bioethanol production by waste cooking oil.

1. TYPESOF
BIOFUEL
M ATIF 2019-CH-211
HAMZA 2019-CH-213
FURQAN 2019-CH-215
1

2. BIO-ETHANOL
2

3. BIO ETHANOL
INTRODUCTION
 Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermentation, mostly from
carbohydrates produced in sugar or starch crops such as corn or
sugarcane. Cellulosic biomass, derived from non-food sources such
as trees and grasses, is also being developed as a feedstock for
ethanol production
3

4. RAW
MATERIAL
RAW MATERIAL
Wheat/Grains/Corn/Sugar-cane can be used to produce ethanol.
(Basically, any plants that composed largely of sugars)
Bioethanol is mainly produced in three ways.
oSugar ethanol
ostarch sugar ethanol
ocellulose and hemicellulose ethanol
4

5. CONTD.
 Ethanol can be produced from a variety of feedstock's such as sugar
cane, bagasse, sugar beet, switch grass, potatoes, fruit, molasses
corn, Stover, wheat, straw, other biomass, as well as many types of
cellulose waste and harvestings
Agricultural feedstock's are considered renewable because they get
energy from the sun using photosynthesis
5

6. PROCESS
FLOW
 Sugar cane
Simplest of all the processes
6

7. REACTIONS
Chemical reaction 1
 The fructose and glucose sugars react with zymase to produce
ethanol and carbon dioxide.
Chemical reaction 2
 Fermentation process requires 3 days to complete and is carried out
at a temperature of between 250°C and 300°C
7

8. Top Five
Countries
Countries
 The top five ethanol producers in 2010
 Brazil – 16500 billion liters
 The United States -16270 billion liters
 China - 2000 billion liters
 The European Union - 950 billion liters
 India - 300 billion liters
8

9. Bioethanol
Properties
Bioethanol Properties
 Colorless and clear liquid
 Used to substitute petrol fuel for road transport vehicles
 One of the widely used alternative automotive fuel in the world
(Brazil & U.S.A are the largest ethanol producers)
 Much more environmentally friendly
 Lower toxicity level
9

10. Application
Application
 transport fuel to replace gasoline
 fuel for power generation by thermal combustion
 fuel for fuel cells by thermochemical reaction
 fuel in cogeneration systems
 feedstock in the chemicals industry
Blending of ethanol with a small proportion of a volatile fuel
such as gasoline > more cost effective
Various mixture of bioethanol with gasoline or diesel fuels
– E5G to E26G (5-26% ethanol, 95-74% gasoline)
– E85G (85% ethanol, 15% gasoline)
– E15D (15% ethanol, 85% diesel)
– E95D (95% ethanol, 5% water, with ignition improver)
10

11. Advantages
Advantages
 Exhaust gases of ethanol are much cleaner
 Greenhouse gases reduce Positive energy balance, depending on the
type of raw stock – output of energy during the production is more
than the input
 Any plant can be use for production of bioethanol
 Carbon neutral
 Decrease in ozone formation
 Renewable energy resource
 Reduces the amount of high-octane additives
11

12. Disadvantages
andConcerns
Disadvantages and Concerns
 Biodiversity – A large amount of arable land is required to grow
crops, natural habitats would be destroyed
 Food vs. Fuel debate
 Carbon emissions (controversial)
 Not as efficient as petroleum
 Engines made for working on Bioethanol cannot be used for petrol
or diesel
 Used of phosphorous and nitrogen in the production – negative
effect on the environment
 Cold start difficulties – pure ethanol is difficult to vaporize
12

13. Future
development
Future development
 For bioethanol to become more sustainable to replace petrol,
production process has to be more efficient
– Reducing cost of conversion
– Increasing yields
– Increase the diversity of crop used
13

14. BIO-DIESEL
14

15. Introduction
Introduction
 Increasing uncertainty about global energy production and supply,
environmental concerns due to the use of fossil fuels, and the high
price of petroleum products are the major reasons to search for
alternatives to petro diesel.
 Biodiesel has a higher Cetane number than diesel fuel.
 Rudolf Diesel firstly tested the PEANUT OIL in compression
ignition in 1912
15

16. Materials
Materials
 Cottonseed oil
 Ethanol
 Methanol
 Potassium hydroxide
16

17. Methods of
Production
Methods of Production
 Thermal cracking or pyrolysis
 Micro emulsions.
 Transesterification
17

18. PROCESS
DESCRIPTION
PROCESS DESCRIPTION
 Transesterification
 Separation of Byproduct
 Glycerin Refining
 Methanol Recovery
 Purification of Bio-Diesel
18

19. Trans-
esterification
19

20. SEPARATION
OF BY
PRODUCT
 Biodiesel and Glycerol are two major products that exists once
transesterification reaction is completed.
 The Glycerol phase is much denser than biodiesel phase.
 The Glycerol layer is drained out from separating funnel.
20

