Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma Case Study

Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma Case Study
Abstract Background Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA) is the most common central nervous system
tumor in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Although these lesions are generally benign and non–
infiltrative, they commonly arise in the region of the foramen of Monro, where they can cause obstructive
hydrocephalus and sudden death. Methods Surgical resection has been, and presently remains, the standard treatment
for SEGAs demonstrating serial growth on neuroimaging in the setting of symptomatic hydrocephalus or progressive
ventriculomegaly. Discussion Surgery can be curative; however, not all SEGAs are amenable to safe and complete
resection. Gamma Knife stereotactic radiosurgery provides another treatment option but has ... Show more content on
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In recent reports, the perioperative mortality rate of SEGAs is as low as 0–10.5 % [28, 46]. Since major complications
tend to occur more frequently in patients who are symptomatic for increased intracranial pressure or major
hydrocephalus before surgery [14, 55], a SEGA should be resected as soon as clear evidence of growth on two
subsequent images are determined [46]. For infiltrative or large lesions where gross total resection is nearly
impossible to be achieved safely, progression of the residual tumor commonly occurs within follow–up. The authors
of the previous surgical series have reported that total resection was achieved in 57–88 % of the cases [28, 46, 49, 55].
In one surgical series of 19 patients with SEGAs, gross total tumor resection was not achieved in four patients and
within followup, they all received re–operation at a mean of 11.5 months due to tumor progression and/or worsening
hydrocephalus [46]. The remaining 15 patients with gross total resection did not experience tumor recurrence with
median follow–up of 69 months. For patients with incomplete tumor resection, a close clinical and radiological
follow–up is essential for a longer
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Book Report On Hydrocephalus
This story follows a 14 year old Indian boy named Arnold Spirit Jr. He was born with hydrocephalus which filled too
much cerebral spinal fluid inside his skull. This lead to numerous health problems which included extra teeth in his
mouth, awkwardly sized body parts, and random seizures as a child. Since his parents were very poor the hospital
couldn't do as much to help. Junior lived all his life with the Spokane Tribe going to a very low budget school he calls
the "Rez". On page 46 of this book, Junior tells his parents that he's considering transferring to Reardan, one of the
best schools in the state. This was very far away from where they lived but they had much more to offer such as a
computer room, a huge laboratory, and two basketball

A Research Study Of Condition A Phobia Into A Young Infant
Abstract
This paper is about an experiment to condition a phobia into a young infant, performed in 1920 by the name of Albert
B by a John B. Watson, supposedly a pseudonym. More specifically this paper is about what happened to little albert
and where he is now. A lot of research has gone into this subject and there are many different angles to come from on
this subject. Some believe that he was never seen again after the experiments and died at a young age. The majority
believes he is Douglas Merritt and infant that supposedly died and a young age. The ethical and moral problems with
this experiment were of great controversy and it has been accepted now that little Albert had a neurological
impairment at the time of the experiment, Which Watson kept from the public records. Little Albert was taken from
the experiments to go home and was never deconditioned or scheduled for long term follow–up. Some people went as
far as to analyze the videos to find matching features.
Keywords: Little Albert,
Almost all psychology students learn at some point that a Watson and Rayner tried to condition an infant (11 months)
called "Albert B" to fear a white lab rat. They realized that the infants fear was transferred to other furry like objects
like rabbits and dogs, and even a Santa Claus mask. (Fridlund, Alan J)
After the conditioning however the infant left to go home and developed hydrocephalus and died in 1925.
Fast forward to 2012, Fridlund, Beck, Goldie, and Irons (2012)

Reflective Essay On Physical Work
I was always chosen last for every sport unit we had in gym class. When it came the time to choose me they would
even argue about whose team I was on. It always made me think that I couldn't do anything that required physical
work. Overtime it got to me because they would never pass the ball to me even though nobody would be guarding me.
This made me believe that all people should be treated equally, no matter their differences. I know what it is like to be
made fun of because I always had trouble doing certain tasks while everyone made it look easy.
Before I was even born, I had a stroke. I was one of the very few that would've survived this. At five weeks old, I was
diagnosed with a condition known as hydrocephalus. This caused cerebro–spinal fluid to push on my skull. This
would've resulted in death, but we had a VP shunt inserted to keep me alive. What the VP shunt does is it drains the
excess fluid from my brain ventricles down into my abdomen.
When I was six months old, I was still unable to even lift my head up on my own, The doctors thought I might not
even walk, so they diagnosed me with cerebral palsy. This is where the nerve signals can't reach some of my muscles,
making it very difficult for me to perform everyday tasks like tying my shoes. I have what is called triplegia where
three of my limbs are affected. My right arm is the most affected and both of my legs are affected. People notice that I
do not walk right and that is because the muscles in my legs are

Syromyelia Case Study
I am a 54 year old woman with Syringomyelia as a secondary condition to Chiari Type One Malformation. I would be
interested in being involved in any research that is being undertaken currently. I live in Colchester, England and don't
know anyone else with either Chiari or Syringomyelia. I would be grateful for any contact from Rare Share.
For Clinical trial Information refer to Link below: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?
cond=Syringomyelia&term=&cntry=&state=&city=&dist= For advanced search Fill out page linked below:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/search/advanced?cond=&term=&cntry=&state=&city=&dist= Possible Surgical
Treatment Plans
Posterior Fossa Decompression–
Surgeon will surgically create more space for the cerebellum, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In doing so, it creates more space around the spinal cord. The cervical portion of the spine is made up of your
uppermost vertebrae in the neck. This procedure is known to be combined with the posterior fossa decompression
surgery. Both treatments work to maximize the restoration of cerebrospinal fluid flow.
3. Spinal Fusion
In this procedure, the surgeon will join the skull and the uppermost vertebra of the neck so they come together and
heal as a single bone, increasing stability and support. This procedure protects the spinal cord from further damage.
4. CSF Diversion
CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) is the fluid that bathes the brain and spinal cord. It is formed in the ventricles of the brain
and follows a course down the spinal column and back up to the brain, where it is reabsorbed into the bloodstream.
CSF diversion is a way to deal with the buildup of cerebrospinal fluid. This surgery is typically used in secondary
cases of Chiari where hydrocephalus (abnormally increased pressure in the skull) forces the cerebellum down to
create the Chiari. In this procedure, the cerebrospinal fluid is treated by shunting the CSF elsewhere in the body
(typically the abdomen), where it can be reabsorbed into the bloodstream.
Other individuals with Chiari or Syringomyelia Via "Rare Share" Below???: POSSIBLE SAMPLE NAME?
CONTACT INFO? (If

