and even
humans. Acid mine drainage is water with a high acidity content that originates from water coming
in contact with highly acidic–bearing materials in rocks. Those rocks are common in mining
regions, which is why acid mine drainage is such a problem for those locations, including the coal
mining region of Northeastern Pennsylvania. The water affected by acid mine drainage becomes
yellow or orange in color due to the presence of dissolved iron in the oxygen–rich water and the
water reeks of sulfur. The water from acid mine drainage has a high pH level and can be dangerous
if it comes in contact with living organisms. Acid mine drainage occurs gradually, with some
scientists and governmental officials predicting some cases of acid mine drainage may be around for
as long as a thousand years (Earthworks Action). Acid mine drainage is a monetary burden as well
as an environmental one. The materials used in the common chemical–treatment processes for acid
mine drainage are very costly, with materials costing nearly $1,000 per gallon. Six primary
chemicals are used to treat acid mine drainage, and they are: calcium carbonate, calcium hydroxide,
calcium oxide, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide (in solid, 20% liquid and 50% liquid forms),
and anhydrous ammonia (Skousen, Hilton and Faulkner, Overview of Acid Mine Drainage
Treatment with Chemicals). All of these chemicals can be efficient in
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River Tees Drainage Baisin Essay
River Tees Drainage Baisin
The river Tees flows from the Pennines in Cumbria, northwest England, to the North Sea via Tees
Bay. Its length is 130 km / 80 miles. Its port, Teesport, handles in excess of 42 million tonnes of
water per year. Its main tributaries are the Lune, Balder, and Greta. There are many factors affecting
the drainage baiins of the River Tees, many of these are human factors.
Water Barrage and Watersports: Much of the water nearing the sea is polluted with industrial waste,
sewage, and chemicals. The Tees Barrage, which opened in 1995, enables a 16 km / 10 mile stretch
of the river to provide clean, non–tidal water. The barrage was built to improve the river's
watersports ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are several reservoirs in the river basin used to store water to be used for later use. The
reservoirs also helps in flood control. Water levels can rise very quickly following a rain storm.
Storing water in the reservoir reduces flooding in the lower course.
Farming and Irigation Water: A major land uses in the upper Tees is rough grazing for sheep. The
land is too steep to use machinery, the growing season too short and the soils too thin and acidic For
growing crops and so not much water is needed for irigation in comparison to the River Severn.
Only where the land is less steep is the pasture improved by fertilizers, the occasional crop is grown,
requiring some irigation water from the Tees.
Hydro Electric power: There are no power plants along the Tees.
There are also many natural factors affecting the hydrology of the River Tees drainage basin, these
include:
Geology: There is a succession of falls, where the river traverses a hard series of black basaltic
rocks, the water flows fast her due to the steep down slope, the impermiable smooth rocks also
allow fast flow and no infiltration, and so at times of heavy percipitation the water level at these
points in the river will rise sharply and the power and speed of the river will increase. At flatter areas
of these basaltic rocks the river can flood easily.

Restoring The Physical Integrity Of The Tidal Wetland...
Across all projects, the first step in tidal wetland restoration is almost always to create a "restoration
site template" that will form the basis of the entire project. Experts believe that "restoring the
physical integrity of the tidal wetland offers the best opportunity of restoring ecologic integrity"
(Faber "Design" 17). How the template is formed will ultimately dictate what the final wetland will
look like. Construction of the wetland base may require either excavation or fill depending on the
site conditions. Some sites, like the Ballona Wetlands, have been filled with a massive layer of dirt,
and in these cases, the site will need to be excavated back down to the bottom of the root zone so
that natural sedimentation processes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the consideration of which method is appropriate, one must also evaluate the site's natural
sedimentation load and its effect on the site's own capacity for self–restoration. For example, at the
Sears Point Wetlands, no additional fill was placed on the project site even though the land had
significantly subsided because of the "high local suspended sediment concentrations in the San
Pablo Bay promoting rapid natural sedimentation" (Wetlands and Water 65). Another element to the
template design of a restoration site is the decision to excavate tidal channels and a drainage system.
Oftentimes, project managers can choose to "rejuvenate pre–existing tidal drainage system by
redirecting tidal flows into the area." If the natural drainage system has become too shallow over
time, one may choose to excavate channels that follow the original drainage network of the wetland.
This decision can contribute significantly to the success of the wetland because the natural processes
will be restored much more quickly than if the wetland was allowed to re–develop those channels on
its own (Faber "Design" 47). Because the drainage systems function as valuable wildlife habitat, the
Sears Point project took special care to establish the "antecedent channel configuration" by

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Soil Consolidation
Consolidation is any process which involves decrease in water content of a saturated soil without
replacement of water by air. Reduction in volume takes place by expulsion of water under long term
static loads. It occurs when stress is applied to a soil that causes the soil particles to pack together
more tightly, therefore reducing its bulk volume. When this occurs in a soil that is saturated with
water, water will be squeezed out of the soil. [wiki]
There are 3 stages in consolidation,
1. Initial consolidation
2. Primary consolidation
3. Secondary consolidation
These stages based on soil settlement caused by 3 load categories Elastic settlement : caused by
elastic deformation
Primary consolidation settlement : result of a volume change ... Show more content on
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Difficulty of maintaining a leak proof system
II. An effective level of vacuum cannot be maintain easily
III. Lateral seepages are reduced towards the vacuum area
IV. Keeping the drainage system effective under the membrane that expels water and air becomes
difficult throughout the whole pumping duration
2. Vertical Drains
To reduce the time for consolidation, vertical drains are used together with preloading either by
conventional preloading or by vacuum preloading. Vertical drains are artificially–created drainage
paths which are inserted into the soft clay subsoil. Thus, the pore water squeezed out during
consolidation of the clay due to the hydraulic gradients created by the preloading, can flow faster in
the horizontal direction towards the vertical drains. In the following table it shows different types of
vertical drains along with their installation methods.
Drain type Installation method Drain diameter (m) Typical spacing (m) Maximum length (m)
Sand drain Driven or vibratory closed–end mandrel (displacement type) 0.15 – 0.6 1 – 5 <=60
Advantages:
I. Accelerate the rate of strength gain of the in–situ soft soils
II. Decrease the amount of surcharge or preloading required to achieve a settlement in a given

