Maintenance Of International Peace And Security

Maintenance Of International Peace And Security
The exact phrase "maintenance of international peace and security" is used eight times in the United
Nations Charter, but now almost seventy years after the founding of the organization the
international organization's competence in pursuit of this lofty goal is still subject to debate. The
charter of the United Nations gives the Security Council the sole power determine the existence of a
threat to world peace and prescribe course of action needed to be taken against it. The five
permanent members of the Security Council each have the power to veto any action by the council.
Requiring the concurrence of five powers with diverse and wide–reaching interests makes any
decisive action quite difficult to come by. However the Security Council ... Show more content on
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Collective security was a principal goal of the League of Nations and its principal failure. When
Japan invaded Manchuria and Italy invaded Ethiopia, the League condemned the actions, but none
of its members mobilized military force to rollback the aggressors. Unlike the League, the United
Nations has united the militaries of its several of its members beneath its banner to defeat an
aggressive state. However such action has only occurred twice and only when the proverbial stars
aligned.
When North Korea invaded South Korea on June 25, 1950, a young UN was faced with the first real
test of its commitment to collective security. An emergency session of the Security Council sans the
Soviet Union passed a resolution drafted by the American delegation, which asserted that North
Korea has violated the United Nations charter by invading South Korea and authorized the use of
force. A coalition force under American leadership and the banner of the United Nations was
mobilized. It successively repelled the assault, which had nearly destroyed the fledgling South
Korean republic and pushed back North Korean forces to their original borders. The American–
dominated force continued its advance in attempt to destroy the North Korean state (Stoessinger,
69–85). This new chapter of the war was in violation of the UN charter. Article 2 of the United
Nations charter prohibits both it and its member states from the "use of force
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The Realm Of Military Power And International Security Essay
Socialization in the realm of military power and international security The fact that states are
socialized through endogenous and exogenous variables is impossible to deny. This socialization,
Finnemore argues, leads states to accept new norms, values and perceptions of interest. These shifts
are frequently felt on a global scale as perceptions of interest alter state relationships and vice versa.
Military interests are merely a reflection of states interests; therefore, these newly adopted norms
and values inevitably seep into the realm of military power and international security. However,
military values prioritize the security of the state first and foremost, therefore, certain norms and
values are either accepted later than the rest of a state's society, or simply never accepted. An
example of this would be women not being allowed to hold front–line infantry positions or certain
high–level special operations roles in the military. Women not being able to hold certain positions in
part due to a fear that they will 'interfere with group cohesion', does not accurately reflect the social
norms and values we value so highly as a country; such as gender equality. International security is
also heavily affected by adoptions of new values and norms seeing as states interact with other
states, based on their perceptions of them. These perceptions are in turn shaped by the shared norms
and values of that state's society and how their interests are perceived. Norms are social

The issue of security has long been the preoccupation of...
The issue of security has long been the preoccupation of international relations. It has been argued
that there is no common concept of security and disagreement in the normative and methodological
approach. In the simplest form, the core of security is survival, and consequently a lack of threat. In
terms of international relations, the state has been the main referent object of security. Arnold
Wolfers proposed the definition of security as the "(security), in an objective sense, measures the
absence of threats to acquired values, in a subjective sense, the absence of fear that such values will
be attacked"." In the traditional approach, threats to security comes from a hard power source and is
framed through a national security ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For Ullman, a security threat was defined as "an action or sequence of events that, (I) threatens
drastically . . . to degrade the quality of life for the inhabitants of a state, or (II) threatens
significantly to narrow the range of policy choices available." While the state remains the referent
object, Ullman's definition alludes to the necessity of expanding the threats to beyond a military
dimension. Under this understanding of security, a state faces threats from a range of sources; which
include external and internal physical disturbance, but also events such as natural disasters, health
epidemics and a shortage of raw materials. As the Cold War was winding down, the concept of a
broadened or widened began to once again emerge in security discourse. The end of the Cold War
signalled a paradigm–shift in international relations for many scholars of security studies. Barry
Buzan described the state of international relations in 1991 with," strong signs that the security
agenda among the great powers will be much less dominated, perhaps not dominated at all, by
political/military issue." With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the risk of military
conflict was seen as low risk. A notion reflected after a 1990 NATO summit meeting resulting in a
new strategic concept for the alliance, with stated, "With the radical changes in the security
situation...It is now possible to draw all the consequences from

The Current International Security Environment
The current international security environment requires that the Joint Force transition its focus from
counterinsurgency (COIN) operations to ensuring it rebalances to execute core functions. Joint
Force 2025 must be primarily organized, trained, and equipped to deter and defeat existential threats
and state adversaries in major combat operations (MCO). Secondarily, the Joint Force must be able
to respond to other lower intensity crises that threaten U.S. interests. The current resource
constrained environment requires each of the Services to prioritize how they will contribute to
meeting those ends. Further, this force will also assume risk given the innumerable security
challenges throughout the range of military operations (ROMO). This ... Show more content on
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The 2014 Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR) recognizes the challenges presented by this
transitional period and offers three pillars as a strategic framework within which to rebalance the
Joint Force. These are to protect the homeland, build security globally, and project power and win
decisively. These pillars link the four enduring national interests with the role of the military as the
protection and projection instrument of national power. The first pillar is tied directly to the
foremost national interest of preserving the security of the U.S., and to the core objective of the
military to deter and defeat attacks on the country. The second and third pillars are linked to the
remaining national interests of an open international economy, respect for universal values, and
rules–based international order. Collectively, these three pillars implicitly task the Joint Force with
ensuring that the U.S. can protect itself and defeat adversaries, and as a global leader, project power
and influence, and protect its interests in an unstable international environment. The likelihood of
facing an attack, existential or otherwise, from an adversary state is seemingly low but the Joint
Force cannot expect to stand idle given the many immediate security challenges that threaten
national interests around the world. This force should be of sufficient size and capability to defend
the

The Un Security Council Is The Primary Subsidy For...
Since its establishment, the United Nations has played a vital role in total global development. As
stated by the UN, their roles and responsibilities consist of maintaining international peace and
security through the prevention of conflict and coming up with solutions if ever in conflicting
scenarios through peacekeeping efforts. Their UN Security Council is the primary subsidy for
international peace and security; promoting sustainable development by working to bridge social,
economic, or cultural disparities, and "promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for
fundamental freedoms for all" (What we do, United Nations); protecting human rights and making
such a key aspect and value of the Organization; upholding international law through the usage of
courts, multilateral treaties, and tribunals to ensure that international law is being upheld; and to
deliver humanitarian aid, which is one of the main principles the UN was founded on: "to achieve
international co–operation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or
humanitarian character" (What we do, United Nations).
Let's give a scenario that outlines the role of the United Nations for clarification. If say tension with
importers and exporters of The Gambia and Senegal would arise, which it has, given the river that
divides the country–it would be in the role of the United Nations to sit representatives of both
nations down and to establish an agreement so both parties leave