Animal Nervous System
The nervous system in a canine is made up of these three things: Brain, spinal cord and several different kinds of
nerves located throughout the body. They create complex circuits through which animals experience and respond to
sensations: The central nervous system includes the spinal cord and brain. The brain has three main sections: the brain
stem that controls several basic life functions. The cerebrum, which is the center of conscious decision making, and
lastly, the cerebellum which involves movement and motor skills in the animal. The most common type of nervous
system circuit that most people are familiar with is the reflex. Reflexes are simple networks found in the nervous
system of all animals. For example, if a dog goes down in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once process of elimination is complete, a panel of lab tests should be ran. A CT scan or MRI of the brain should also
be recommended. Treatment for seizures does not usually begin until a seizure is severe or multiple seizures have a
occurred and a pattern is observed. The drugs most commonly used to control seizures are potassium bromide (KBr)
and phenobarbital. These can either be used singularly or in conjunction with one another and are to be given daily.
Blood levels are checked every 6 months unless incident. The goal is to decrease frequency, severity and the duration
of the

Hydrocephalus Essay
Hydrocephalus
Definition
A condition affiliated with excessive fluid in the brain.
Causes, incidence, and risk factors
The fluid in the brain (cerebrospinal fluid or CSF) is formed in the brain. CSF usually circulates through parts of the
brain, its covering, and the spinal canal, and is then absorbed into the circulatory system.
When the circulation or absorption of this fluid is blocked, or excessive fluid is produced, the volume of fluid in the
brain becomes higher than normal. The accumulation of fluid puts pressure on the brain forcing it against the skull
and damaging or destroying the tissues.
Symptoms vary depending on the cause of the obstruction to CSF circulation, the age at which the problem develops,
and the extent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hydrocephalus most often occurs in children, but may also occur in adults and the elderly.
Prevention
Protect the head of an infant/child from injury by handling the child carefully. Prompt treatment of infections (such as
meningitis) and other disorders associated with hydrocephalus may reduce the risk of developing the disorder.
Symptoms
EARLY SYMPTOMS, IN INFANTS
* enlargement of the head (see increased head circumference)
* bulging fontanelles (soft spots of the head) with or without enlargement of the head size
* sutures – separated
SYMPTOMS OF CONTINUED HYDROCEPHALUS
* irritability, poor temper control
* muscle spasticity (spasm
LATE SYMPTOMS
* decreased mental function
* delayed development
* decreased movement
* slow or restricted movement
* difficulty feeding
* lethargy, excessive sleepiness
* urinary incontinence (loss of control over bladder)
* brief, shrill, high–pitched cry
* slow growth (child 0–5 years)
IN OLDER INFANTS AND CHILDREN
Symptoms vary depending on the amount of damage caused by pressure in the brain. Symptoms may be similar to
symptoms of progression of hydrocephalus in children, or may include the following or other symptoms:
* headache
* vomiting
* vision changes

* crossed eyes
* uncontrolled eye movements
* loss of coordination
* poor gait (walking pattern)
* mental aberrations (such as confusion or psychosis)
Signs and Tests
Tapping with the fingertips

Altered Mental Status: A Case Study
Choose 3 different diagnoses and discuss symptoms, risk factors, any cultural influences, assessment, and diagnostic
tools that you would use to reach this diagnosis.
Altered mental status is a decreased state of consciousness which result in decreased activity and altered perception
among other symptoms (Goolsby & Grubbs, 2011). Altered mental status is more of a symptom that is very vague, it
that can be as a result of several diagnoses such as delirium, stroke and normal pressure hydrocephalus (Goolsby &
Grubbs, 2011).
Delirium
According to Goolsby & Grubbs (2011) delirium is a state of excessive confusion that affects one cognition and
mentation, which result in that individual having sudden onset of decreased awareness (Goolsby & Grubbs,

Ben Carson
The Amazing Hands that keep on Giving
By
Denise Lewis
English 1101
Ms. Crosson
8 September 2009
Outline
Thesis: Ben Carson has accomplished many triumphs as a skilled surgeon, humanitarian and author.
I. Ben Carson innovational surgeries: A. The intra–uterine procedure in is used to relieve pressure on the brain. B. He
was the first to perform this procedure on a hydrocephalic fetal twin C. Today it is known as the Ventriculoperitoneal
Shunt or VP Shunt. II. Developed the Craniofacial Center A. At John Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, MD B. He is the
Co– Director of the craniofacial center. C. Ben Carson specializes in craniosynostsis. III. Contributions to Society ...
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There are also risks during and after surgery such as bleeding and infection. As with any brain surgery, there is a small
risk of brain tissue damage, which can result in a neurological deficit. Ben Carson helped develop the craniofacial
surgery center at John Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore. Also, he is the Co–Director of the Craniofacial Center.
Craniofacial surgery is a subspecialty of oral surgery, plastic surgery, and Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) that deals with
congenital and acquired deformities of the skull, face and jaws (Gates, Brooks–Higginbotham 2:179–80). The are all
kinds of craniofacial disorders and deformities for instance cleft lip, cleft palate, craniofacial skull, ear deformities,
facial paralysis, hemi facial, and microsomia. Craniofacial deformities are caused by genetic inheritance, trauma, or
disease. When treating craniofacial deformities it requires the expertise of specialized physician from many different
areas. It is impossible for any single physician to successfully evaluate and treat all the abnormalities associated with
craniofacial patients ("Craniosynostsis"). Ben Carson specializes in craniosynostosis, which is when the bone joints
fuse together causing problems with normal brain and skull growth. The skull is divided into segments, and early
premature closure of the bone suture fibrous joints may also cause the