The Environmental Degradation Of Pakistan
Abstract
One of the major challenges facing today is to meet the demands of increasing population and to
reduce the environmental degradation caused by over population and industrialization. Increasing
environmental degradation is damaging the productivity of agriculture lands. The factors affecting
the productivity include soil erosion, salinization, water logging, and desertification. These factors
cause low crop–yields and deterioration of environment. In this paper we will identifies the factors
limiting crop–yields in Pakistan and suggest suitable technologies to realize sustainable crop–yields,
while improving the environmental conditions.
Introduction
Land degradation is a process in which the value of the biophysical environment is affected by a
combination of human–induced processes acting upon the land. Pakistan is a arid to semi arid
country. The natural resource base of land, water and vegetation in arid and semi arid areas is highly
fragile and extremely vulnerable to degradation. The total geographical area of Pakistan is 79.6 mha
out of which 34.44% is arable. The population of Pakistan is over 180 million and it is increasing at
the rate of 2.6% per annum (Zia et al., 2003). This can lead to over–exploitation of natural
resources, including soil. Other factors are also contributing to land degradation. For example good
agricultural–land for crop–production is shrinking as a result of fragmentation, rapid converting of
productive agricultural land into

Calculating the Morphotectonic Indices of the Mula River...
INTRODUCTION:
Tectonic geomorphology is defined as the study of landforms produced by tectonic processes, or the
application of geomorphic principles to the solution of tectonic problems (Keller, E.A. and Pinter N.
1996). Geological structure plays a crucial role in determining a wide field of relief forms, even in
areas where exogenetic factors are regarded as the dominant ones in the landscape (Ahnert 1998;
Bloom 1998; Ritter et al. 2002). In recent years Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data and
Geographical Information System (GIS) technologies have been extensively used to determine the
morphometric properties of tectonically active regions. In addition the use of Remote Sensing and
GIS techniques to evaluate the tectonic formation of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The area lies between 190 02'8" to 190 31' 28" North Latitude and 730 40' 56" to 740 50' 39" East
Longitude. Elevation in varies between 464 and1473 m MSL. The location map of the study area is
depicted in Figure 1.
MATERIALS:
The materials used for the morphotectonic analysis include:
a) Topographic maps of study area at 1:50,000 scale. b) ASTER Digital Elevation Model c)
Lineament Map. d) Drainage Map of the Study area.
Morphotectonic Analysis: From this analysis we come to know the behavior of the area and we get
information about tectonic control of the area so in this article we have calculated Mountain fronts
synosity index, valley floor width to height ratio and Drainage Basin Asymmetry for Mula river
Basin of the study area.
1. MOUNTAIN FRONT SINUOSITY: This index tell us that whether the fronts of area is active or
not by tectonically. The index is defined as;
Smf = Lmf / Ls Where
Smf= mountain front sinuosity index
Lmf= true distance along the same contour line
Ls= straight line distance along a contour line
The morphology of a mountain front depends upon the degree of tectonic activity along the front.
Active fronts will show straight profiles with lower values of Smf, and inactive or less active fronts
are marked by irregular or more eroded profiles, with higher Smf values (Wells et al., 1988). In the
present study Smf

Proposed New Drainage System For Waitemata Football Club
Proposed New Drainage System for Waitemata Football Club Prepared for: Jonathan Smith
Chairman of Waitemata Football Club Prepared by: Ravnil Ram Civil Engineer Unitec Engineering
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 TERMS OF REFERENCE 3 1.2
PROCEDURE 3 1.3 BACKGROUND¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬ 3 2.0 FINDINGS 4 2.1 SAND–SLIT
DRAINS 4 2.2 SAND–FILLED DRAINS 5 2.3 SAND BASED FIELDS 6 2.4 SURVEY RESULTS
7 3.0 CONCLUSIONS 8 3.1 SAND–SLIT DRAINS 8 3.2 SAND–FILLED DRAINS

Great Elephant Ears
How to Grow Great Elephant Ears 2011 Edition
The elephant ear is a tropical plant that many people use to give their gardens a new, plush, and
exotic look over their neighbors. Why settle for the traditional roses when you can be the envy of all
those rose lovers. Growing to an average of 3–5 feet, the large leafy plant is named after its large
green leaves, which closely resemble the ears of an elephant. Being a tropical plant you will
generally want to plant elephant ears in the spring. It is the ideal season due to the amounts of
sunlight and rainfall.
Things you will need: Elephant Ear Bulbs (The seed of the plant)
A Warm environment with fair lighting conditions
Water (An outside faucet and hose ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Plants that experience shock will result in yellow or shriveled up leaves. It's important not to over
fertilize during this period, and to keep the plant well watered. In the more severe cases, it is
recommended that you remove the affected leaves so that they can grow back on their own.
In conclusion, an elephant ear plant is a great addition to any garden, but they frequently fall prey to
problems to insects, root rot, and transplant shock. With a little caution and care, these problems can
be avoided entirely.
TIPS
As you can probably tell, when you plant elephant ear plants, they do require more work than many
other varieties of plants. However, the resulting slice of rainforest decoration that the plants will
lend your garden will be worth it.
Once autumn arrives, towards its end, you'll need to dig the plants back up and store them if you
want the bulbs to survive the winter. The best time to procure this plant is in the winter after the
leaves have died. At that point, you can dig up the ear bulbs and place them in an area that is cool
and dark until spring. Simply cover them with plenty of mulch to cover the possibilities of a cool
spell ruining the bulb.
Additionally, the soil should border on wet for these plants, meaning it should at least remain damp
at all times, but you don't allow the soil to get too wet. As previously stated, it is important to have a
proper drainage system. A mulching system will help the plants keep the moisture they need.
Your

A Comparison Of The Lithosphere Of Ethiopia And Ethiopia
Research Paper Ethiopia is a country located on the east side of the continent of Africa. The capital
of Ethiopia is Addis Ababa. It is surrounded by countries such as Sudan, Kenya, Somalia, and
Djibouti. The main language spoken in Ethiopia is Amharic. Senegal is a country located on the
west side of the continent of Africa. The capital of Senegal is Dakar. It is surrounded by Mauritania,
Mali, Guinea, Guinea–Bissau, Gambia, and the Atlantic Ocean. The official language spoken in
Senegal is French. Comparing and contrasting the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and
biosphere of Ethiopia and Senegal are of great importance in comprehending their geography. In this
paragraph we will examine the Lithosphere of Ethiopia and Senegal. The lithosphere is the outer
part of the earth. One major geologic feature that Ethiopia has is the Great Rift Valley. The Great
Rift Valley is a long narrow ditch of land that can be thousands kilometers long. The Great Rift
Valley looks like it does today because two tectonic plates separated and the land in between them
slowly dropped. The Great Rift Valley attracts a lot of international tourists. There are some places
in the Great Rift Valley that are used for tourism. A majority of Ethiopia is made up of plateaus
however, there are also mountains and valleys there too. The two main types of plateaus in Ethiopia
are the high plateau and the central plateau. The high and central plateaus are divided by the Great
Rift Valley on the west and