The Problems Faced By The International Students Without A...
CHAPTER 2
Review of literature: The problems faced by the International students without a Social Security
Number at Pittsburg State University.
Introduction
The study conducted by Savage (2007) describes when international students arrive in the United
States, students are challenged by the many issues: language, academics and they have to adjust to
many things like living, making communication, cultures, weather, transportation because they vary
from one region to another region (Savage, 2007) The other types of difficulties international
students face when they move to USA are finding a place to live, communicating with foreign
citizens, adjusting to the teaching style and getting essential utilities for their daily needs. Finding
new people to making friends with is also important for international students in order to build their
social status. Discrimination is another issue that mainly international students have to overcome
(Savage, 2007). Other tasks international students have to figure other than studying are finding a
job, obtaining a Social Security Number and obtaining a driver's license. International students also
face difficulty in adjusting to the new transition in their studying environment. Due to the language
barrier, international students may feel uncomfortable while interacting with office workers in order
to obtain SSN's and also in fulling their daily needs (Savage, 2007).
Difficulties as an International Student:
Language Barriers:
Cheung

International Security And Peace Management
Introduction The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) occupies the position of leading
supranational entity in charge of upholding international security and peace. Members of the UN
Security Council vote on various global security and peace issues. Debates ranges on the functional
effectiveness of UN Security Council in the maintenance of International security and peace.
Controversy also ranges on the democratic representativeness of the UN Security Council,
particularly in the election of members from across the globe (Aloisi, 2013). The democracy of the
UN Security Council is the most controversial topic in International Security and Peace
management, particularly on the politics surrounding the UN Security Council veto powers. ... Show
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Is United Nation Security Council Decision–Making Protocol Rational? Each Security Council
member has a single vote, and all decisions of the Council are decided by a popular vote of nine
members. Procedural questions are taken by nine votes from any of the Council member state
representatives, whereas all other issues require an affirmative vote of all the five permanent
members besides the nine vote majority rule. Any of the five permanent member states can hence
block the adoption of Council decision on what is infamously referred to as "veto power." The veto
power can prevent the adoption of any Council decision in a matter that involves their interests. As
largely as expected, the institution of "right of veto" at Yalta Conference was met with a worldwide
outcry for its violation of the fledging balance of the UN Charter. United States proposal for the
withholding of "right of veto" of a permanent member party embroiled in a conflict was ratified but
only for non–coercive intervention decisions. The thin line between procedural issues and other
issues in paragraph 2 and 3 of Article 27 of the Charter has been another major bone of contention.
Acrimony in the debate on two contentious paragraphs is further infuriated by the Charter's
prohibiting the Security Council from establishing an accurate line that separates procedural issues
and other issues (De Wet, 2013). Interpretation of paragraph

The International Peace And Security
Article 2(4) of the UN Charter prohibits States from resorting to use of force, by stating, "All
member States shall refrain in their international relations from the threat of the use of force against
the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent
with the Purpose of the United Nations". On the other hand, Article 51 affirms an inherent right of
States to self–defence, approvingly, "Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of
individual or collective self–defence if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United
Nations, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and
security.........". While maintenance of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Amongst others is the applicable interpretation of an 'armed attacked ' as espoused by Article 51 of
the UN Charter. Furthermore, Kohen has questioned the precondition for necessity and
proportionality, under customary law, as a response of self–defence. Most importantly and of
relevance to this essay, the customary law of state responsibility, specifically, if a State is liable for
the actions of the planning of terrorist activities, within their sovereign territory by non–state actors
(nSA). This essay intends to give a theoretical exposition regarding the state responsibility for the
conduct of nSA by drawing its analysis from the Nicaragua Case, the Tadic Case and the
International Law Commission draft articles on state responsibility. It will then discuss the
implications of imputing the conduct of Al Qaeda to the State of Afghanistan (SoA) by the U.S., and
whether the U.S. flouted the international law, is so, did it do so with impunity.
Section 2: State Responsibility under International Law
Al Qaeda is not a State, nevertheless, the attacks against the U.S. were classified as "a threat to
international peace and security" by the Security Council Resolution 1368, which could potentially
denote a judgement to take "measures.......in accordance with Articles 41 and 42, to maintain or
restore international peace and security." However, the discernment favoured by the right in Article
51, is explicitly accorded in response to an

International Organization For Standardization Information...
Information Security
As a kind of resources, information has the character of universality, sharing, value–added, hand–
liability and multiple utilities and these advantages make information has special significance for
human beings. The essence of information security is to protect information systems or information
resources in the information network from various types of threats, interferences and damages.
According to the definition of international organization for standardization, information security is
mainly refers to the integrity, availability, confidentiality and reliability of the information. Every
country, government department or industry all must attach great importance to the problem of
information security as it is a national security strategy which should not be ignored. However, for
different departments and trades, the demand for information security and the key is distinguishing.
The scope of information security itself is very wide, such as the problem of preventing the
disclosure for commercial enterprises, the problem of preventing teenagers from browsing on bad
information and the problem of personal information leaking. The information security system under
the environment of network is the key to guarantee information security, including computer
security operating systems, all kinds of security protocols, security mechanisms and the security
systems. Any bug in above systems will threat the global security. I will discuss the issue of

Airport Security Ethics : International Security
Airport Security Ethics
Brandon Yates
Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University
Introduction
On September 11, 2001, the world of aviation and airport security became drastically different.
Since the attacks the government, Department of Homeland Security (DHS), has amped up airport
security by creating the TSA (Transportation Security Administration). In essence, the TSA is
responsible "for security at the nation's airports and deployed a federal workforce to screen all
commercial airline passengers and baggage" (Transportation Security Overview, 2015).
Ethical Issues The TSA, in recent years, has come under fire for some unethical behavior by some of
their agents. Many times on the news, I recall hearing agents that abuse their trust with the American
public by singling out people that are attractive for body pat–downs. As Joe Davidson (2012), of
The Washington Post, stated, "At Newark Liberty International Airport, 44 Transportation Security
Administration (TSA) employees face disciplinary action on charges related to screening
misconduct." He later updated and affirmed that eight of those agents were relieved of their duty.
Deeper in the post, Davidson (2012), mentioned three more airports with a total of 114 agents under
investigation.
However, it is not only the stories about the attractive person pat–downs. The full–body pat–downs
of children have become an issue that many people are disgusted by and are calling for a stop. "[A
video on YouTube], uploaded