Research Paper On Neurosurgery
As a three–year–old child, I had neurosurgery to treat congenital Hydrocephalus. At that age, I didn't understand that
surgery was necessary to stay healthy so when an anesthesiologist tried to sedate me I began to kick, scream and bite.
I was clearly not tolerant of the situation. Tolerance in trying situations is the underlying difference between the two
words perseverance and endurance. However, tolerance isn't needed to make it through a situation or achieve a goal. A
person can have the willpower to go through with an event or take to achieve a goal, but be completely frustrated the
whole way through. Mindset can affect how situations are dealt with which can make them more or less frustrating.
Perseverance is a noun that describes the ability to never succumb to obstacles in pursuit of a goal. Perseverance ...
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I won't have the same mindset in all situations because my first and second appraisals aren't always the same in
situations. I may not see neurosurgery as terrifying, but a patient who has never undergone one could possibly petrify
them. For example, before my neurosurgery at age three I most likely had the mindset of trying to do anything to stop
the surgery from happening considering how I had behaved toward the anesthesiologist. Age can play large difference
on a mindset in life. A mindset at three versus a mindset at eighteen will not likely differ in several ways. As life
constantly changes so does age, mindset and situations. Why does a mindset effect the way a frustrating situation is
dealt with? A mindset can completely change how someone copes with a harsh situation. Even if a situation is
difficult doesn't mean that someone can't cope. After all, life isn't constant. Life moves on and difficult situations are
survived regardless of mindset. However, a mindset can make an enormous difference in a situation either for better
or worse. Endurance and perseverance differ because of tolerance levels during unfavorable

Stenosis : The Disease Burden Of Hydrocephalus
Aqueductal stenosis in patients with hydrocephalus
Loyal PK, Nderitu JM, Wekesa V,
Abstract
Background Aqueductal stenosis is a known cause of hydrocephalus. The scope of this paper is to highlight the
disease burden of hydrocephalus attributed to aqueductal stenosis which still remains unknown in our setting.
Materials and Methods In a descriptive cross–sectional study, 258 records of patients diagnosed with hydrocephalus
were analyzed after ethical approval from KNH–UON ethics and research committee. Patients with a diagnosis of
hydrocephalus due to aqueductal stenosis were included in this study. Patients age, sex, mode of delivery, associated
comorbidities, presenting complaints, neurosurgical intervention performed, Kafarnosky score were recorded. Data
were divided into 2 sets based on the patient's age i.e. whether < 1 year or > 12 years. Data were recorded on google
data collection form and analyzed using Google spreadsheets.Results: Out of 258 cases of hydrocephalus, 52 had
aqueductal stenosis. Male to female sex ratio for this condition was 3:2. There were 25 cases < 1year and 27 cases >
12 years old who were diagnosed with hydrocephalus due to aqueductal stenosis. Associated conditions were bilateral
congenital talipes equinovarus, spina bifida, Arnold Chairi malformations, meningitis and HIV. The presenting
complaints differed according to the age groups. Neurosurgical interventions included ETV in 21 cases, insertion of
VP shunt and ETV were done in 3 cases

Hydrocephalus Research Paper
Hydrocephalus is a medical condition in which there is excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) thus
abnormal increase of Intracranial Pressure (ICP). Hydrocephalus could happen for adult and infants, but it is more
common with infants. It affects one to two in every 1000 live births. And it is by far the leading cause of brain surgery
for children in the US. The NIH website estimates 700,000 children and adults living with hydrocephalus, less than
20% were appropriately diagnosed. The medical costs for hydrocephalus are over $1 billion per year. Unfortunately,
yet hydrocephalus treatment has not been significant improved for 50 years. We need better treatments, more positive
long–term monitoring, and diagnostic tests which are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Steiner and Andrews 2006) But for abnormal mean arterial pressure (MAP) or abnormal ICP the cerebral perfusion
pressure, Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) defined as CPP = MAP – ICP, the difference between ICP and mean
arterial blood pressure (MAP). In cases of elevated ICP, the cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) is decreased. Thus
when treating increased ICP value, CPP value is therefore an important parameter to monitor and maintain. (Steiner
and Andrews 2006, Duschek and Schandry

Dandy-Walker Syndrome
Dandy–Walker Syndrome or Dandy–Walker Malformation is a congenital malformation of the cerebellum and the
fluid filled space surrounding it. The malformation can include an enlargement of the fourth ventricle, a partial or
complete absence of the space between the two hemispheres of the cerebellum (called the vermis), and a cyst
formation near the lowest part of the skull (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke [NINDS], 2016).
Dandy–Walker Syndrome is found in approximately 1 of 25,000 to 35,000 live births and is more prevalent in females
than males (NORD–National Organization for Rare Disorders, 2008). Although an exact case is not known, the
syndrome may be a result of defects in the embryonic development of the cerebellum. Research has found that in
some cases patients have chromosomal abnormalities. Dandy–Walker may also be caused by genetic abnormalities or
environmental factors, teratogens (NORD–National Organization for Rare Disorders, 2008). Maternal diabetes and
infections passed through the mother to the fetus may also result in a child born with Dandy–Walker Syndrome
(Childrens National Health System, 2016). Like many disorders, Dandy–Walker Syndrome varies in severity from
patient to patient. The symptoms ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These diagnostic tests will be performed if the symptoms lead the practicioner to believe it may be Dandy–Walker
Syndrome (NORD–National Organization for Rare Disorders, 2008). An initial diagnosis may be made with the use
of an ultrasound, but an MRI should be used to get more details of the malformation of the cerebellum (Incesu, 2015).
A CT scan can be used to determine if hydrocephalus is present because of Dandy–Walker or if it is related to another
etiologies (Incesu, 2015). Diagnosis may also be made during the prenatal period through ultrasound and fetal MRI
(NORD–National Organization for Rare Disorders,