Wildlif: A Case Study
When creating a wildlife corridor there are different conditions that need to be considered. For
instance, which species are going to be using the corridor, if larger mammals like wolves are going
to be using the corridor it needs to be a bigger corridor than a corridor for lemurs. The location of
the corridor is also extremely important, if the corridor will go over major highways, then a creation
of an underpass or an overpass for animal to be able to move. During the process creating the
proposed corridor, the focus was to connect the small pockets of wetlands that can easily be
connected. Thus, meaning the corridor need to be on a local scale, thus we need to go through
smaller local government. With a smaller scale corridor, does not have to be extremely wide because
all the species in the wetlands are of the smaller variety. The proposed corridor follows a creek and a
river meet up making it a water–based corridor. Since the corridor is on the water–based corridor,
because there are already underpasses for water to flow thru, it makes it easier to create than a land
corridor
History of The Areas In the counties that are proposed for the ... Show more content on
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When creating the wetlands corridor, trails with boardwalks will be created so the corridor and
wetlands can be open to the public. There will be weekend events like replanting native plants– like
skunk cabbage, blue flag iris, and cattail– depending on what the public is interested in, the corridor
can do a host of different activities like bird watching, tours with experts to show the community
different species and activities for kids to get out into nature. The main goal is to educate and get the
public invested in helping to protect the beauty that they have in their

Classification Of The Soil Drainage Class
Part 1
Question 1 – LENZ classification
LENZ classification– F7.1
Regional average elevation– 520m
Climate– Mild temperatures, high solar radiation, slight annual water deficits.
Landform– Undulating volcanic plateau.
Parent material– Rhyolitic rock
Question 2 – Soil types
Describe the main soil characteristics for the region including their soil texture, depth, plant
available water and drainage.
Soil texture– The soil around the Taupo area is a sandy loam which is normally made up of sand
along with varying amounts of silt and clay.
Soil depth– greater than one meter.
Plant available water– the profile of available water for soil depth of 0–100cm or to the root barrier
is very high at 162.5 mm.
Drainage– The soil drainage class is well drained.
Question 3 – Land Evaluation, what it consists of, and what it is capably of
a) The land use capability classification (LUC) system has 8 classes, 1–4 is arable land, 5–8 is non
arable and 8 is conservation. The higher the class the less versatile the land is. The majority of the
land in the Taupo area is class 5–7 which is non arable and unsuitable for cropping but can be
productive pastoral hill country, with class 7 having severe limitations. There is also some class 3
which is arable land with some limitations such as restricted crops that can be grown. There is also
small amounts of conservation land which is class 8 and has severe to extreme limitations.
b) Currently the majority of land in the Taupo area is in planted

The Correlation Between Agro Industrialization And Land...
Dr. Roark's talk, Deep–Sea Coral Perspectives on Ocean Circulation and Mississippi River Drainage
Basin Changes, discusses the correlation between agro–industrialization and land–use changes and
how these factors influence ocean biogeochemical cycles. He uses multiple elements, but mainly
radiocarbon and Rhenium accumulation in deep–sea black corals to determine ocean circulation.
The black corals retain these elements because the feeding matter they take in is exported organic
matter from the surface ocean. He ends his lecture by suggesting future studies such as recovery
rates of deep–sea corals after the impacts of fishing.
Radiocarbons are created in the atmosphere by high energy cosmic rays that are constantly
bombarding the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rivers then transported soluble ReO4 into the ocean. Algae uptake the Re and upon death the algae
sinks to the bottom where the Re is taken in by the black corals. The half life can then be used to
determine ocean circulation much like the radiocarbons.
The lecture given by Dr. Roark has tied together multiple topics that we've discussed in class this
semester. The biggest correlation I made from his lecture was the introduction of Re into the ocean
from the Mississippi River. Rivers are one of the biggest sources of detritus and they bring in a lot of
nutrients from decaying organic materials that enter the river. Dr. Roark said he was surprised to see
Re in the coral samples, but it makes since if coal mines were located close to the banks of rivers.
Much like the corals that are taking in this rare transition metal, organisms such as oysters can also
be taking in elements such as radiocarbons and Re. Pollution in the ocean is a huge problem and it
has occurred in many topics we've discussed.
Dr. Roark mentioned POM's (pieces of organic material) several times and how these elements are
being taken in by organisms at the bottom of the food chain. This relates to the diagram of Mr. Cat
that we discussed in class and how a 10 pound cat would have to eat 100 pounds of tuna and the
tuna would have to eat 1,000 pounds of mackerel and so on. Much like the example with DDT, these
toxic elements are being introduced to

Using Raw Data From Oil Fields
Problem Statement
We want to try and develop a material balance equation that tries to give an accurate estimate of the
original gas in place in a coalbed methane reservoir considering the absorbed gases, free gases, rock
compressibility and certain factors that have strong effect on the original gas in place.
Considering so many MBE equations that have been presented by different researchers, we are
going to be using raw data from oil fields to with researchers developed material balance equation to
calculate the OGIP in the reservoir and compare the results to various simulation results to see the
similarities and differences between them.
Methodology
We will be considering G.R king (1993) MBE and E. Firanda Material balance equations and doing
our calculations based on their developed equations. We would be comparing these results with the
result gotten from the finite difference simulator mentioned in king's paper so validate and see the
viability of applying this MBE's to actual reservoirs.
We used the parameters for a 6ft coalbed reservoir stated in kings (1993) and E. Firanda (2011)
paper.
List of Input Parameters for sensitivity of MBE
Parameters Units Values
Seam Thickness ft 50
Drainage, A acres 319.54
Temperature R 565
Coal Density gr/cm3 1.7
Initial seam Pressure pi psia 1500
Langmuir Pressure Constant, PL psia 362.32
Initial Volume Constants, V0 scf/ton 345.1
Langmuir Volume Constant, VL scf/ton 428.5
Macropore Porosity % 1
Initial water saturation – 0.95

The Concepts Of Carbon Emissions Pinch Analysis
The concepts of Carbon Emissions Pinch Analysis (CEPA) techniques and Energy Return of
Investment (EROI), with special attention to the methodology and system boundaries of EROI
analysis have been reviewed in this literature. The analyses of EROI results for different fuel types
especially EROI results of hydropower plants are also presented. The essential features of storage
type hydropower plants also have been generally discussed as an important part of EROI's Energy
input calculation. Special attention will now be given to the hydropower resources in Myanmar in
Chapter 3 and the detailed discussion of storage type hydropower plants will be addressed. Chapter
3 Hydropower Resources in Myanmar 3.1 Introduction Myanmar has tremendous hydropower
potential; however the majority of this potential has remained undeveloped due to the economic and
political disturbances. The technical feasible potential from the major rivers and other potential
water resources support the country as one of the renewable energy rich countries amongst its
neighbouring, energy demand countries especially China, and India. Due to the increase in
electricity demand of the domestic and cross border regional energy trade issues (Kattelus et al.,
2015), the necessities for the extraction of the large hydropower resources should be fulfilled from
the geopolitical perspective. In this chapter, the current situation and future potentials of hydropower
resources basically storage type hydropower plants