The International Telecommunication Union ( Itu ) Defines...
Today our society has evolved beyond the expectations of our founding fathers. Humans flying
through the air from destination to destination, being able to send information almost
instantaneously, to receiving high definition photos of the furthest celestial bodies known in our
solar system, our technology has literally and figuratively rocketed the human race into the future.
While our technology becomes increasingly more advanced so does the ability to steal information
from these systems. Cyber Security is one of the biggest threats our nation faces as we become more
dependent on the use of technology in our day to day lives.
What is Cyber Security? The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) defines Cyber Security
as "Cybersecurity is the collection of tools, policies, security concepts, security safeguards,
guidelines, risk management approaches, actions, training, best practices, assurance and
technologies that can be used to protect the cyber environment and organization and user's assets.
Organization and user's assets include connected computing devices, personnel, infrastructure,
applications, services, telecommunications systems, and the totality of transmitted and/or stored
information in the cyber environment." (ITU, 2008) Cyber–attacks have become ever prevalent in
our society as the use of cell phones, emails, and computers become our primary source of sending
and receiving information. To fully understand Cyber Security, we must delve into the history of

International Security During The Middle East
August 2, 2015, marked the 25th anniversary when Iraq invaded Kuwait. This even had a significant
role becoming an impact towards American foreign policy for the past 25 years.The United States
quickly acted upon the invasion by heading towards the Middle East after the Iraqis and Kuwait
fiasco.President Barack Obama implicated a policy that focuses on international security in the
Middle East, the policy issued a budget cut. It is very vital that America's Global leader take a stand
in the Middle East against ISIS.Throughout this essay, I will talk about international security in the
Middle East. How does the security of the Middle East connect to the international security system
and what is Iran 's position in this process? And how the focus on US foreign policy is dealing with
ISIS threat.
In consideration of September 11 attack global security increased due to the Iraq crisis, Iran's
solidification on global security in the Middle East had a big shock on both a regional and
international security perspective and became the center of attention for both fields. The United
States range of vision was focused in the West pertaining to the Arabs from a political security and
geopolitical standpoint which shifted the regional power and political side in favor of Iran.As a
consequence, this position the United States was in had a pessimistic aftermath on the United States,
they had a critical concern dealing with the regional allies in the Middle East and Isreal point.The

Peace Negotiations in International Security
Post–Cold War era is marked by the dominance of peace negotiations in international security, and
Middle–east (ME) being a conflict area for a long time, got adequate focus. Tale of oil rich ME is a
story of conflicts having Israel–Palestine issue at the core, and the stability and peace of this region
largely hinged on to the solution of this issue. So far, a number of unsuccessful initiatives have been
taken by world community for the solution of the issue. 'Roadmap for peace' was one of such
initiative, initially coined by USA, which calls for a two state solution. Like other past initiatives
this also turned into a failure. Though the share of blame for failure goes to all stake holders,
however, USA got the large share of blames from international community due to her bias stance
towards Israel. This biasness is driven from long drawn USA–Israel relationship built upon factors
like sympathy for Israel within USA, mental alikeness, strategic importance of Israel, influences of
Israeli Lobby etcetera. Though all these factors have their role in shaping US foreign policy in ME
but many argue that Israeli Lobby plays the most dominant role. In this essay an endeavour will be
made to discuss biasness of USA towards Israel in Israel–Palestine peace process and discuss USA–
Israel relationship as the basis of such biasness, using Roadmap (2003) as case study. In the process,
it will first discuss peace negotiation in general, followed by discussions on Roadmap and the role
and

Case Study Of George Rosebush Job Situation At Nomura...
A. In General:
The case study is about George Rosebush job situation at Nomura Securities International (NSI). In
which Mr. Rosebush found himself working as an American sales trader. The company is based in
Japan, but with intentions of entering the American market. They opened an office in New York and
that is where Mr. Rosebush finds a job as a sales trader. The cultural shock Mr. Rosebush finds
himself with is bigger than what he could have thought of. The Japanese make business in a much
different way Americans do. To this he finds himself not knowing what to do and frustrated with the
situation he is living in the company.
B. In Detail:
George Rosebush is an American sales trader working with Nomura Securities International in New
York. He has preview work experience in selling individual accounts and tax–sheltered annuities.
When he first knew Nomura needed to hire traders to replace Mark Blanchard and Steve Montana
he applied to the job and after this he had his first interview on July 1986 and consequently started
working that same year for Nomura. He had no intentions on moving up in the company and was
more concentrated on the fact on gaining experience in the business. He was set to work with
Franqois, who worked as a retail broker before working at Nomura, in the American Equities
Department where they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When he got the job he started working on a very low level, not even the job position he was hired
to perform. He did not have much to do and his first boss, Mike, did not give him much to do. When
his boss was changed to Mr. Yamaguchi things were even worse. He wanted to change things in a
way that was not going to be effective for the company and made George do things he did not feel
comfortable about. Having the company go through problems with the stock market and political
risks did not make the company run very

Questions On The Law Of International Peace And Security
Although article 16 of the ICC's statute provides for deferral, the deliberations of the Kenyan
deferral requests bring out critical legal issues and gaps that need to be addressed. Article 16 reads
as follows, 'No investigation or prosecution may be commenced or proceeded with under this
Statute for a period of 12 months after the Security Council, in a resolution adopted under Chapter
VII of the Charter of the United Nations has requested the Court to that effect; that request may be
renewed by the Council under the same conditions'. This therefore means the major consideration
before a deferral is arrived at is whether an investigation or prosecution is a threat to international
peace and security or not. However, from the analysis of this study, the two deferrals by UNSC and
two non–deferrals shows a different picture as the issue of the threat of international peace and
security was not extensively considered by the UNSC. In the Kenyan situation, there was an attempt
to examine whether its request met the threshold in article 16 but as noted by the Argentina
representative, this issue was not given proper attention. In fact, the representative stated that, 'her
delegation had abstained because it was the Council's duty to interpret strictly whether the trial
posed a threat to international peace and security, and Argentina did not think it did.' By not
analysing whether the Kenyan situation was a threat to international peace and security and
especially by those