Personal Narrative: No Ordinary Student Who's Applying To...
No Ordinary... I'm no ordinary student who's applying to college. I'm no ordinary teenager looking for to further my
education at a postsecondary school. I'm no ordinary person with goals in life, whether big or small. Even my body is
not ordinary; scoliosis and hydrocephalus accompanying me everywhere I go. I wasn't born with intelligence. "He'll
have trouble learning.", the doctors told my mom when they diagnosed me with hydrocephalus at just eight months of
age. Therapy after therapy and now in my senior year of high school, here I am taking having taken a variety of AP
courses ranging from AP Spanish Literature to AP Calculus and received dual enrollment credit from Laredo
Community College. I am the New York born, Texas raised, New Jersey graduating student who will be the first of his
family to go to school. I am no ordinary American, I cannot be when the color of my skin is not of the lightest
complexity. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For I'm anything but ordinary, I am extraordinary. I am out of the ordinary because my skin is darker than that of
others. I am extraordinary because I have scoliosis and hydrocephalus. Some may see these as disadvantages as my
quest for success. Others might use their disadvantages as an excuse for their failures. But no me. My blemishes are
no disadvantages. They are not excuses. Oh no they are not, they are anything but disadvantages. They are my
advantages and they will be my keys to success. Some may deny me for my heritage but none will dare. I will not be
judged by the color of my skin or how curved my spine might be. I will be judged by how I rise up against adversity. I
will by judged by how well I can accomplish a task. I will not be judged for my race, ethnicity, gender, etc. I will be
judged by the actions of my heart and the decision making of my brain. Skin does not define me. Skin is not a proper
factor to judge how fast or how great I might accomplish a task. I am no ordinary. Not at

Managing Paediatric Hydrocephalus : The New Thinking
MANAGING PAEDIATRIC HYDROCEPHALUS IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD
The New Thinking
INTRODUCTION
Hydrocephalus remains a signifiant challenge to neurosurgeons the world over, in particular the developing world.
The mainstay of management remains the insertion of a ventriculo–peritoneal shunt (VPS). This method is expensive
and has significant morbidity and mortality. An ideal treatment method would be to maintain a shunt free
environment, however at the same time provide adequate and durable cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion in a cost
effective manner. We will explore a novel idea that has the potential to revolutionise the management of
hydrocephalus, not only in third world countries, but the world on a whole.
CASE
A female neonate born premature at 32 weeks gestation was consulted on. While in the neonatal intensive care unit
she developed multiple infections illnesses including meningitis. Her head circumference was noted to be increasing
rapidly and was greater than the 90th centile for her age. She had a Computed Tomography (CT) scan of the brain and
was noted to have hydrocephalus. She was referred to neurosurgery for assistance with her management. On
examination, her head circumference was 40cm, fontanelles tense and she had the sunsetting sign. She moved all four
limbs equally but was very lethargic. Her gestational age at that time was 34 weeks. Her Magnetic Resonance Scan
showed massive communicating hydrocephalus. Due to her prematurity the plan was to

Essay On Hydrocephalus
The bones of the skull, the vertebral column, and the meninges, containing CSF, provide a hard box with an interior
cushion around the brain and spinal cord. In addition, glial cells surrounding neurons form a blood–brain barrier that
prevents any potentially harmful substances in the bloodstream from gaining access to neurons. However, these
protective factors can become interrupted by the extreme sensitivity of nerve cells due to oxygen deficiency. Brain
cells die within minutes when they are deprived of oxygen. Neurological disorders are classified by congenital,
degenerative, movement and seizure, infectious, neoplastic, traumatic and vascular. There are two congenital
disorders, hydrocephalus and spina bifida. Hydrocephalus is known as an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain,
known as CSF, is in any way cut or interfered, the fluid accumulates under ventricles in the brain causing pressure. To
relieve this pressure, a catheter is placed from the ventricle of the brain into the ... Show more content on
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A cerebral concussion is a more common type of a traumatic brain injury, causing damage to the nerves or blood
vessels in the brain, primarily caused by an impact to the head, making this most common with football players. There
is said to be 1.4 million who sustain a TBI each year in the United States. Males are the more at risk for TBI than
women, making them 1.5 times as likely to sustain a TBI. The two age groups that are targeted for risk of traumatic
brain injury are 0–4 year olds and 15–19 year olds. There are also certain duties within the military, such as
paratrooper, that increase the risk of sustaining a TBI. (Langlois, JA, 2006) Contusions are classified as a bruise or
bleeding on the brain caused by impact. Another type of traumatic brain injury is diffuse axonal injury, which causes
tearing of the nerve tissue or blood vessels when the brain is shook in the