21. Purification of
Bio-Diesel
 Washing
 Dry Washing
21

22. Schematic of
Bio diesel
Processing
22

23. Physio-
Chemical
properties of
biodiesel
23

24. Advantages
Advantages
 Less polluting than petroleum diesel.
 Can use in existing diesel engine without any modification.
 Lack of Sulphur extends the life of catalytic convertors
 Improved lubricity.
 Reduce global warming.
 Contribute to rural development, allowing additional income and
job creation for developing countries.
 Diversifying the world’s fuel need
24

25. Dis-
Advantages
Dis-Advantages
 1&1/2 times more expensive than petroleum based fuel.
 Can harm rubber hoses in some engines.
 Due to no. Of processes cost of production is high.
25

26. BIO-BUTANOL
26

27. INTRODUCT-
ION
 INTRODUCTION
 Bio-butanol is a 4-carbon alcohol (butyl alcohol, butanol) produced
from the same feedstock source as bioethanol which include corn
grain and other biomass.
 When we talk of the term 'bio-butanol', means it has been produced
by microbial source using any substrate or from biomass feed
stocks.
 It can be used as a solvent, in cosmetics, hydraulic fluids, detergent
formulations, drugs, antibiotics, hormones and vitamins
 Except the use of solvent, chemical intermediate and extract agent,
butanol also can be used as fuel
27

28. PRODUCTION
METHOD
PRODUCTION METHODS OF BUTANOL
 Butanol can be obtained using chemical technologies, such as Oxo-
synthesis and aldol condensation. It is also possible to produce
butanol in the process of fermentation by bacteria and butanol as
one of the products called bio-butanol. The most popular bacteria
species used for fermentation is Clostridium acetobutyli-cum.
Because the main products of this process containing acetone,
butanol and ethanol, the fermentation is called ABE fermentation.
28

29. Chemical
Process
Chemical Process
 Butanol can be produced by chemical synthesis.
 One process is Oxo-synthesis, which involves the reaction of
propylene with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of
cobalt or rhodium as the catalyst.
 The mixture of n-butyraldehyde and isobutyraldehyde are obtained
and then the mixture can be hydrogenated to the corresponding n-
butanol and isobutyl alcohols.
 The reactions are as following:
CH3CH-CH2 + CO + H2 → CH3CH2CH2CHO + (CH3)2CHCHO
CH3CH2CH2CHO + H2 → CH3CH2CH2OH
(CH3)2CHCHO + H2 → (CH3)2CHCH2OH
29

30. Chemical
Process
Contd.
 Another route is aldol condensation, which involves the reaction of
condensation and dehydration from two molecules of acetic
aldehyde. And then, the product croton aldehyde is transformed into
n-butanol by hydrogenation at 180 0C and 0.2 MPa.
 The reaction is as following:
CH3CH=CHCHO + 2H2─→ CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
 Comparing the two processes, Oxo-synthesis route has the
advantages of materials easily obtained, comparable moderate
reaction conditions, enhanced ratio of n-butanol to isobutyl alcohol.
30

31. Biological
Process
Biological Process
 The production of butanol by fermentation using lignocellulose
feedstock's is also known as ABE fermentation, i.e. acetone-
butanol-ethanol fermentation.
 Compared with the chemical method, biological route has the
distinct advantages.
 For example, it can utilize the renewable resources such as wheat
straw, corn core, switch grass, etc. as feedstock's
31

32. Pretreatment
FERMENTATIVE BUTANOL PRODUCTION FROM
LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS
Pretreatment
 The opening of the lignocellulose biomass structure and the release
of sugar content from hemicellulose and cellulose with other cross-
linked units and the residual non hydrolyzed raw feedstock is called
pretreatment.
 Milling/grinding, extrusion, microwave and ultra sonication are
common physical pretreatment methods that open up the physical
structure of lignocellulose biomass.
 Physic-chemical methods such as steam explosion, steam treatment,
hydrothermolysis, ammonium fiber expansion, and hot water
treatment cause both the structure to unravel and a release of sugar
monomers and dimers.
32

33. Detoxification
Detoxification
 Severity of some pretreatment conditions converts those sugars into
furfural, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF), formic acid, acetic acid,
levulinic acid and salts, which can be inhibitory
 Several detoxification methods such as electrodialysis,
liming/overliming, activated carbon/charcoal, dilution, and resin
treatments are applied.
 Even though it is not specifically mentioned as a detoxification
method, solid/sediment removal by filtration or centrifugation is
also commonly applied to alleviate the inhibitory effects of the
solids and undissolved lignin in the lignocellulosic hydrolysates.
33

34. Fermentation
Fermentation
 ABE fermentation is biphasic; first, acetic acid and butyric acid are
produced in the abiogenesis phase, then the acids are re-assimilated
to yield the solvents acetone, butanol and ethanol.
 Batch fermentation is the most widely used method due to simple
operation and low risk of contamination.
 Continuous fermentation (hemostat) has advantages over batch and
fed-batch modes such as improved productivity.
 Multi-stage, immobilized cell, cell recycling and bleeding
techniques have been applied to improve hemostat performance.
34