Is The Threat Of International Security?
Is ISIS a threat to international security? ISIS is a threat to international security because they
attack, murder, torture and slaughter innocent people, villages and cities. ISIS sees itself as the
"Islamic Caliphate" and controls lots of land in western Iraq and eastern Syria. They also pledge
"allegiance" from different radical Islamic groups around the world. ISIS started from U.S. invasion
of Iraq in 2003. Saddam Hussein fighters were left without a job, and they were furious. Al Qaeda
chose to capitalize on their anger and established al Qaeda in Iraq, to wage an insurgency against
U.S. troops in Iraq (Saddam was secular, but his intelligence and military supporters were able to
make common cause with the jihadis of al Qaeda). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"By late 2014, the Pentagon was claiming that over 20,000 ISIS supporters had been killed by its air
war. If this estimate is remotely accurate, then ISIS should be very badly affected and in retreat from
much of the territory it holds."(Par 3). Although many ISIS fighters are being killed from air war,
they 've yet to retreat from land where they are getting hit from. "Fighting the terrorist group ISIS
from the air is coming at a high price for US taxpayers – about $11 million per day, according to the
latest Defense Department Data. The air war has cost the US about $5.5 billion total since it began
in August 2014. The Military Times noted that the daily cost of the war has jumped about $2 million
since June."(Par 1&2 from Business Outsider). Although the repetitive airstrikes on ISIS may be
costly, they are necessary in the fight to let them know we won 't stand down and we will keep
fighting.
"My testimony today will focus on comparing Al Qaeda and the Islamic State. I argue that Al Qaeda
and its affiliates remain a threat to the U.S. homeland, while the Islamic State's danger is more to the
stability of the Middle East and U.S. interests overseas. Much of their rivalry involves a competition
for affiliates, with both trying to spread their model and in Al Qaeda's case to ensure its operational
relevance. For now the Islamic State's focus is primarily on Iraq and Syria and to a lesser degree on
other

The Un Security Council : An International Organization
The UN Security Council, which is one of the United Nations five main organs, has the tools to limit
ISIS's power. And down the road effectively defeat them, as they are the most powerful international
organization. However, the UN Security Council could also use some reconstruction in certain areas,
as the structure and how things operate need to change. The threat of ISIS has dramatically
undermined stability in Iraq and frankly, all of the Middle East. ISIS poses as a huge threat to peace
and security for people of many countries, all around the globe. As many are aware, ISIS day in and
day out continues to commit abuses of human rights and violations of international law.
International powers need to collaborate and find solutions to ... Show more content on
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The group has used 21st century technology to spread its extremist ideologies to incite many
different types of terrorist acts. The one international organization and major actor that needs to
address ISIS is the UN Security Council. The question is what tools does the UN Security Council
have to limit their power, and money that is continually streamlined in. Consequently, the Security
Council currently only deals with states, therefore it is a difficult proposition for the organization to
intervene with ISIS. However, in the past, the council "calls upon the parties to a dispute to settle it
by peaceful means and recommends methods of adjustment or terms of settlement"(Security
Council UN). Furthermore, the Security Council has the right to impose sanctions and use force to
restore peace around the globe. It was noted in UN Security Council Resolution 2170, "terrorism
can only be defeated by a sustained and comprehensive approach involving the active participation
and collaboration of all States... which is why our first priority is to encourage others to join in this
important endeavor." Back in 2014, the Security Council put forth a few plans to defeat and limit the
power of ISIS. The UN Security Council also worked with NATO to lay these solutions out. The
first solution is providing military support to our middle east partners and allies like Hungry.
Secondly, the UN Security Council and

The National Security Strategy : An Evaluation Of...
American National Security Strategy:
An Evaluation of International Relations Theories
The National Security Strategy (NSS) of the United States of America has several international
relations theories interwoven throughout the document. The three most prominent theories contained
specifically in the section outlining America's strategic approach are, realism, liberalism, and
constructivism. The most distinctive theory expressed within the NSS "Strategic Approach" section
is liberalism; however, the current liberalist strategy by the Obama Administration as reflected in the
May 2010 NSS is an ineffective approach for security of the nation against foreign state and non–
state actors. Although, the Liberalist theory permeates the Obama administration's documented
strategy within the NSS, in a realist fashion the document defines the primary American interest as,
security of the country, its citizens, and its partners. Liberalism has a negative impact on national
security, as the theory does not sufficiently address future threats to a states' sovereignty. Through
the lens of liberalism, the U.S. national strategy and policy is advantageous for gaining popular
support among political constituents, allies, and citizens because it appeals to the rights of humanity.
Liberal thought as defined by Fiedler and LaSaine, "begins with the premise that individual human
beings are the prime actors or agents in history." Thus, liberalism is the merging of individuals for
the

The United Nations : International Organization That Would...
McKayla Monthei
Section A06
Jasmine Brooks
November 4, 2014
The United Nations During 1945, after the Second World War, 51 countries committed to
maintaining an international organization that would maintain peace and security. This organization
became known as the United Nations. The United Nations' work reaches every corner of the world
to help achieve better living standards and human rights ("UN at a Glance"). Although the United
Nations has not fully completed their work, they have made some improvements to the world in
which we live today. Peacekeeping is commonly defined as the use of military forces by an
international organization, to prevent two or more countries from fighting. In a peacekeeping
situation, the United Nations ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Peace enforcement is different because this is when a conflict has already broken out and the United
Nations needs to help with dissolving the conflict. Collective security is different because it is when
the United Nations identifies an aggressor and engages them with military force to defeat the
attacker; instead of trying to maintain peace and making it so countries do not fight (Rourke, 363).
In all of these situations, the United Nations may use military force to accomplish these goals of
peace. The United Nations have had a hard time trying to perform all of these tasks because of the
way that it is set up. The UN has five permanent members, the United States, Russia, China, France,
and Britain. All of the permanent members are able to veto any resolutions that are presented to the
UN Security Council. This means that for a resolution to pass, no permanent member can veto the
resolution, and to get all members to agree is not a simple task. To label the United Nations as being
successful or unsuccessful, there should be criteria to compare to. The criterion I think are important
to gauge the United Nations' success are, what is possible, progress, and world opinion. Now, let's
look at some ways that the United Nations' has enforced peacekeeping, peace enforcement, and
collective security. The United Nations has had many peacekeeping missions, a few are The United
Nations Organization in the Congo, and the United Nations

International Organizations And Collective Security
The United Nations has worked to maintain peace and stability in the global community, but has
experienced numerous failures in establishing a system of collective security. The purpose of this
paper is to analyze why international organizations, such as the UN have been ineffective in
achieving their goal of establishing a system of economic, political, and social stability via a
collective security system. First, a brief discussion of the history of the UN and collective security is
provided. Second, a discussion about the ineffectiveness of the UN is provided. Third, a discussion
of the issues facing the global community is provided. Lastly, a discussion of how the issues of
collective security will impact economic development in less developed countries.
The United Nations was established on the idea of creating a system that used collective security.
Collective security is a state of interdependence that prevents one nation–state from imposing on the
rights of another without consequences on a global political, economic, and social scale. In recent
years, the UN has acknowledged an increasing need for a system on the basis of developing a
system that would protect the sovereign rights of the states. Collective security is a principle
ideology that catalyzed after WWII. After WWII, world leaders saw the need to develop a system
that would prevent any other major war or conflict. After the First World War, The League of
Nations (1920), an intergovernmental organization