Spina Bifida Research Paper
Spina Bifida Birth defects are not uncommon in our society today. In fact, 1 in every 33 babies born each year in the
United States, are born with a birth defect. Overall, 120,000 children are affected with impairments and disabilities
(CDC). Spina bifida falls under the category of neural tube defects. Spina bifida is a birth defect that affects an
infant's spinal cord and brain. Spina bifida affects around 1,500 to 2,000 children each year (March of Dimes). There
are several forms of this disability, each varying from life–threatening to mild. The neural tube in an infant forms
early during pregnancy, then closes twenty eight days after conception (CDC). Children born with spina bifida have
complications with the development or closure ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It occurs in about 5% to 10% of people. Many people who are affected with this form of the disability are unaware
that they have it. In some cases, it does not affect everyday life. Spina bifida occulta can affect one vertebrae or
multiple. The number of vertebrae affected determines the severity of the disability. Unlike the other types of spina
bifida, occulta has no opening on the back, only on the spine. Birthmarks such as moles, dimples, patches of hair, or
discoloration in the center of the spine above the buttock area are a significant indication of spina bifida occulta.
People who suffer from this debility, could possibly have foot deformity, weakness and reduced sensation of the legs,
change in hand function, bladder infections and incontinence and bowel problems (Shine Charity).
The second type of spina bifida is known as Meningocele. Meningocele causes a sack of fluid to come through an
opening of the infant's back (CDC). The spinal cord is not connected to the sack on the infant's back. People who
suffer from this type of spina bifida could have minor to no damage of the nerves. Also symptoms vary for
meningocele. Symptoms range from little to none, all the way to paralysis of legs with bladder and bowel

Essay On The Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy
A condition is defined as the state of something, especially with regard to its appearance, quality, or working order.
Hydrocephalus is classified as a condition due to the abnormal shape the head takes. The head becomes swollen and
large due to the excessive amount of cerebrospinal fluid that will not drain properly. Currently there is only two ways
to treat this condition and that is by installing a shunt or preforming an Endoscopic Third ventriculostomy. Some
people oppose the thought of the endoscopic third ventriculostomy because, it is not the common way to treat the
condition. Even though this treatment is up and coming, it is a more effective treatment. The best choice of treatment
is the endoscopic third ventriculostomy because, the chance of blockage, over draining, and infection is lower. The
first reason the endoscopic third ventriculostomy is the best choice in treatment is because, the chances of blockage is
lower. "Shunting involves the implantation of two catheter and a flow control valve system to drain the excess
cerebrospinal fluid form the brain's ventricles to another ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Shunt infections are usually caused by the patient's own skin organisms. This causes internal shunt colonization.
Bacterial settle and grow on the inside of the catheter. "90% of VP shunt infections present within three months of a
shunt operation." Infected shunts often have to be removed, replaced, and treated with antibiotics. Endoscopic third
ventriculostomy does not require any catheters so bacterial cannot build up on the walls of it. Infection can happen in
the endoscopic third ventriculostomy but the chances are slim. When the shunt is inserted into the cranial cavity and
down to where it drains, it opens up a huge possibility of infection. The endoscopic third ventriculostomy procedure
does the opposite since nothing is being

Behaviorism: Little Albert By John Watson
John Watson is known as the creator of behaviorism. Behaviorism is a branch of psychology that focuses on a
person's behavior that's caused by external factors. Behavior, according to Behaviorism, "can be explained without the
need to consider internal mental states or consciousness" (Behaviorism. In learning Theories). In 1920 John Watson
conducted what can be considered his greatest experiment. In 1920 John Watson along with Rosaline Rayner began
their study of "Little Albert". Little Albert, as Watson called him, was a healthy child that he attempted to condition by
using classical conditioning. This experiment was conducted over the course of four months. Watson utilized classical
conditioning to make little Albert fear a white rat. This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is also known that he requested for John Hopkins to pay little Albert's mother for allowing her son to be part of the
experiment (Beck, finding little Albert). Little is known of Albert's true identity. There have been several studies that
were aimed at discovering the identity of the child known as "Little Albert". One of these studies was conducted by
Hall P. Beck and Alan J. Fridlund concluded that Albert was in reality Douglas Merritte the son of an "impoverished
wet nurse" who worked at one of John Hopkins facilities in 1920 (DeAngelis, Was little Albert ill). This mother let
her eight month old son be the center of an experiment that she must have known may cause deep psychological
changes. Her baby underwent conditioning that taught him to not only fear rats but also, in some cases, be frightened
by hair. There are also no indications that Little Albert, Douglas, was ever deconditioned. Had Douglas Merritte not
died at the age of six it is possible that he would have lived with the conditioned fear for the rest of his life. He
developed a phobia and because Watson did not reverse it, it is unlikely that it would ever go away. Imagine a young
boy being attacked by a dog. If after the attacks the boy's parents pull him away from any dog they see near him and
never allow him to pet or get close to one then the child will always be afraid of the dog. But

Marcus Mims: What Are The Reasons Why Become A Doctor?
Hello I am Marcus Mims, and there are many reasons why I am interested in becoming a Doctor. A Doctor is
something who has the ability to impact someone's life in a positive way. My life explains how much impact a Doctor
can have on someone's life. I am an identical twin born premature at 26 weeks weighing 1 pound 8 ounces, spending
68 days in the NICU. I was born at Michael Reese Hospital which was located in the Bronzville neighborhood on the
south side of Chicago . The fact I was born premature, caused me to have other medical issues such as, being
diagnosed with Hydrocephalus at three months old. In the early 2000's Michael Reese was facing huge financial
problems so my health records were transferred to Children's Memorial Hospital which was located in the ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is often said the journey to become a Doctor is a difficult path, but I feel my life has prepared me well for that
journey. My journey has been a difficult one ,spending my toddler years in the Hospital having Shunt Revisions.
Something that tought me was that throughout my life I would have to be a fighter. Many people would view having
Hydrocephalus has a negative thing, but I view it as a positive thing because I learned to endure pain and overcome
obstacles at a young age. Learning to overcome as a toddler helped me a lot in the future years. My academic journey
is an even difficult one compared to medical journey. This is because being born premature I was delayed, so to help
me develop I attended an early intervention program which helped me develop skills I would need for school. In the
early intervention program I also received speech therapy .The jump from early intervention to regular education was
a difficult one. When I started elementary school I struggled, so in order for me to be successful I stayed after school
for special reading and math help. This extra helped paid off, because I started to become more independent in my
academic development using less help to be successful in