College Station Area Is The Huge Inconvenience Of The...
One of the more dominant problems within the Bryan, College Station area, is the extensive amount
of flooding that takes place every year. Whenever it rains, the town and a large number of major
areas gets engulfed by uncontrollable amounts of water. The streets and roadways get backed up
with so much excess water that they must close off certain parts of town to ensure the safety of the
people who live there. Flooding in Bryan, College Station is an enormous inconvenience to the
people who live there. This issue can be solved by simply collecting more tax money, fixing the
drainage system, and by coming up with procedures or regulations for future constructions, so
people can build their new establishments on higher grounds. It has been stated by the Weather
Channel that, "In June of 2016, the Brazos River crested just over 4 feet above its previous record
flood stage at Richmond, Texas" (Tom Moore). Beings that Collage Station is located in a Bryan
Valley, the area is mostly flat terrain with occasional hills and slow absorbing soil, packed with large
amounts of establishments that can easily become prone to flooding. During the times of intense
rain, the water builds up and exceeds the limit for drainage in the area. Bridges, roads, walkways,
and parking lots, get engulfed with the water, making it impossible to get through. Highway 6, near
College Station, is one of the major roads that people use to commute from place to place, and to get
home, when it closed down to

Water Quality Of The Mine Drainage Running Into The Afon...
Treatment Plan The number of problems related to the water quality of the mine drainage running
into the Afon Goch North has meant that any remediation system must be multi–staged.
Furthermore, the unique characteristics of the mine and the heavily polluted water requires an
exclusive method of mediation. The treatment system outlined uses passive systems that require
relatively little maintainence and have low running costs in order to be used as a long term solution
to the pollution being produced.
Extending the Mine Adit Initially, the hillside needs to be excavated along the mine adit. An area of
approximately ***** m along the mine adit needs to be removed. This will allow further room to
construct the treatment system. Furthermore, the adit needs to be diverted from the path of the Afon
Goch North so polluted water can enter the river. The adit will enter river once treatment has been
completed.
Proposed System The water running from the mine adit is polluted with a number of elements
requiring various methods of extraction in order to purify water. As each mine setting is unique it is
often necessary to develop a system original to the site, as is the case at Parys Mountain. Figure *
shows the pathway of the mine drainage before eventually running off into the Afon Goch North. As
the water exits the mine with a pH below 2 and a near reducing condition, a peat biofilter will work
effectively to remove metals from solution. As the water travels through the

City Of Niceville 2016 Stormwater Master Plan
City of Niceville 2016 Stormwater Master Plan Addendum
The 2016 Stormwater Master Plan is an overview and summary of the City of Niceville's
Stormwater Management Program and will serve as an addendum to the existing Stormwater Master
Plan. This document will provide a summary of the progress the City has made to address the water
quantity and quality issues as they relate to stormwater runoff. It will identify the past stormwater
projects and drainage activities the City has under taken as a result of previous assessments, studies
and recommendations to improve the efficiency and functionality of the City's stormwater systems
to minimize the adverse environmental impacts of stormwater runoff. This document also includes
the Capital Improvement Element which comprises a list of the drainage improvement projects that
identify the future goals and objectives of the City's Stormwater Management Program. The City
Council's approval of this Stormwater Master Plan Addendum and the Capital Improvements Plan
will become the framework for accomplishing these goals and objectives.
Background
Beginning in the late 1990's the city realized the importance of stormwater management and
initiated the necessary steps to identify and minimalize the adverse effects of inadequate drainage
infrastructure. Although the city had adopted stormwater regulations for new development, older
developments and roadways in the city were not regulated prior to 1984 and many of those drainage
systems

The Niagara Escarpment : World 's Natural Wonders...
The Niagara Escarpment is one of the world's natural wonders preserved by the UNESCO World
Biosphere Reserve since 1990. It is a forested landscape made up of rocks ranging several hundred
meters in height and consists with rich biodiversity and a habitat to many types of wildlife. The
ridge extends 725 km in length from Queenston on Niagara River through densely populated areas
like Hamilton, Milton to Tobermory at the tip of Bruce peninsula (CanadianEncyclopedia). The
escarpment exists in a horseshoe shape around Michigan and dates back up to 430 to 450 million
years ago when the area lay under a shallow sea, which is referred as the Ordovician era by
geologists. It was formed through different processes of erosion by weathering and streams and
deposition of different particles. Today it well known for one of its numerous waterfalls those lie
within, known as the Niagara Falls. The ridge can affect the lives of the community around in
various different ways by its geomorphology, hydrology and climatology which will be further
elaborated.
Researching for a topic can be time consuming and ineffective if it's not organized or developed
upon properly. The first step of research was to organize the content into three different sections –
geomorphology, hydrology and climatology. Each topic was researched using different sources for
example: online articles and encyclopedia and books. Each topics and points were evaluated and
brainstormed while how these topics affect the

The Plan For Public Health And Safety
The next component of the General Plan is the plan for public health and safety which addresses
issues of: Geology and Seismicity, Flooding and Drainage, Noise, Air Installation Land Use
Compatibility, Hazardous Materials, Crime Prevention and Protection Services, Fire Prevention and
Suppression Services, Disaster Preparedness, Emergency Medical Facilities. The issue of geology
and seismicity is important to the Lancaster area at large due to its location being less than ten miles
south of the San Andreas Fault. Major earthquakes in the area present a problem for citizen's safety
and possible property damage. A similar issue is that of flooding and drainage. Because Lancaster
exists within a valley and is relatively flat, the area is prone to flooding. One of the current
propositions is to include flood water basins. The water basins to mitigate for the 100 year flood are
essentially large ditches on the corner of neighborhood streets. When a water basin sits in the middle
of a neighborhood it is not a functional part of the surrounding environment and can become an
eyesore in a community. This probably causes the NIMBY–ism around water basins, no matter how
beneficial they may be. Noise is a very prevalent issue in Lancaster, due to the amount of
aeronautical activity conducted on EAFB. The City has rezoned the flight area in order to decrease
the amount of overhead flights in the urbanized areas. This plan is mimicked in the Air Installation
Land Use Compatibility portion.