Building A Structure And Architecture Of International...
organisation. As stated at the Moscow Summit in 2003, the SCO's view is that today it is more
important than ever to pool the efforts of the international community in a search for ways of jointly
building a structure and architecture of international security for that 21st century that would be
acceptable to all nations.
Mention the member countries and other nations with different statuses.
Organising the SCO: structure and working
Today the organisation is a permanent and fully intergovernmental entity in international law. It has
established decision–making organs that are active on a daily basis; the higher level bodies however,
still meet annually. Depending on the issue, there are also Councils consisting of different Ministers,
members of the judiciary or enforcement agency leaders. The Declaration on the creation of the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation in 2001 is the document which establishes its existence on a
legal basis and states the purposes the organisation was created for.
Amongst the numerous goals of multidisciplinary cooperation, Article 1 of the Charter mentions the
following: "to promote human rights and fundamental freedoms in accordance with the international
obligations of the member States and their national legislation; to maintain and develop relations
with other States and international organizations". Moreover Article 2 containing the Principles
declares the "SCO [is] not directed against other States and international organizations". It

Security and The International System Essay
Some scholars have remarked that the rise of globalism and international non–state actors has
ushered in an age where the traditional tools of international relations are no longer necessary.
Rather than states competing with each other with the preverbal sticks, whether it be military force,
economic sanctions, partnering with other nations to deter potential aggressors, the new Post–cold
war world will be dominated with carrots. States will engage each other in positive–sum relations of
trade and cooperation. This however was only able to flourished because of the unrivaled military
supremacy of the United States. Without the United States as a global hegemony, traditional political
instruments will not see a decline but rather an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, unlike John Mearsheimer's offensive realism theory, the United States was relatively
benign. At the end of World War II, the United States was the only country with the atomic bomb,
the only major power with its industrial base intact, and capital to invest into other countries. With
exception to the Warsaw Pact, the United States saw no reason to become a threat allowing other
power to bandwagon with the United States in accordance with Stephen Walt's balance–of–threat
thesis. Through the containment of the Soviet Union, these institutions took root and created a
convergence of the world's nations under the United States. With the only potential rival collapsing
in 1991, the security of the United States military allowed nations to focus resources on economic
development rather than military forces. With nations cooperating with one another for economic
progression rather than competing, traditional international instruments became less important.
Military force, diplomatic pressure, and alliances are all actions for the security of a nation. With the
relatively assertive United States at the head of a uni–polar international system, there was no need
for significant military expenditures, and changes in the international balance of power. This
ultimately lead to Francis Fukayma's overly optimistic call for an "End of History." However,
regional rivals to United States military supremacy are arising

Nuclear Atomic Facilities And International Security
INTRODUCTION
Since 2002, when the international community discovered the undeclared nuclear facilities and the
magnitude of the Islamic Republic of Iran 's nuclear programme, several international players and
Western countries have focused their efforts on hindering its nuclear agenda. Although the Iranian
government has always stressed its civilian objectives, the programme has been considered an
important challenge to the non–proliferation regime and international security.
Accordingly, there has been an extensive debate among scholars and policymakers about the
consequences of a nuclear Iran, ranging from claims that it will destabilise the region to a more
optimistic view that it will ensure a nuclear balance. This essay will argue ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In order to address the impact of a nuclear–armed Iran in the ME, this essay will be divided into
three sections. Firstly, the genesis of the nuclear programme and its main drivers will be analysed.
The second section will examine the strategies applied by the international community to counter
Iranian nuclear ambitions. Finally, it will discuss the possible consequences of a nuclear Iran,
specifically, the theoretical debate, the lack of incentives for a nuclear domino, with special
reference to Israel and others key countries and, lastly, the factors which could lead to a deepening
of the current regional instability.
IRAN'S NUCLEAR AMBITIONS
The origins of the Iranian nuclear programme are found in the Shah regime, and can be dated back
to 1957 when the government signed a nuclear cooperation agreement initially with the United
States (USA), and subsequently with Germany and France. Henceforth, the regime was able to
develop a structure to support a programme, which produced knowledge and trained human capital.
The arrival of the revolution halted Tehran's nuclear aspirations for two key reasons: the suspension
of nuclear assistance from the West, and an alleged contradiction of the policy with the new regime.
Later, however, the eight–year war against Iraq, acted as a strong motivator for the regime to resume
the programme. As Kayhan Barzegar stress, Iran 's

Security At G20 : Global Leaders, Governors, And...
SECURITY AT G20
ABSTRACT
Global leaders, governors and International delegates convened at the biggest gathering ever held in
Queensland, the northern state of Australia. With over 85% of the world economies present at the
event, the city witnessed an unprecedented security & safety arrangements. This global platform
attracted activists & protest groups to voice their fears over major political, social & environmental
issues. Over 26 protest groups had registered with the police for peaceful action and demonstration
during the event. As a result, Brisbane CBD was under complete lockdown with heavily fortified
zones. [1]
COMPLEXITY:
The first step towards planning security at the G20 is assessing the potential risks & concerns. This
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
[3]
The act imparts unprecedented powers to security personnel, affecting civic, social and economical
aspects around the "restricted zones", thus causing a complexity in governance.
B. Stakeholders:
Residents, businesses and institutions in "restricted zones" are gravely affected and are forced to
conduct in a manner aligned to the security arrangements. Global leaders, regional heads, security
agencies and participating organizations work cohesively during the course of the event, in a secure
environment under certain guidelines.
C. Interdependence:
Various security agencies comprising of Queensland Police, Out of state police, Army and security
agents of participating nations rely on information transfer, common protocols and individual
intelligence information during the course of the event.
D. Dynamism:
Coordination between various security agencies and their interdependence for information exchange
hugely impacts on their synergy and reactions. [4] The system of system approach qualifies the
following systems as autonomous and independent. They comprise of Crowd control, Protective
security, Motorcade and motorcycle escorts, Services, Road closures, Perimeter security, Monitoring
of alcohol, drugs and offensive weapons, Traffic management, etc.
COORDINATING ACTION:

The G20 will see the most sophisticated agencies working together to ensure the safety & security of
all the stakeholders. These agencies will be

Global Security And International Global Economy Essay
Introduction
Over the past decade, the world economy has been in trouble having to face multiple critical
situations. In the world we live in today, it seems impossible to only choose one of 'most' critical
challenges we are facing in our international economy. The amount of conflicting challenges the
global economy is dealing with is absurd. A few major issues are: Environmental Security, Global
Corporation, Political war/conflict, Globalization and so much more. Needless to say global security
and international organization (IO) are needed more than ever to help maintain a stable global
economy. This paper will show why global security and IO is critically needed yet is not being
effectively helping regulate the issues list above. Ultimately, this paper will suggest new ways to
approach this critical issue the economy is facing today.
Background
To gain an understanding of the upbringing of these challenges, we must first define what the
international global economy is and the events that took places. It was developed by global
interdependence of economic flows that connects to the global economy world. Some consider it as
'economic sensitivity', which is controlled by global management that set the norms, standards and
needs for the international global economy. Looking at the historical events that took place in, can
help explain why we are facing these critical challenges today. The evolution in terms of the changes
in forms of governance, affairs and outcomes