Symptoms And Treatment Of Cystic Retrochiasmatic...
Abstract:
Cystic retrochiasmatic craniopharyngiomas may reach enormous size by expanding into the posterior fossa along the
retroclival area, which is very unusual finding. A 5–year–old boy presented with headache for 2 month. On the
neurological examination, it was normal. Initial magnetic resonance (MR) images revealed a huge, thin–capsuled
multi–cystic mass, which extended around brain stem & extending bilaterally along the base of the middle and
posterior cranial fossa. Subtotal excision of the cystic wall was done followed by applying of a catheter within the
cyst attached to a reservoir with a favorable outcome.
KEY WORDS: Endoscopic drainage, Cystic, Craniopharyngioma,
Introduction
Craniopharyngiomas usually emerge in the infundibulo–hypophyseal axis of the sella and suprasellar region occupies
the suprasellar cisterns, however may extend in any direction. The horizontal extension of the tumor may be anteriorly
into the pre–chiasmatic cistern and sub–frontal space, may extend laterally into the sub–temporal space, or may
extend posteriorly into the prepontine and interpeduncular cisterns, cerebellopontine angle and then to the foramen
magnum. 7 However, rarely extensive tumors may extend anteriorly in the pre–chiasmatic cistern and posteriorly into
the 3rd ventricle and down along the clivus. Approximately 4 % of the cases have posterior fossa extension. 2,6
Case Report
A 5–year–old boy was admitted to our department with severe headache, which aggravated over 3

Hydrocephalus: A Case Study
Treatment plan for hydrocephalus involves surgery to remove the obstruction or creating a new pathway to divert
excess CSF. This procedure can be done by placing a catheter or shunt in the ventricle which will pass the CSF to the
peritoneal cavity, right atrium, or the pleural spaces of the lungs (London et al., 2014). The nursing management for
these patients are centered around the surgical procedure. Three top nursing diagnosis for the child with
hydrocephalus include: (a) impaired physical mobility, (b) risk for infection, and (c) risk for injury. First, in the pre–
operative setting the interventions include: (a) small frequent feedings until placed on NPO status, (b) monitor head
circumference and signs of ICP, (c) assess respiratory

Body World Exhibition Analysis
Body World is an exhibition found in downtown Los Angeles. This exhibition is consisted of preserved human body
parts which goal is to educate the public about human anatomy and its complications. Going to this exhibit allowed
me to visually see everything I am learning in majority of my classes. I learned that seeing a picture in the book is not
as helpful as physically seeing the human body as cadavers. There had been multiple things that sparked interest in
me while I was at the exhibit, but the ones that spoke out to me are the three smallest bones in the body and the organs
that are affected by diseases, such as hydrocephalus and lung cancer due to smoking I have learned about the three
smallest bones in the body (called ossicles) for most my classes this quarter. As I was studying these three bones I
knew that they were small, however, what surprised me at Body world was that the bones are even tinier than what I
had imagined. In the beginning of the exhibit, the three bones (incus, malleus and stapes) were displayed. At first I
thought they were just fragments of another skeleton. However, when I looked closer and read the card, I found out
that I was looking at the smallest bones in the body. I was shocked as to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A brain slice with a brain stem tumor was presented in the exhibit. The disease that was represented in this part of the
exhibition is Hydrocephalus. I have know numerous individuals who suffered from this disease, that is why seeing
what truly happened to their brain is very interesting to me. Before going to the exhibit, I thought hydrocephalus was
caused by an over production of cerebrospinal fluid. Through Body World, I learned that this disease is caused by a
block (i.e tumor, congenital malformation or inflammation) ventricles causing it to expand that leads to the damage of
the brain

Personal Narrative: Back To Illness
I am a healer and a master dowser. One time, because of allergies, I was dowsing lists of foods to find out what was
the best to eat and what to avoid. So I had charts spread out all over the place. In the middle of that, my mother called
to tell me, that my Aunt Barbara was in the hospital and was completely catatonic. She had gone from living alone,
paying her bills and even cleaning her own swimming pool, to completely unresponsive. They thought she'd had a
stroke but the tests were negative. After seven weeks of tests she was still the same, and they didn't have a diagnosis.
My mother asked me if I could. "Check in" with spirit and find out what was going on. Using my healing charts, the
pendulum went to the forehead ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The next time I asked the question of what to give her, I noticed that my arm involuntarily moved all the way across
the table, very purposefully. So I looked to see what was under the pendulum. "Walnut oil." as soon as I read it, my
arm moved across me and over to a chart to my left that said. "Take NOW!" Then it moved all the way back to the
right to the Walnut oil. I watched in amazement as my arm repeated moved back and forth across the table crossing a
good 4 feet between them. Walnut oil, Take NOW, Walnut oil, Take NOW!" The message was unmistakable!
I told my mother about it and she asked "How much?" When I dowsed it, the prescription was 1/4 of a teaspoon 3
times a day. Now this doesn't sound like enough to do anything! But my mom believes in my divine connection, so
she ran to town and purchased walnut oil, took it to the care facility my aunt was in and gave it to her.
She asked how long before they would see a difference in her. I said, about a

Victoria's Case Summary
History of the present problem: Reason for seeking treatment at the present time, recent symptoms, duration of
current complaint, previous attempt to solve the problem, and treatment readiness (Melchert, 2015). Based on the
Victoria's report, she was born with hydrocephalus inside the brain that leads the brain swelling. She has gone under
surgery, but it still needed in order to her stomach function properly. Because the disorder is associated with physical
and neurological difficulties, Victoria's parent believed she wouldn't be able to look after herself; therefore she was
expected less and viewed as a retard. As a result, Victoria formed a negative thought that she deserves less than other
people, although Victoria was able to accomplish

