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1. Lesson 7: Minerals and Rocks
Learning Competency:
The learners shall be able to make a plan that the community may use to
conserve and protect its resources for future generations. The learners will
be able to classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic
(S11/12ESIb-10).
Specific Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to
1. Classify and describe the three basic rock types;
2. Establish relationships between rock types and the origin and
environment of deposition/formation;
3. Understand the different geologic processes involved in rock
formation

2. Bryce Canyon National Park
Location Garfield
County and Kane
County, Utah, United
States
Nearest city Tropic, Panguitch
Coordinates 37°37′42″N 112°10′04
″WCoordinates: 37°37′
42″N 112°10′04″W
Area 35,835 acres
(145.02 km
2
)
[1]
Established February 25, 1928
Visitors 2,365,110 (in 2016)
[2]
Governing body National Park Service
Website Bryce Canyon National
Park

3. Seneca Rocks

4. Half dome

5. Here’s more

6. Differentiate magma and lava.
Magma is a molten rock material beneath the
surface of the earth. Lava is molten rock material
extruded to the surface of the earth through
volcanic or fissure eruptions.

7. Describe plutonic or intrusive rocks and define
the process of formation, the texture and give
examples.
•from solidified magma underneath the earth
•gradual lowering of the temperature gradient
at depth towards the surface would cause
slow cooling/crystallization
•Phaneritic texture
•Examples: granite, diorite, gabbro

8. Examples:

9. Describe volcanic or extrusive rocks and define the
process of formation, the texture and give
examples.
• from solidified lava at or near the surface of the earth
• fast rate of cooling/crystallization due to huge variance in the
temperature between Earth’s surface and underneath
• common textures: aphanitic, porphyritic and vesicular
• examples: rhyolite, andesite, basalt
• pyroclastic rocks: fragmental rocks usually associated with violent or
explosive type of eruption. Examples tuff and pyroclastic flow
deposits (ignimbrite)

11. Igneous rocks are also classified according to silica
content: felsic, intermediate, mafic and ultramafic.
•felsic: also called granitic; >65%
silica, generally light-colored
•intermediate: also called
andesitic; 55-65% silica;
generally medium colored
(medium gray)
•mafic: also called basaltic; 45-
55% silica; generally dark
colored
•ultramafic:

13. Sedimentary rocks-
•These are rocks that formed through the
accumulation, compaction, and cementation of
sediments. They generally form at surface or near
surface conditions.
• Sedimentary processes at or near the surface of
the Earth include: weathering of rocks, sediment
transport and deposition, compaction and
cementation
• Factors in sedimentary processes: weathering
and transport agents (water, wind ice)

14. •Common sedimentary features: strata and
fossils
•Strata: >1cm is called bedding and anything
less is called lamination; layering is the result of
a change in grain size and composition; each
layer represents a distinct period of deposition.
•Fossils: remains and traces of plants and
animals that are preserved in rocks

15. •Non-clastic / Chemical/Biochemical –
derived from sediments that precipitated
from concentrated solutions (e.g. seawater)
or from the accumulation of biologic or
organic material (e.g. shells, plant material).
They are further classified on the basis of
chemical composition.
•Clastic/terrigenous - form from the
accumulation and lithification of sediments
derived from the breakdown of pre-existing
rocks. They are further classified according
to dominant grain size.

16. Conglomerate
Sand stone
LimestoneBreccia
Claystone
coquina

17. Metamorphic rocks
•- rocks that form from the transformation of
pre-existing rocks (igneous, sedimentary, or
metamorphic rocks) through the process of
metamorphism. Metamorphism can involve
changes in the physical and chemical
properties of rocks in response to heat,
pressure, and chemically active fluids. They
are commonly formed underneath the earth
through metamorphism

18. Contact metamorphism
•• Heat as the main factor: occurs when a
pre-existing rocks get in contact with a
heat source (magma)
•• Occurs on a relatively small scale:
around the vicinity of intruding magma
•• Creates non-foliated metamorphic
rocks (e.g. hornfels)

19. Regional metamorphism
•• Pressure as main factor: occurs in areas that
have undergone deformation during orogenic
event resulting in mountain belts
•• Occurs in a regional/large scale
•• Creates foliated metamorphic rocks such as
schist and gneiss
•• Non-foliated rocks like marble also form thru
regional metamorphism, where pressure is not
intense, far from the main geologic event

23. Enrichment
•Assessment homework to be submitted next
meeting. Each student will do research on 3
rocks (one for each rock type). Included in the
discussion are the following: history of
formation, common environment of formation,
common textures, common use of the rock and
the localities in the Philippines where you can
find them.