The Maintenance Of International Peace And Security
General James Jones, former head of EUCOM says that "We are attempting to avoid Africa from
becoming the next Afghanistan or Iraq," (Paterson, 2008, p. 15). The maintenance of international
peace and security are the main responsibilities of the UN. The UN Security Council plays a critical
role in peacekeeping. Many peacekeeping operations have been operating all around the world since
the UN has established. However, most of the peacekeeping operations have been taking place on
the African continent more than other continents. The continent of Africa has become increasingly
violent since the end of World War II and the situation has changed to be larger and more complex.
As a result, around 8 million African people have died in different ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It is clear that some of the UN missions have received many restrictions from the host country
authorities. Before the mission starts, the responsibility of country's leader 's is to make the special
agreement with the UN. The agreement is signed between the UN and the leaders of the
government. Based on the agreement, the host nation's leaders must support the UN peacekeeping
operations in order to establish a safe working environment. The peacekeepers are supposed to
achieve all tasks without any constraints from the host country authorities. Nevertheless, in some
cases, this agreement is violated by leaders of the country. For instance, in the Darfur crisis, Al–
Bashir, who is the president of Sudan, plays to local fear. He said that the "UN forces were not really
providing peace in Darfur because they wish to recolonize Sudan and the UN military has a secret
agenda" (Paterson, 2008, p. 18). Additionally, in 2004, the African Union (AU) peacekeepers begun
to arrive in Darfur. The mission's name was AU Mission in Sudan (AMIS) and was composed of
about 7,500 soldiers and police from Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, and South Africa (Paterson, 2008).
After two years, the UN and AU decided that the AMIS peacekeeping should be taken over by a UN
force. The government of Sudan, headed by Omar al–Bashir, rejected any collaboration with the UN
and noted that international military forces on its terrain would disrupt its independence (Paterson,
2008).

The Security Council And International Law
Introduction
There has been difficulty in defining terrorism in international law due to "changes in terrorist
methodology and the lack of any precise definition of the term 'terrorism'" . The United Nations
General Assembly also condemned acts of terrorism without defining it. Therefore a functional
approach had been adopted through treaties dealing with the forms of terrorism considered to be
unacceptable. Although, it is agreed upon in international law that terrorism is unlawful, it is not
addressed whether it is a casus belli, an unlawful act that justifies a military response. There is a
general duty for states to act thoroughly to avert the performance of violent and terrorist acts within
its territory. However, this duty is breached when governments support terrorism or fails to
apprehend terrorists.
This essay seeks to analyse the justiciability of military force under the Security Council Resolution
in two different circumstances which will be seen under part (i) and part (ii) below.
The essay will firstly discuss the Security Council's (SC) role in maintaining international peace and
security through Article 2(4) and whether terrorism allows for the use of force under self–defence. It
will then explain how the use of force against a State can be balanced with the violation of a State 's
territorial integrity through customary law elements. The other sources of international law that
influence the justiciability of force against terrorism include jus cogens and

Information Security Standards : Shaping An International...
Nova Southeastern University
Circuits of Power in creating de jure Standards: Shaping an International Information Systems
Security Standard
Instructor:
Dr. Gurvirender Tejay
Done By:
Abdullah Elzallal
Due Date:
09/21/2015
Research Problem
Information Security is one of the critical fields in the protection of data in all institutions. The
quality of information security department depends on some internal and external factors. An article
written by Backhouse, Hsu and Silva in 2006 addressed many factors regarding information system
security. The research problem of the paper was focused on comprehending how power operates in
establishing and institutionalizing standards. According to Backhouse et al. (2006) there is little
information known regarding the impact of power and politics on institutionalizing an informal
group comprising of security chiefs and setting legal standards for information system security
standards. The authors sought to understand how the circuits of power operate in creating legal
standards in information security system (Backhouse, Hsu, & Silva, 2006). Moreover, the research
was driven by the desire to understand the role of external contingencies, resources, powerful
personnel, and membership of social and institutional groups in enhancing fruitful political
outcomes. The study was aimed at identifying and examining the influence exogenous risks in
facilitating the development of a standard from an idea and eventually into an obligatory

The Maintenance Of International Peace And Security
General James Jones, former head of EUCOM says that "We are attempting to avoid Africa from
becoming the next Afghanistan or Iraq," (Paterson, 2008, p. 15). The maintenance of international
peace and security are the main responsibilities of the UN. The UN Security Council plays a critical
role in peacekeeping. Many peacekeeping operations have been operating all around the world since
the UN was established. However, most of the peacekeeping operations have been taking place on
the African continent more than other continents. The continent of Africa has become increasingly
violent since the end of World War II and the situation has changed to be larger and more complex.
As a result, around 8 million African people have died in different ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It is clear that some of the UN missions have received many restrictions from the host country
authorities. Before the mission starts, the responsibility of the country's leaders is to make the
special agreement with the UN. The agreement is signed between the UN and the leaders of the
government. Based on the agreement, the host nation's leaders must support the UN peacekeeping
operations in order to establish a safe working environment. The peacekeepers are supposed to
achieve all tasks without any constraints from the host country authorities. Nevertheless, in some
cases, this agreement is violated by political leaders of the country. For instance, in the Darfur crisis,
Al–Bashir, who is the president of Sudan, played to local fear. He said that the "UN forces did not
really provide peace in Darfur because they wish to recolonize Sudan and the UN military has a
secret agenda" (Paterson, 2008, p. 18). Additionally, in 2004, the African Union (AU) peacekeepers
begun to arrive in Darfur. The mission's name was AU Mission in Sudan (AMIS) and was composed
of about 7,500 soldiers and police from Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, and South Africa (Paterson,
2008). After two years, the UN and AU decided that the AMIS peacekeeping should be taken over
by a UN force. The government of Sudan, headed by Omar al–Bashir, rejected any collaboration
with the UN and noted that international military forces on its terrain would disrupt its independence
(Paterson,