Hydrocephalus
Article 1
Bret, P., J. Guyotat, and J. Chazal. "Is normal pressure hydrocephalus a valid concept in 2002? A reappraisal in five
questions and proposal for a new designation of the syndrome as 'chronic hydrocephalus'. (Review)." Journal of
Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 73.1 (2002): 9+. Psychology Collection. Web. 17 Oct. 2016. Received from
http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?
p=PPPC&sw=w&u=oakv28633&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA89146379&asid=e0a0cf28446ef0ea07727b98ad369e2d
This article goes in depth about about the treatment of hydrocephalus and how it originated. Hydrocephalus was first
ever reported in 1965 by Hakim and Adams in three cases that showed aspects of altered mentation which is a
disruption in how the brain is able to work. There ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The surgical treatment of hydrocephalus includes inserting a shunt with a neurological method. According to this
article shunt surgery can be immensely risky with complications such as distal shunt obstruction, infection and
migration of the catheter. The risk of shunt failure rises with every fleeting moment. The percentage of failure ranges
from 25–40% and reaches its capacity after its first few months. Studies have shown that survival with a shunt had
been predicted to be 5

A Congenital Malformation Commonly Affecting Children Born...
As a congenital malformation commonly affecting children born with Spina Bifida, the Arnold–Chiari malformation,
or Chiari Malformation Type II, involves the irregular extension of both the cerebellar tonsils and the brain stem
tissue into the opening to the spinal canal – the foramen magnum (NINDS, 2013). Typically, the brain stem and the
cerebellum sit above the opening to the spinal canal, where the brain stem houses most of the cranial nerves that
supply the body. Providing the control centres for vital bodily functions such as breathing, regulation of the body's
internal environment through maintenance of heart rate and blood pressure, as well as providing sensory and motor
control to a significant portion of the body (Joynt, 2014), the Arnold–Chiari malformation causes substantial problems
for patients. Likewise, the congestion of these structures in the spinal canal limits the flow of the cerebrospinal fluid
(CSF) from the brain to the spinal cord (Medway, 2006), causing other medical issues that become regularly
associated with Spina Bifida as a result, such as hydrocephalus (Columbia Neurosurgery, n.d.). Issues associated with
the Arnold–Chiari malformation can only be relieved, rather than treated, through surgical processes that aim to
eliminate or reduce these symptoms (WebMD, 2014).
The Arnold–Chiari malformation refers to the second type of malformations associated with the Chiari group, where
the irregular formation of the brainstem and cerebellum sees them

Concussions In Athletes Research Paper
Spotting any of the symptoms above, is one of the quickest and effective ways for a concussion to be diagnosed by a
person trained to spot these symptoms. Although many of these symptoms, don't appear or will not be present in an
athlete that has sustained a concussion. New ways for diagnosing concussions, have been developed to better identify
the injury, making it easier to diagnose and treat an athlete who has sustained a hit to the head or neck area. Many
concussions, never have an athlete completely losing consciousness, many athletes experience a momentary state of
confusion or disorientation after being hit in the head.("Bell Ringers" are concussions , 2016) This type of hit to the
head is known as a "bell ringer"; these types of hits can prove to be even more dangerous and hazardous to an athlete,
because they don't lose consciousness many trainers, and coaches think that they are still able to play. This, however
is not true, if an athlete were to sustain another concussion, then their chances of getting a more severe injury is
dramatically increased. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
M

John Watson Research Paper
John Watson is known as the creator of behaviorism. Behaviorism is a branch of psychology that focuses on a
person's behavior that's caused by external factors. Behavior, according to Behaviorism, "can be explained without the
need to consider internal mental states or consciousness" (Behaviorism. In learning Theories). In 1920 John Watson
conducted what can be considered his greatest experiment. In 1920 john Watson along with Rosaline Rayner began
their study of "Little Albert". Little Albert, as Watson called him, was a healthy child that he attempted to condition.
This experiment was conducted over the course of four months. Watson utilized classical conditioning to make little
Albert fear a white rat. This was revolutionary. A human being ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even though he didn't keep clear and accurate records he did take reliable footage. These videos were used by
Fridlund and Godie to prove that Little Albert suffered from hydrocephalus. When the identity of Albert was first
discovered it was also discovered that his medical records indicated that the child had died at the age of six from
acquired hydrocephalus. Dr. Fridlund however was not pleased with this diagnosis and had Goldie examine the films
of Albert and he too came to the same conclusion, Little Albert suffered from congenital hydrocephalus not acquired
hydrocephalus, meaning that he was not "healthy" at the time the experiment was conducted (DeAngekis, Was little
Albert ill). This alone is enough to discredit all the findings of the study. Watson lied about little Albert health. He did
not only lie but he also deliberately hid this information. Watson never noted Albert's birth date or the exact start date
of the study. He nearly made it impossible for researchers to discover little Albert's true Identity. Of course it can be
argued that Watson simply over looked the details of Albert's birthday or of the stat date if the experiment. But even if
that were true there is no reason for him to lie about Albert's help. The hydrocephalus is the buildup of cerebral fluid.
This could completely alter Albert's ability to sense danger or perceive potentially fear inducing situations. Perhaps
this made Albert more