Texas Drainage Water Laws
The Texas Water Development Board reports that in 2015 over fifty inches of rainfall descended
upon Travis county that year alone. With rainfall comes drainage water and its effects on the state of
Texas and Texas residents. Texas' drainage water laws are divided into three rules, common law rule,
civil law rule, and reasonable use rule.
Joseph W. Dellapenna co–author of Waters and Water Rights, which is the standard reference work
on water law in the United States, explains the common law rule states that any diffused surface
water runoff that creates nuisance to the landowner can be disposed of with no consideration of the
neighboring landowners (294). According to Texas A&M University College of Geosciences Water
Management and Hydrological ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The increased diffused surface run off may flow into a natural watercourse or even over landowner's
property as long as the increase in diffused surface water flow does not harm the neighboring
watercourses or lands (Dellapenna 306). Also added to the natural flow rule is the good husbandry
exception (Dellapenna 305). The good husbandry exception gained acceptance slower than the
acceleration exception due to its grand nature (Dellapenna 307). The good husbandry rule permitted
landowners to add quatinties of water to drain or repel from negihbors land as long as the quanties
were considered "good husbandry" of the soil (Dellapenna 307). This exception created then need to
define what was amount of diffused water run off was "reasonable" to use, which led into the
creation of the reasonable use rule (Dellapenna 307).
Lastly, Mr. Richard A. Kaizer expresses that "Somewhere between the common enemy and natural
flow rules is the rule of 'reasonable flow'" (28). The reasonable use rule or reasonable flow rule
allows land owners to divert or change the flow of diffused surface water ("Texas Water Law").
Landowners may divert diffused surface water using by any means possible even to the harming of
neighbors lands as long as it

Environmental Impact Report On California Department Of...
Thank you for providing the California Department of Transportation (Department) the opportunity
to review and comment on the Notice of Preparation of a Draft Environmental Impact Report for the
Valley Corridor Specific Plan (Project). The project area would be oriented along a 1.25–mile
corridor of Valley Boulevard between Alder and Spruce Avenues boundaries. The Project proposes
land use and development framework to ultimately support approximately 1,093 housing units in
residential and mixed–use projects and up to 1.9 million square feet of nonresidential building
square footage comprised of a variety of retail stores, restaurants, hotels, and business
development/office space on a 355 acre area.
As the owner and operator of the State Highway System (SHS), it is our responsibility to coordinate
and consult with local jurisdictions when proposed development may impact our facilities. As the
responsible agency under the California Environmental Quality Act, it is also our responsibility to
make recommendations to offset associated impacts with the proposed project. Although the project
is under the jurisdiction of the County of San Bernardino, due to the project's potential impact to the
State facilities, it is also subject to the policies and regulations that govern the SHS.
Our areas of concern, pertaining to State facilities, include hydrology/flooding and
transportation/traffic issues. Due to these potentially significant impacts and because the south
portion of

Example Of Globalization Research Paper
Effects of Globalization on Non–Western Cultures
Globalization of Non–Western countries have had great implications to their societies whether it is a
positive or a negative effect, fortunately most of the effects are benefiting the population that it is
being targeted. I am going to reference two different areas on the map that has had the help of the
United States in their transition to towards a more developed country. First we will discuss Africa
namely Uganda and Ghana and with the help of the United States was able to open up trade and
technology to increase the level of lifestyle of the people. I will then discuss Afghanistan and the
United States involvement in irrigation and drainage in the Helmand Valley to enable ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is unclear to USAID if there was a definite benefit to the most impoverished areas of the country,
but it did have great impacts on the majority of the country in this particular instance. In Afghanistan
in 1967 it was proposed by USAID to contract and construct a better irrigation system for the
Helmand Valley to increase the ability of the local farmers to raise crops that could be sold at market
to increase their annual income. The irrigation system at the time had been built between 1946–1959
by the Morris–Knudsen Afghanistan Corporation which had helped some, but was not reaching all
the farmlands. With poor drainage and irrigation it was increasing the water tables and increasing
the exchangeable sodium, the area was over cultivated leading to decreased fertility and organic
matter of the soil (S. Udall, Sept.1967 pg3). The average farmer owns 12–13 acres that is plowed
with oxen and a steel stick plow, the irrigation is brought into small basins with small dikes to
prevent the loss of water, with this primitive water control the farmer is limited in his abilities (S
Udall, Sept. 1967 pg3). USAID once again stepped in to further build the irrigation and drainage
systems, which in turn would make the valley more fertile for harvesting and feeding crops. This
irrigation system that was completed by USAID had wonderful impacts on the

Lymphatic Drainage
Bring Back Your Beauty with Nouri Face and Beauty Concept Being a mother is a bless. The effort
of being the real mother is not easy to pass. Natal and postnatal are two ways to pass by every
mother and the note of it will keep staying on moms' belly and some parts of her body. We know it
as cellulite. Some experts claimed that cellulite is water retention and toxin accumulation and
lymphatic drainage massage is one of its solutions. Therefore, Nouri Face and Beauty Concept
provide lymphatic drainage massage cellulite to appreciate moms in the world. Nouri Face and
Beauty Concept Provides Lymphatic Drainage Massage In fact, cellulite is more than only water
retention. It also fat accumulation, skin looseness, toxin accumulation and chronic, and low–grade
inflammation. Therefore, for women who do manual lymphatic drainage massage, they will get
nothing or just temporary result. This step is very mild to solve the water retention and inflammation
in the cellulite. It would be better to do lymphatic stimulation massage because it drains excess
water from the tissue. In this way, the body will be stimulated to produce its own lymphatic drainage
capacity and blood circulation. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some points you need to concern are the pressure, directions, rhythm, and sequence. For pressure,
you cannot slide over the skin, but light enough. It is about 1–4 ounces and does deep tissue to apply
much pressure with lymphatic drainage massage. If there is a hard push, the initial lymphatic will
collapse. The next is the direction. It is important to push the lymph the correct nodes to make the
work effective. The correct rhythm and speed are also important to stimulate the parasympathetic
nervous system, causing the client to