35. Manufacture of ethanol and butanol from limo-
cellulosic feed-stock
35

36. ADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES OF BUTANOLAS FUEL
 Except the use of solvent, chemical intermediate and extract agent,
butanol also can be used as fuel, which attracted people’s attention
in recent years. Because of the good properties of high heating
value, high viscosity, low volatility, high hydrophobicity, less
corrosive, butanol has the potential of a good fuel.
 When ethanol is mixed with gasoline (less than 10%), there exists
some disadvantages.
 Firstly, the heating value of ethanol is much less than gasoline.
 The fuel consumption increases if the engine is not retrofitted.
 Secondly, acetic acid is produced during the burning process of
ethanol, which is corrosive to the engine.
36

37. CHALLENGES
CHALLENGES
 There are several challenges such as high substrate cost, solvent
toxicity, low cell density and by-product formation that need to be
addressed for sustainable and economical fermentative butanol
production.
 These issues cause low butanol yield, titer, productivity and
selectivity.
 Great efforts have been made to find cheap/free feedstock and cost
efficient processing methods to overcome the high substrate cost
problem, and several review papers address this issue in detail.
 Low solvent tolerance limits the butanol titer to maximum 2%
dependent of the strain used, causing high downstream processing
cost; therefore some reviews collected and discuss information on
this specific challenge.
37

38. Properties of
Gasoline and
Biofuels
Properties of Gasoline and Biofuels
38

39. BIO-GAS
39

40. INTRODUCT-
ION
INTRODUCTION
 Biogas is a mixture of gases, primarily consisting of methane,
carbon dioxide and hydrogen supplied, produced from raw
materials such as agricultural waste, manure, municipal waste, plant
material, sewage, green waste and food waste. It is a renewable
energy source.
40

41. Raw Materials
Raw Materials
 The used raw materials are biogenic materials, such as the
following
 Fermentable, biomass-containing residues (sewage sludge,
biodegradable waste, food residues
 Residues from livestock farming (manure)
 Previously unused plants/plant parts (intermediate fruits, plant
residues)Energy crops (corn, sugar beet)
 Animal wastes: Cattle dung, urine, poultry droppings, fish wastes,
house waste, piggery waste etc. Human waste: Faeces, unin.
 Agricultural waste: Sugarcane trash, bagasse, tobacco waste, oil
cake, fruit vegetable waste Industrial waste: Sugar factory,
tannery papers etc.
41

42. PROCESS
PROCESS
 Biogas is produced when bacteria digest organic matter (biomass)
in the absence of oxygen. This process is called anaerobic
digestion. It occurs naturally anywhere from the within the
digestive system to the depth of effluent ponds and can be
reproduced artificially in engineered containers called digesters.
Production of biogas by anaerobic process involves 4 steps.
 Hydrolysis
 Acidogenesis
 Acetogenesis
 Methanogenesis
42

43. Block Diagram
of biogas
production:
43

44. Biogas
Advantages
Biogas Advantages
It’s an eco-friendly, renewable source of energy that has a smaller
impact on the environment than fossil fuels. Biogas combustion is
carbon-neutral and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. Using biogas
can reduce the dependence on oil imports in many countries. Biogas
production is a cost-effective waste management solution that
improves environmental quality by keeping waste away from landfills
and water sources. The biogas production process also generates
organic fertilizer for plants. Biogas plants benefit local economies by
creating new jobs.
44

45. Biogas dis-
advantages
Biogas dis-advantages
 Producing and purifying biogas still needs to be improved
significantly to make it effective at scale. The biogas production
process is suited for specific climates and geographical areas, as it
requires consistent supplies of raw materials and constant
temperature inside the digester. Treated biogas is still not 100%
pure, so more research is necessary before we can use biogas as
vehicle fuel on a scale. Biogas is an eco-friendly energy source only
as long as it comes from existing waste. If people start producing
raw materials only to transform them into biogas, the process no
longer positively impacts the environment. Biogas is easy to
produce in rural areas where organic materials are easy to procure,
but biogas plants are less effective in dense urban areas.
45

46. Future
development
Future development
 Energy experts claim that compressed biogas could become the fuel
of the future due to its virtue of being a clean and renewable source
of energy, which is also indigenous. It is also expected to reduce the
cost of imports of natural gas. In 2020, combined biogas and bio
methane production was 191 TWh with this figure predicted to
quadruple by 2030. By 2050, production can be at least fivefold
reaching over 1,000 TWh, with some estimates going up to 1,700
TWh.
46

47. Properties
Properties
 Even at very low temperature the biogas readily mixes with air.
 It does not need to provide rich mixture at starting time.
 It has very good antiknock properties.
 It is a safe fuel.
47

48. Countries
producing
biogas:
 Leading biogas producing countries in 2014(in billion cubic
meters)
48