How committed is Canada, with respect to environmental...
In Canada, concerns involving environmental security are not the top priority. But due to recent
research, Canada must be more strongly committed to environmental security due to increasing
environmental problems internationally. There are many ways Canada can stay committed to
environmental security, for example, increased funding to Canada's Department of National
Defence's Environment Department. Also to stay committed to increased access and support to
Voluntary Environmental Programs across Canada. Finally to completely stay up to world standards
in environmental security, Canada must implement an effective environmental planning system.
Throughout the essay, the topic at hand will be if Canada is able to implement these actions to ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The main type of contamination is hydrocarbons. Over a long period of time, Canada has used a lot
of fuel and has used many fuel storage facilities, as these storage facilities age, hydrocarbons form
and are lethal to the environment. A notable hydrocarbon clean up was the Distant Early Warning
(DEW) line, which contained 21 contaminated radar military sites. Currently, eight of them are
clean and two are currently being cleaned. If these sites were ignored, the surrounding environment
would be a wasteland and no economic benefit would be derived from that area (Stones, 2004).
Even though the DND's Environment Department seems to be working hard, Canada's environment
is still being affected by war even though there has not been one here in the 20th century. In 2003,
Canada's military was called in to protect the environment because the Environment Department
failed to follow federal environmental laws to protect habitats. The department simply does not have
the personnel or resources to complete all the environment concerns across Canada (Bow, 2004).
The most important thing to know about the DND's Environment Department is that it lacks funding
because, when it comes to the Canadian Government, it is not of main concern. The Canadian
Government is focused too much on short term issues and not focused enough on long term issues
such as

Role Of International Health And Security Organisation
ESUS 3
Coursework Essay
Final Draft
Title:
Assess the role of international health and security organisation in responding to global epidemics.
Focussing on two specified organisations, and based on your findings; indicate which strategies,
must be placed in order to ensure preparedness for future epidemics.
Epidemics Prevention
Word count: 1553
Student name: Ali Alnassir
Student number: 2260914
Tutor: Dominika Comas
Submission date: 26.07.2016
The world is facing an increase and a spread of global epidemics. For instance, 214 million people
are infected with Malaria and around 430,000 deaths by 2015 (WHO, 2015). Moreover, in 2014
according to the WHO, there were 1.9 billion adults were overweight (ibid), and there ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are environmental factors impact the spread of infectious diseases, and the main aspects are
water supply, hygiene services, food, and climate. An absence of safe water, a lack of sanitation
facilities, loss of living situations, and insecure food would cause suffering or possible death.
Instances of epidemics are Obesity, HIV, Cholera, and Malaria (Peterson, 2002). Malaria is caused
by parasites, which are organisms live on or in a host, and get food from the same host, and the main
affection come along by mosquitoes. Additionally, not all type of mosquitoes can cause that transfer
of bugs to people of bite them. Only one type of female mosquitoes called Anopheles mosquitoes,
which transmit parasite called Plasmodium from infected people due to blood needed to grow their
eggs (WHO, 2015). These parasites live and grow inside the mosquito 's salivary glands. Moreover,
when a mosquito goes for the next bite, the parasite injected into another human blood as a second
host. The growth of the parasite multiply quickly at the infected human liver, and then moved back
to the red blood cells. In a short period, approximate one or two weeks some of the malaria
symptoms are starting to illustrate like vomiting, headache, and fever. At that situation, patients
should be treated rapidly with actual medicines, or that massive spread of the parasites can destroy
the red blood cells, which cause blocking the

International Security: Bert The Weapon
Bryson Thomas December 1, 2016
International Security "Be sure to remember what Bert the turtle is about to teach us friends because
everyone of us must remember to do exactly what he does. That's what today is all about. Duck and
Cover. Bert the turtle is very cautious and it even saves his life. That's why we are learning to duck
and cover today. We all know that the atomic bomb is very dangerous and since the Soviet Union
may use it against us, we must all be ready". This is a quote from an official civil defense film made
by the Federal Defense Administration to teach kids what to do in the event of a nuclear attack. The
threat of the atomic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Article 5 is perhaps the most important and highly debated article in the treaty and it generally states
that an attack against one country is an attack against them all This language was, at first,
unacceptable to America because it implied that an attack against another country immediately
warranted military action from the other member countries. The United States did not want to be
obligated to provide any aid so they were forced to reevaluate the wording of the article. In 1949,
they finally agreed on the official wording for Article 5, which kept the same premise that "an attack
against one... shall be considered an attack against them all" but they added the phrase that an attack
warranted "such action as deemed necessary". The slight difference in wording implies that the
individual countries are not obligated to provide military aid but instead can respond in whatever
way that they deem fit. And so, after agreeing on the official wording of the document, the
Washington Treaty, which is the treaty that signified the creation of NATO, was officially signed on
April 4, 1949 and was signed by all 12 founding countries. While this ended the controversy of
creating the alliance, the issues did not end

International Security And International Law Essay
International security studies offer several concepts to facilitate comprehension of the complex
international order. Transnational identities, balance of power and international institutions and law
are the most applicable concepts to describe the international security system. They best reflect the
thinking of political leaders even in contrary forms of governments in different parts of the world, in
sum, they consider the most dominant paradigms in the study of world politics and they supplement
each other in executing a variegated set of policies. This essay will discuss those concepts following
their related main actors from individuals via states to international organizations. Each paragraph
gives a short characterization of the respective concept, links it with the most appropriate paradigm
and shows the application of the concept in both democratic and more autocratic states while
referencing the other concepts.
The concept of transnational identities is mainly associated with the paradigm of constructivism and
describes both the essential politics of the democratic United States of America (USA) in internal
and foreign affairs and the behavior of the more autocratic governed state of Iran in the Middle East.
The term transnational identity stands for identities or ideologies based on culture. In addition, the
beliefs and values do not necessarily align with national borders. On the one hand, the identities
depend on the interests and preferences in the

The International Security Threat Report
The "International Security Threat Report" provides data on cybersecurity attacks and threats
throughout 2012. The report shows that there was a 42% increase in targeted attacks (page 10).
Although the types of attacks have been evolving, the number of people affected and the amount of
damage has increased. Cyber attacks have evolved in such a way that allows them to be a large
threat for citizens, businesses, and governments. Cyber attacks have been putting the privacy and
information of citizens at risk through mobile malware. From 2011 to 2012 the amount of mobile
malware increased by 58% (page 12). The mobile malware was used to steal the the user 's'
information 32% of the time (page 33). This is especially dangerous considering people increasingly
use their phones to store personal information. Cell phones are tied to the owner's phone contract,
which offers an additional way for the hacker to cause financial damage to the phone's owner. Cell
phone users can decrease the risk of having their private information stolen and their device
compromised by installing security software on their cell phones, but that does not get rid of the risk
altogether. Social media has also increased the security threat for citizens. In the past cyber
criminals and spammers have attempted to steal information and scam users through spam emails,
however, because of the increasing popularity of social media networks, cyber criminals and
spammers have been using emails less and