Landscaping Essay
The old ones surely bore great wisdom wisdom with them. One of them said," Never underestimate
the therapeutic value of landscaping. It renders a boundless platform where people can make use of
their incipient creative talents to create impressive and satisfying artistic work. It renders a
remarkable opportunity for individuals to use their thoughts, undying patience and the gift of mother
nature to create their own paradise." True. And every aesthetically literate person knows that the
artistic dimensions of existence makes sense for every sphere of human endeavor; and that a
sophisticated artistic sensibility has the ability to bring a cure to cancer as to the composition of a
great symphony. At Harter Landscaping and contractors, we offer expert landscaping services to
help you create an ideal environment that compliments your home. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
We keep all of these under control using chemical, organic and granule products; though our aim is
to completely use organic products in the near future. The pesticides are used on the lawns, trees,
shrubs and bushes; ranging from the basic 6–step lawn management system to deep root feeding.
We manage different plants differently to ensure you achieve a beautiful scene of healthy plants,
trees and lawns. Our workers have had a chance to deal with the most resistance pest and diseases
with success so you can trust on us to keep everything under control. 4. Irrigation and Sprinkler
services. One of the most key in having healthy, green lawns and beautiful flower gardens, plants,
trees, shrubs and bushes is having your sprinkler system strategically placed. Using the best
products in the market, we offer expert sprinkler system repair, maintenance and new installation
services. We assist you in finding the ideal position of the irrigation system. Warranty is offered in
all our work and we deal in sprinkler systems of all makes and models. 5. Trees

Causes Of Water Logging In Dhaka
WATER LOGGING PROBLEM AND DRAINAGE IN DHAKA
IN RECENT years Dhaka City has been facing extensive water logging, especially, during the
monsoon. Even without climate change, likely damage from waterlogging in Dhaka by 2050 is Taka
11,000 crore. In a changing climate with more intense rainfalls, the loss will be Taka 139,000 crores
between 2014 and 2050. These damages can be reduced significantly to Taka 3,700 crores, if Taka
270 crores investment is made. The amount Taka 270 crores is equivalent to only 0.35 percent of the
government's annual development budget expenditure for 2014–2015.(World Bank,2015).Problems
that occur in the city are increase in water pollution, traffic congestion, air and noise pollution, solid
waste disposal, black smoke etc. Inadequate drainage sections, conventional drainage system with
low capacity and gravity, natural siltation, absence of inlets and outlets,indefinite drainage outlets,
lack of proper maintenance of existing drainage system, and over and above disposal of solid waste
into the drains and drainage paths are accounted for the prime causes of blockage in drainage system
and water logging. During the last 25 years or so rapid uncontrolled urbanization has taken place in
its capital city Dhaka. Substantial increase in built–up areas has taken place due to insensitive
developments of areas through private land developers and real estate business (Tawhid, 2004). The
city has experienced water logging for last couple of years which creates

A Study On Storm Water Drainage And Management System...
This section presents the team 's approach in conducting the study on Storm Water drainage and
management system evaluation and its detailed design program. The Streams Tech team will provide
all necessary labor, materials, supervision, and professional and technical support to conduct the
study.
In achieving the study objectives listed in the previous section, the study shall be divided into phases
as follows:
Phase I will comprise of detailed field and topographic survey to identify all the streams and storm
water/drainage system with associated problems and issues such as encroachment/Property Affected
Persons (PAPs), siltation, design deficiencies, inadequate capacity, etc., from Allentown to Hamilton
with a view towards solving the flooding problems affecting roads and property in the Freetown
Municipality. A base map showing all the features and the seasonal flood areas will be produced.
Recommendations for restoration/improvement and management of the system with indicative costs
will be provided during this first phase reporting.
Phase II will consist of the production of detailed engineering design of the storm water/drainage
system including all the hydraulic structures in accordance with the recommendations in Phase I.
Tender documents will also be produced during this phase. The deliverables in this Phase II will
include the design drawings and the tender documents.
2.1 PHASE I TASKS AND TECHNICAL APPROACHES
The tasks in Phase I will comprise primarily of

Natural Disasters
Throughout history natural disasters have terrorised mankind. The problem with natural disasters is
humans cannot control them, they can create preventative measures and usually can find where the
disaster is going to happen but that is the extent of human's ability to control them. When creating
preventative measures there is always a budget in mind that keeps everything from being foolproof,
which makes large scale disasters sometimes make those preventive measures not enough to
completely stop them but only helps reduce cleanup time. In certain cases like large quantities of
rain that cause flooding the flood waters are directed towards dams that can hold a certain amount of
water before the dam breaks, at max capacity the dam must be opened in some cases causing more
flooding downstream causing for a longer cleanup time. In Nick Stockton's article "How Will
Huston Handle the Deluge Hurricane Harvey" from August 28, of 2017 in the online version of
Wired, he effectively uses logos to show how the project manager is handling rain control during
this natural disaster while also showing how casualties and property damage were minimized.
Stockton begins his piece with logic that shows how natural disasters can cause major damage.
Stockton explains that Hurricane Harvey, a category four hurricane that went through Houston,
Texas, had winds up to "130 miles per hour." This is relevant due to the fact that these winds can
pick things up and make them fly into buildings or

2.2 Explain How To Manage A Site Drainage
2.1 How to manage the site drainage and its importance.
Site drainage management is aim to safeguard the house inhabitants and protect the house from
several damage cause by surface water and both internal and external inappropriate moisture
(Master builders, 2009).
Site drainage management is a very important part of the design of footing system. It is because the
site drainage could influence the success of the footing system, the maintenance of the site drainage
influencing the economic life of the building and the site drainage plan is required to be documented
(AS2870, 2011). In the AS2870, there is a detailed drainage requirement helping owner–builders to
know how to manage drainage and the several factors influencing the site drainage. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are several soil results might happen after the tree removal in this case, from limited influence
to significant damage. As this case just mentioned the site soil classification of this reclaimed land is
H1 but not mention the soil type. If it's sandy area, removal trees might cause less damage to the soil
because sand does not swell or shrink with changes in moisture (Victorian building authority, 2015).
However, if these trees are used to take more moisture from the underground water system in clay
soil land, the tree removal land will become more wet or dry due to the different surrounding
agricultural situation. For example, if there are heavy rainy after the tree removal and there are no
other trees or shrubs around the site, too much accumulated water will stay on the hole and change
the clay soils to be more reactive. On the other hand, if there are other big trees and shrubs around
the site, the extra moisture will be absorbed by these trees and the site soil is going to be dry. Thus,
the classification of the soil will be changed and it lead to change the footing construction system as
well. All in all, tree conditions should be considered before the removal and a more careful site
filling and cleaning jobs should be

Environmental Pollution
Let have a critical look at our environment as a complex system with many different interaction
between its different components making life possible on earth. Unfortunately, human activities over
the years have adversely affected the chemical, biological, physical and social component of the
natural environment leading to environmental pollution and climatic change. In the United Kingdom
for example, the 'Great Smog of 1952' cannot be forgotten in history when we talk about
environmental pollution and it effect on human. The great smog of 1952 which was formed from
steady smog missed with soot and sulphur dioxide from coal burning occurred killed 12,000 people
in the United Kingdom killed (Fullerton 2016). This in addition to other serious environmental
pollution and their effect on the environment and human has greatly affected policies and control of
emissions into the environment. (Dunnings, ND)
In other to control further pollution to the environment, environmental modelling has been a crucial
tool in predicting the short and long term effects of human activities and pollutant in the
environment. "EPA.gov (2017) define modelling as a simplification of reality that is constructed to
gain insights into select attributes of a physical, biological, economic, or social system. A formal
representation of the behaviour of system processes, often in mathematical or statistical terms. The
basis can also be physical or conceptual."
Scientists have developed quiet a number of

