2. IMMUNITY/IMMUNIZATION:

3. IMMUNOLOGY:
IMMUNOLOGY:
Deals with complex defense mechanism of the body &
also with equally complex invading agent.
IMMUINITY:
 It is the defense mechanism of the body.
 Resistance to a given disease or organism , or the
reaction of the body towards any foreign substance

5. TYPES OF IMMUNITY:
INNATE IMMUNITY:
 It is present in all the living being ,initiated
immediately against any invader without any previous
contact.
 Innate immunity also known as Non Specific
Immunity.

6. TYPES OF IMMUNITY:
ACQUIRED IMMUNITY:
 The body reacts specifically with the corresponding
antigen & time is required to build up against the
attack.
 It is associated with evaluation of lymphoid tissue.
 Acquired Immunity also known as Specific Immunity.

7. TYPES OF ACQUIRED IMMUNITY:
CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY:
It is associated with sensitized lymphocytes &
produced in response to viral , fungal & bacterial
infections ,
as well in rejection of foreign graft.
HUMORAL IMMUNITY:
 In this type of immunity antibodies are synthesized &
secreted by plasma cells in extra cellular fluid.
 Also known as Antibody Mediated Immunity.

8. ANTIGEN:
ANTIGEN:
 A substance w/c when introduce into the body
stimulate specific immune response.
ANTIGENCITY:
 The capability of agent to produce a systemic or a local
immunological reaction in the host.

9. ANTIBODY:
 It is protein molecule produced in response to a
foreign substance e.g. microorganism responsible for
infection.
 Antibody has capacity to bind specifically to foreign
substance that draws out its production , thus
supplying a mechanism for production against
infectious disease.

10. HERD IMMUNITY:
 It is the resistance of a group to an invasion & spreads
of an infectious disease.
• It is the immunity of a group of people where the
proportion of non-susceptible is greater then
susceptible.

12. IMMUNIZATION:
 Define as protection of susceptible individuals from
communicable disease by administration of vaccine or
performed antibodies.
Immunization is of two types.
• Active Immunization
 Passive Immunization

13. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION:
 Immunization done by administration of a living
modified agent “live attenuated vaccine” , a suspension
of killed organism or an inactivated toxin” toxoid”.
Passive Immunization:
 Temporary passive immunization produced by
administration of preformed antibody in the form of
immune globulin or antiserum.
 Immunizing agents are vaccine , immunoglobulin's &
antisera.

15. VACCINES:
 An immuno-biological substance designed to produce
specific protection against a given disease.
Mode of Action:
 It stimulate the production of antibodies & other
immune mechanism.
Types:
 Live attenuated vaccine
 Inactivated or Killed vaccine
 Toxoids
 Combined preparations.

16. LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINED:
 Prepared from live attenuated organisms w/c have lost
their capacity to induce full blown disease but retained
their immunogenicity.
Live attenuated vaccine are ;
 Bacterial:
 BCG”bacilli-calmette guerin” , typhoid & plague
vaccine.
 Viral:
 Oral polio vaccine , yellow fever ,measles , mumps &
influenza.

17. INACTIVATED OR KILLED VACCINE:
 These are the vaccine in w/c organism are killed by
heat or chemicals in such a way that their antigenicity
is retained w/c when injected into the body stimulate
active .
TOXOIDS:
 Produced by detixicating exotoxin produced by certain
organism in such a way that toxicity is destroyed bun
antigenicity is retained.
 Examples are Tetanus & Diphtheria Toxoid.

18. COMBINED VACCINE:
 More then one kind of immunization agent included
in vaccine ; aim is to simplify administration , reduce
cost & minimize the number of visits.
 Examples:
 DPT”Diphtheria-pertusis-Tetanus”
 MMR”Measles-mumps-rubella”
 DPTP”DPT plus inactivated Polio”

19. IMMUNOGLOBULINS:
 These are the agent for passive immunization.
TYPES:
 Normal Human Immunoglobulin
 Specific Human Immunoglobulin

20. ANTISERA:
 It is a serum containing antibody or antibodies
obtained from an animal that has been immunized
either by injection of antigen into the body or by
infection with microorganism containing the antigen.
TYPES:
 Monovalent
 Polyvalent

21. EXPENDED PROGRAMME OF
IMMUNIZATION:
 The global expanded programme of immunization
“EPI” was launched following resolution of World
Health Assembly in 1974 for the control of six
communicable disease w/c have high mortality &
morbidity in childrens.
 Six communicable disease are Diphtheris ,
Measles,Poliomyelitis , Tuberculosis , Tetanus &
Pertusis.

22. EXPENDED PROGRAMME OF
IMMUNIZATION:
 Pakistan started this programme in june-july 1978 with
the help of WHO & UNICEF.
 Vaccinationof hepatitis B was started in pakistan in
nov 2001 in selected districts on pilot basis.
 This has made part of routine immunization in EPI
since july 2002.

23. VACCINATION SCHEDULE FOR
CHILDREN UNDER 2 YEARS OF AGE:
AGE VACCINE TO BE GIVEN ROUTE OF
ADMINISTRATION
At Birth BCG
OPV
Intra-Dermal
Oral
At 6 weeks DPT 1
OPV 1
HBV 1
Intra-Muscular
Oral
Intra-Muscular
At 10th week DPT 11
OPV11
HBV11
Intra-Muscular
Oral
Intra-Muscular
At 14 week DPT111
OPV111
HBV111
Intra-Muscular
Oral
Intra-Muscular
At 9th month Measles Sub-cutaneous
20-24 month
BOOSTER
DPT
OPV
Intra-Muscular
Oral

24. CONTRAINDICATIONS OF VACCINE:
 There are few contraindication of routine vaccinations.
 GENERAL CONTRAINDICATION:
 Any acute illness,severe malnutrition & in known case
of immune defciency.
 RELATED TO GROUPS OF VACCINES:
 During pregnancy,steroid therapy & radiation therapy.
 INDIVIDUALS VACCINES:
 BCG contraindicated in extensive dermatosis

25. VACCINATION SCHEDULE OF
TETANUS TOXOID FOR WOMEN
“15-45”YEARS:
DOSE TIME
TT1 At first contact or as early as possible
during pregnancy
TT2 4 weeks after TT1
TT3 6-12 montha after TT2
TT4 At least 1 year after TT3
TT5 At least 1 year after TT4

26. COLD CHAIN:
 It is a system of protection against high envoirmental
temperature for the heal liable vaccine,antisera &
other biological preparation & their storage &
transport at the correct cold temperature “0 to
8”centigrade from the site of manufacture to the actual
vaccination site.
 From the manufacture to the person to be immunized
the vaccine will only survive when they maintained at
the correct temperature.

27. GLOBAL POLIO ERADICATION
INITIATIVE:
 In 1988 the Forty-First World Health Assembly
launched a global initiative to eradicate polio by the
end of year 2000.
 Prior to certification by the WHO of a country/region
to be polio free three conditions must be satisfied.
At least 3years of zero polio cases due to wild polio
virus.
 Excellent certification standard surveillance.
 Each country must illustrate the capacity to detect ,
report & respond to imported polio cases.

28. POLIO ERADICATION
PROGRAMME PAKISTAN:
 The activities include
 Improve routine immunization.
 National immunization days “NIDs-1994”
 Other supplementary activities “SNIDs-1999”
 Surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis”AFP”
 The strategy is to report & investigate all cases of AFP.

29. Thanks