International Terrorism And The Security Of The United...
This essay will explore the argument that international terrorism represents the greatest threat to the
security of the United Kingdom. It will begin by defining, within the context of this essay, what is
meant by the concepts of national security, terrorism and international terrorism, and how
international terrorism threatens our nation through both direct and indirect means. Throughout, it
will identify a snapshot of the current gamut of security threats to the United Kingdom and analyse,
through these threats, how international terrorism poses the most substantial menace to the security
of the United Kingdom. To the military minded individual, it could appear that the notion of national
security is limited to the threat posed by physically violent or military action. However, as a matter
of policy, the United Kingdom defines national security as 'the security and well–being of the United
Kingdom as a whole'(REF). This includes the security of the nation's social security, economic
stability, power of diplomatic influence, and the physical security and well–being of the United
Kingdom's population. Terrorist activity is no longer limited to direct physical attacks on the state in
order to achieve their cause and as will be explored further in this essay, threats to national security
are evolving into more indirect methods in order to undermine the nation's well–being. For way of
definition, and for the purpose of this article, terrorism can be described as the use

Security Concerns With Having An International Company
There are main security concerns with having an international company. I will be discussing some of
those vulnerabilities. So you need to understand that the company culture needs to bridge the gap on
these issues so the company can stop these vulnerabilities, so the companies culture needs to direct
and guide against these issues.
I will use the list from Heimdal Security story "10 Critical Corporate Cyber Security Risks – A Data
Driven List" The first concern is the "failure to cover cyber security basics Zaharia (2016)". With
emerging counties entering the market place they are new to the security basic. They are so eager to
prove themselves as equals to their peers in the advanced countries they cut corners to prove
themselves. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The third concern is "lack of cyber–security policy Zaharia (2016)". With different counties there
are local laws they have that will not apply to other countries. As in the United States there are
different laws for each state there are also common laws. So they will have to make sure that thy
have a common policy and that find the local risk. Each country should have their own security
governance committee. These committee needs to use the common policy and create ones that
comply with local laws.
The fourth concern is "confusing compliance with cyber security Zaharia (2016)". In the United
States people think that they are good at cyber security when they follow company policies. We as
IT professionals should make sure all countries we work with are security minded and look for
improvements.
The fifth concern is that people can be "the weakest link Zaharia (2016)". Most cyber–attacks are
inside jobs. The employee is motivated by number of reasons money, curiosity, revenge, or for the
fun of it. So protecting sensitive information is what companies in multiply country need to do.
The sixth concern is employees using their own device at work Zaharia (2016). According to the
article 93% of companies allow their employees to use personal device at work. So this in itself is a
big security risk. Virus, malware and other programs can be attached to these devices and breach
security. My company has a no personal device use policy. I see the reason for

Security Issues in International Relations Are Best...
'Security Issues are Most Effectively Addressed by a Neo–Realist Approach to International
Relations.' Discuss.
Security has been the source for much debate within International Relations; ranging from the
optimum way to provide security, through to the definition of security itself. Neo–Realism has, in
the past, been the dominant approach to security issues within International Relations. However, in
the past few decades events such as the end of the Cold War, international terrorism and
globalisation have dramatically changed the world, which has only intensified the debate over which
approach most effectively addresses security issues within International Relations. This essay seeks
to argue that although, at one time it may have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Neo–liberals are prepared to go to war but it is generally accepted as a last resort, with the use of
economic sanctions the preferred security method; the belief of peace via co–operation. Neo–
liberals view sanctions as a means of preventing a 'rogue' state from violating the international
norms (Martin, 1992). The neo–liberal understanding of the international community lies within
increasing interconnectedness and the utility of international institutions such as the EU and UN.
The security of Israel has weakened in recent years due to threat posed by Iran and their suspected
research into the development of nuclear weapons. In 2005 the EU imposed trade sanctions on Iran
due to resuming of nuclear activities (European Commission, 2012). A form of collective security
occurs when all states stand to lose something from war; collective insecurity leads to security. Kant
would argue that even though the international system is anarchic, alliances and treaties still exist as
a form of power and security. Buzan (1991) takes this further stating that although economic activity
can generate many different factions within in a state, the international economy itself becomes
powerfully tied together trade, finance and communication.
As previously mentioned, neo–realists place an emphasis upon security via military power, and
whilst there is no denying that military security is

The Field Of International Security Studies
Technical Terminology
In understanding the field of international security studies, an array of technical terms and concepts
must first be defined. Throughout this research paper I will be using various terminology relating to
the cyberspace and its struggles when evaluating the magnitude of potential cyber threats.
Lucas Kello is an associate of the Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program's of the Cyber
Project for Harvard University's Cyber Project. Kello is a Harvard undergrad with a master 's and
doctorate in International Relations from Oxford University. Kello states that certain aspects of the
cyberspace – such as the analysis of code – belong to computer specialists. Kello also points out that
other scholars tend to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Malware : Commonly referred to as malicious software that is designed to interrupt computer
functionality and/or to gain access to sensitive data. As an umbrella term, malware includes things
such computer viruses, Trojans, spyware, and other malicious programs. Malware can and often is
designed to create access ways into an adversary 's computer or to attack it, sometimes both.
Therefore, using malware is seen as an instrument of hostility as it can also be implied. Almost
every cyber hostile action uses malware.
Botnets : Botnets have been described as the "Swiss Army knives of the underground economy"
because they are so versatile. Botnets, or "Bot Networks," can be remotely controlled from the
attackers location anywhere in the world. Allowing them to send commands via the Internet to the
hundreds or thousands of computers infected with malicious code. As these infected computers are
taking "hostage" into actions meant to disrupt or block Internet traffic for the targeted victims, also
to harvest information, or to distribute spam, and viruses.
Originally Botnet codes were distributed as infected email attachments, although in recent years
users have grown more cautious. In more recent times through technological advancements,
attackers, and cyber criminals have changed and advanced their

International Relations And Security : Is Security The...
PPR: 221 International Relations and Security
1. What is security? Is security the ultimate value?
When an individual thinks of security, one of the first thoughts is that of warfare or the protection
from. To be secure from attack from foreign governments or non–state violent actors. However,
security is much more encompassing. One can look into Buzan's five areas of security, military,
political, economic, societal, and environmental, to begin to define what security actually
encompasses.
Military security is the most common thought when discussing this topic. Military security means
that the state has offensive and defensive capabilities to protect the state and its people from attack,
and also to protect the state's or individuals' interests abroad. Without this security, a state would be
very vulnerable, and thus this is one of the most important securities. Citizens should not live in fear
of foreign invasion due to the lack of reasonable defences. Political, societal, and economic security
are the least thought of securities. Political security meaning that the government you live under is
stable and has legitimacy to rule. It must be able to operate with the best interests of citizens put
first. Societal security is an interesting form of security. It is the security of national language,
culture, religion, etc., and also of individual and minority groups within the nation. Also, economic
security is extremely important. It is hard to define economic security in a

Maintenance Of International Peace And Security

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