Valley City Drainage System Essay
As a resident of Valley City, I find it too difficult to stay in this city because of its health hazards that
threaten the majority of residents. Most of my colleagues who reside in the neighboring city often
tell me that my health will be compromised if I continue to stay in this city which is associated with
numerous water–borne diseases. Valley City has a poor drainage system which makes the city
flooded and therefore, a new drainage system should be established throughout the city. It does it
take long for any new visitor who comes into the city to notice the poor conditions in the Valley
Ccity that threatens both the lives of residents and visitors. This city consists of the worst drainage
system I have ever seen. The waste water from the apartments finds it difficult to get their way into
the water treatment site. These conditions ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I feel that the contactors and engineers who were given the responsibility to plan and establish the
drainage system in the City did not professionally carry out their work as they were expected. The
drainage channels and pipes should also be frequently maintained to ensure that they don't block.
More dams in the city that would accommodate excess water when it rains should also be
constructed. In addition, the water sensitive urban design should also be deployed to reduce the run–
off in the city and allow filtration into the ground water. If all these measures are taken into place,
then I strongly believe that the residents of this city will lead a comfortable life free of floods and
water–borne diseases. The economic activities in the town are also expected to increase significantly
if the drainage system is rectified and modified together with other conditions that accelerated
incidence of floods in the

All the Basics There Are to Know about Rivers Essay
Rivers constitute a major natural phenomena found on the surface of the earth. They have unique
patterns and systems that perfectly fit in the geographical grid. One can establish the facts behind
the formation of rivers and the important part they play in the ecosystem by carefully studying their
features. However, the topic needs more research to know the reasons behind the uniqueness
portrayed by each river.
As the river flows, it cuts rocks which it carries them down its course and grinds them as it moves
farther to forms sediments. When the river enters a relatively flat ground, it slows down resulting in
sedimentation. This process is common in the plains where the river spreads over a wider area to
form a U–shaped valley. Due to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The second classification of rivers relies on the biotic composition of their waters. Rivers in this
category range from oligotrophic (unpolluted) to the extremes of eutrophic (polluted) rivers. The
zonation procedure divides a river into three distinct parts; that is, the crenon, rhithron, and
potamon. The crenon represents the superior part of the river differentiated by high speed, low
temperatures, and low oxygen content. Additionally, the crenon forms a hypocrenon and a eucrenon.
The rhithron follows after the crenon (middle part of the river) with relatively increased levels of
oxygen, turbulent flow, and cool temperatures. Finally, the potamon represents the lower part of the
river distinguished by slow speed, low concentration of oxygen, warm temperatures and sand–
covered river beds (Green 220).
River Flow and Drainage Patterns The flow of the river is normally determined by the force of
gravity. In this regard, the flow can take different paths and directions. The volumetric discharge rate
determines the water volume flowing via a specific point of the river per unit time. The unit
assigned to this measure is cubic metres per second. The uses of rivers are enormous depending on
their locality, flow rate, and water volume. Large scale irrigation and many production processes
depend on river water. The rivers form a crucial part of the hydrological cycle that determines the
climate of a given region. Additionally,

The Saskatchewan River Watershed Flows
Introduction
The Saskatchewan River watershed is a major river in Canada which flows eastward across
Saskatchewan and Manitoba into Lake Winnipeg. It is a source of water to humans and livestock
(Partners for the Saskatchewan River Basin, 2009). The watershed has a distinctive delta which is
the largest inland freshwater delta in North America. The delta begins at the west of the
Saskatchewan–Manitoba boundary (Partners for the Saskatchewan River Basin, 2009).
The South Saskatchewan River watershed flows from the Northern shores of Lake Diefenbaker out
of the Gardiner Dam towards the City of Saskatoon. It continues north to eventually become the
Saskatchewan River (shown in Figure 1 below). The North Saskatchewan River watershed flows
eastwards across Edmonton, Alberta and joins with the South Saskatchewan River watershed to
form the Saskatchewan River watershed. These watersheds provide many recreational attractions
such as fishing and opportunities for sightseeing, canoeing, fishing and hiking. The Saskatchewan
River watershed begins at the confluence of the North and South Saskatchewan River watersheds.
From this point, the Saskatchewan River watershed passes through the Saskatchewan Delta, into
Lake Winnipeg, which eventually drains into Hudson Bay through the Nelson River. Figure 1 shows
a map of the South Saskatchewan, North Saskatchewan and the Saskatchewan River Watersheds.
Figure 1: Saskatchewan River drainage basin
Source:

Things to Keep in Mind When Buying a House
Buying a good house recommended by a reputable company is not the end of it. To live happily and
for long in the house, there are some things that you have to keep in mind regarding the building of
your house.
1.1 Landscaping and Garden
The landscape and the garden are the two main areas which surround the house and should be well
planned to give the required support to the construction of the house. This is important because the
ground on which the house stands may undergo changes due to various reasons. One of the reasons
that might bring about a change in the ground is the way it settles over the years under the weight of
the house.
The settling of the soil might cause the level of the ground surrounding the building to rise above the
level of the ground supporting the house. Whenever it rains, or there is heavy snowfall the water will
accumulate on the ground at the base of the building. The accumulated water will seep into the
ground, and the building will settle further into the soil made soft by the absorption of water. This
may go on for some time and damage the structure of the house and ultimately collapse.
Low lying drains and sewerage also add to the problem as the rain water or the water from the
melted snow cannot run out to the ground to a lower level. This water will accumulate in the drains
and overflow their capacity and start seeping into the ground at the base of the house.
To keep the water from accumulating in the drains and sewerage, you

Technology Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage
Close to a third of the crude oil Canada produced from oil sands in 2014 used this technology Steam
assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) [1].SAGD is an in–situ method that is used to extract oil from oil
sand reserves. Developed by Roger Butler [2] SAGD is today one of the primary methods used to
extract bitumen. In SAGD shown in the Figure 1.1, pairs of horizontal parallel wells separated by a
vertical distance of 4–6m are drilled for one kilometer of a horizontal distance. The upper of the two
wells (injection well) is used to inject steam in the formation to lower the viscosity of the bitumen.
The lower one (production well) is used to collect the produced oil. The well drilled into the
formation removes earth for a well (casing) to be inserted to the well bore. The well bore is then
cemented to increase the stability and isolate it from underground water to prevent contamination. A
smaller pipe with a number of small slits is then inserted in the reservoir. When steam is injected to
the formation a steam chamber around the well is created [3]. The pressure of the steam should be
lower than the fracture pressure of the rock mass to prevent the deflection of the rock [4]. Steam
injection will go on for months during which the steam chamber expands and the viscosity of the
bitumen decreases. This will cause the bitumen to flow down under gravity towards the production
well. The produced oil is then pumped to the surface. Surface facilities are then used to separate the
water

Building A New Water Drainage System
The last time this apartment complex saw a renovation was in the nineteen eighties, since then only
minimal and cheap repairs have been done. This is a small apartment complex of less than forty
units, separated into five buildings. As of right now, this small apartment complex is losing money;
because of rain drainage damaging the buildings and making several units uninhabitable. On the
other hand, the actual rentable units are so outdated, rent has to be kept low in order to keep tenants.
Cheap and minimal repairs will no longer remedy this situation, a major renovation is needed. To
make this apartment complex successful again, the renovation must include a new water drainage
system, water damage repairs, and unit updates, while still ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Any potential tenant will see that this apartment complex has zero curb appeal and will most likely
scare them away before they even look at the price or floorplans. The main stucco walls are a dingy
shade of yellow, smudged with black stains from water exposure. These yellow walls are then paired
dark green doors, rails, and wood panels. Together this color palette creates and ugly stained frog
look. The land around the apartments is poorly kept with all the bushes looking warped, over grown,
and splotchy. To make a major difference, the main yellow walls should be changed to a simple
gray. The dark green doors should be painted a clean white and the other dark green details should
become the darker grey. If the roof doesn't pass inspection and needs to be replaced, the new
shingles should be black. Any shrubs and wacky bushes remaining, after the French drains have
been placed, will also need to be removed. All replaced and remaining greenery should be clean cut,
healthy grass.
Before interior apartment changes begin, the units must be inspected and treated for mold. The thirty
year old kitchen cabinetry and bedroom sink cabinets should be demolished. Any door that swings
inwards into the microscopic bathrooms, must be replaced with a space saving pocket door. The
useless hallway closet should be the expansion of the bathroom that provides just enough space for a
sink to

Descriptive Essay On Jamaica
GEO 1101
Jamaica
Jamaica is the country I chose to do my map write up on because it is my home country and this is
where I was born and raised so I felt like it was best to do it on a country that I loved and respect in
all aspects. Jamaica is location in the West Indies, which is a group of islands which is located
between northern South America and southeast United States. Jamaica is in the Northern and
Western Hemispheres which is located at latitude 17 degrees North and between longitude 77 and 79
degrees West. The Caribbean Sea is what surrounds the island. Jamaica a part of the Greater Antilles
which also include Puerto Rico, Cuba, Dominican Republic and Haiti. These are the largest islands
in the archipelago which were found in the north–west of the Caribbean. Jamaica covers about
10,831 square kilometers of land and has 160 square kilometers of water and thus making it the
170th largest nation in the world which has a total area of 10,991 square kilometers. Jamaica had
gained independence on 6 August 1962 from the United Kingdom, this date is celebrated as
Independence Day, a national holiday in the country. Jamaica's population is about 2,889,187 and
the nation has a mass of 267 people per square kilometer based on the findings from the world atlas.
Kingston is known as the capital city of Jamaica which is located on a latitude of 18 and longitude
of 76.79 on the countries map. The main political focused parish in Jamaica

Essay On Wound Drainage
The orthopedic literature has a long history of investigating the use of postoperative wound drains
(Cobb, 1990). In total joint arthroplasty, wound drains were associated with increased rates of
transfusion (Hallstrom and Steele, 1992; Quinn et al., 2015) but not a decrease in the rate of wound
complications. A systematic review of the orthopedic literature comparing closed suction drainage
systems with no drainage system for all types of elective and emergency orthopedic surgery found
that there is insufficient evidence from randomized trials to support the routine use of wound drains
in orthopedic surgery (Parker et al., 2007). Similarly, a meta–analysis of randomized controlled
trials of wound drainage after hip fracture surgery ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They found that the group without drains developed epidural fluid collection by MRI detection at a
much higher rate of 89% compared to the drain group at 36% (Mirzai et al., 2006). Their data
suggested that drains could help clear excess fluid from the surgical site and adjacent spaces.
However, they did not observe a difference in clinical outcomes between groups. A meta–analysis of
seven studies of postoperative suction drain use after posterior spine surgery included 2,098 patients
and found that drains did not influence healing rates and or infection (Andrew Glennie et al., 2015).
The relationship between surgical drains and hematoma prevention could not be established.
Similarly, another recent meta–analysis failed to demonstrate an association between surgical site
drains and decreased odds of hematoma and infection (Waly et al., 2015). While the benefit of
surgical site drains in the lumbar spine remains to be demonstrated, the benefit of surgical site drains
in the cervical spine remains an unanswered question.
The study of surgical site drains in the posterior cervical spine is limited. Payhs et al. suggested
surgical site drains in the posterior cervical spine in combination with alcohol foam or vancomycin
powder are associated with reduced odds of surgical site infection among patients undergoing any
posterior cervical spine surgery (Pahys et al., 2013). Our data regarding

Sustainable Drainage For Highways Infrastructure
Sustainable Drainage for highways infrastructure
Introduction
Construction of no porous highway surfaces and pavements areas have high possibility of modifying
the hydrological cycle with larger volumes of runoff being conveyed over short periods of time at
increased flow rates to nearby water courses. Highway drainage has been designed to rapidly
remove surface runoff from the carriageway and discharge directly and positively into nearest
watercourses. It is now recognised that runoff from highways contains range of pollutants which
have negative impacts on watercourses such as vehicle derived exhaust emissions, fuel and lubricant
losses tyre and car fabric losses . Ground paving in leading to flooding, water pollution and situation
is likely to get worse as climate changes. Drainage need to be designed to keep to water on site
longer and allow percolation as a result reducing pollution and flooding. If possible water should be
stored and used. The existing drainage system on A45/A46 Tollbar junction is a combination of
piped system, kerbs and gullies discharging to carrier pipes and surface water channels discharging
into carrier pipes network. Runoff collected from the junction finally discharge into river Avon. The
present drainage system has no special features to make it sustainable. The system does not have
oil/petrol interceptors or any device for controlling pollution. There are no measures to deal with
accidental spillage, which will discharge into river Avon.

A Human-Friendly Method Of Treating Acid Mine Drainage

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