The Muscular And Nervous Systems Of Our Body
The Muscular and Nervous Systems of our body are two of eight major body functional systems that help us maintain
homeostasis or in a chemical balance within our bodies. When the body cannot maintain homeostasis there is usually
some sort of sickness or disease that is targeting one of our major body functions. An example of two diseases that
could affect our homeostasis within our Muscular and Nervous System are Hydrocephalus and Dystonia.
The Nervous System is the system of our body that deal with the many nerves in our body that help us respond and
react to things outside of our body that could or could not be conscious to us. The disease Hydrocephalus is a disease
that affects the Nervous System through the brain. Hydrocephalus is when fluid that normally would help cushion our
brain becomes excessive. This fluid is called cerebrospinal fluid. By this fluid becoming excessive it puts harmful
pressure on the brain. Hydrocephalus can be categorized into two types. Congenital Hydrocephalus and Acquired
Hydrocephalus. Congenital Hydrocephalus is present at birth. The causes could be genetic or inherited through the
parent's genes or problems during fetus development. Acquired Hydrocephalus is happens after birth and at any age.
Several causes such as head injuries, strokes, infections, tumors, and bleeding in the brain are ways that can lead a
person's diagnoses of Acquired Hydrocephalus. Symptoms patients should look for after experiencing one of these
causes are:

Pfeiffer Syndrome Research Paper
Pfeiffer Syndrome
Phenotype Pfeiffer Syndrome is a genetic disorder affecting about 1 in 100,000 individuals. It is classically
characterized by craniosynostosis, broad and medially deviated thumbs and big toes, and partial syndactyly on hands
and feet. There are three clinical subtypes depending on the severity, where type 2 and 3 are more common and more
severe than type 1.
Type 1 or "classic" is associated with individuals with normal intelligence and generally good outcome. It presents
with moderate–to–severe midface hypoplasia, broad and medially deviated thumbs and great toes, hearing loss and
hydrocephalus. Type 2 is characterized by cloverleaf skull (Kleeblattschadel), and extreme proptosis, along with
Pfeiffer hands and feet together ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Craniosynostosis is associated with hydrocephalus and may result in abnormal pressure within the skull affecting the
brain and must be addressed early. Synostotic sutures of the skull are released within the first year of life to release the
pressure. In some cases, the first surgery can be as early as three months of age. The next stage is to perform
reconstructive surgery of the midface to reduce the exophthalmos, facial asymmetry, nasal abnormalities and
midfacial hypoplasia. Some individuals may also require reconstructive surgery to correct ear abnormalities. Hearing
aids may be used to improve conductive hearing loss. Surgery may also be done on skeletal malformations to improve
function and mobility. Due to possible crowding of teeth there will need to be orthodontic treatment. The key to
treatment is early intervention in order to ensure that children with Pfeiffer syndrome are able to reach their full
potential. Special therapy is beneficial to children that are affected by Pfeiffer syndrome including physical therapy,
social support, and other supportive

Spina Bifida
For this article review, the assignment was to choose an article from "The Journal of Diagnostic Medical
Sonography." I chose the article "Spina Bifida: A Review of the Importance of Sonography's Role in Its Detection"
written by Elke Wingate, AS, RDMS, RT(R); Jody Hancock, MAED, RDMS, RT(R); Kelley Churchwell, AS, RDMS,
RT(R); and Monica Pipkins, RDMS, RVT. In this article, the authors discuss the role of sonography in detecting spina
bifida. I chose this article because we briefly talked about using sonography to detect spina bifida in babies, and I
wanted to learn more about it. I was almost born with spina bifida, so it is very interesting to me. Spina bifida is one
of the most common neural–tube defects, in which there is an incomplete ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are other methods of detecting spina bifida, but sonography is the most sensitive, especially in terms of closed
spina bifida. For increased accuracy, the fetal spine should be evaluated in all three scan planes. If spinal defects are
suspected, the fetal head should also be evaluated. Without the use of sonography, the parents of the twins from the
case study would not be prepared for a different lifestyle. It also allowed the doctors to be prepared for the surgeries
that would be necessary, which would not have been possible if it were not for

Arnold Spirit Girl
It is a given that life isn't going to be easy, for there is always going to be some kind of obstacle or hardship you have
to get past in the process of growing up. In The Absolutely True Diary of a Part–Time Indian written by Sherman
Alexie, living on the Spokane Indian reservation definitely was not a pleasant experience for the protagonist Junior,
and his rare condition did not help him in his situation at all. Junior's illness, hydrocephalus, affected his life in a
rather negative way, both physically and socially, but eventually learned to make the best out of his situation. Arnold
Spirit, also known as Junior, was "born with water on the brain" (Alexie, 1). It is almost as if he was destined from the
moment he was born to be different and stand out, which isn't technically a good thing in his case. When he was born,
Junior was diagnosed with hydrocephalus, an "abnormal increase of cerebrospinal fluid (CFS) ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
He wished that he could be just like every other kid: one that goes outside when he/she wants. Of course Junior wants
to go outside, but says to himself, "But it's safer to stay home. So I mostly hang out alone in my bedroom and read
books and draw cartoons" (Alexie, 4). He isolates himself from everybody, with the exception of his family and best
friend Rowdy, which is a behavioral indicator of bullying victims. "The Encyclopedia of Child Abuse" states that
"evidence social withdrawal; they have few or no friends" is a sign that a child is experiencing bullying (J. Clark and
R. Clark). With this alone time, Junior learns to cope with things and discovers a new passion: drawing cartoons.
Junior admired how art was so freeing and how everyone could understand a picture, saying that words were too
unpredictable and limited. Drawing made him happy with his life, giving him hope and a sense of importance. "I draw
because I feel like it might be my only real chance to escape the reservation" (Alexie,

Hydrocephalus Stereotypes
When someone seems to be different from us, it is possible to deal with him, negative because of stereotypes.
Individuals, who have been negatively evaluated by society, are described as stigmatized. Stigma is a reality for
people with mental illness and is one of the biggest obstacles for an integrated and satisfying life. I will refer to an
example in which I had dealt with several years ago, when a relative of mine was diagnosed with hydrocephalus since
he was born. Hydrocephalus is a medical condition in which there is an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid
(CSF) in the brain. This causes increased intracranial pressure inside the skull and may cause progressive enlargement
of the head if it occurs in childhood, potentially causing

Chronic Intracranial Hemorrhage And Intraventricular...
This journal article discusses how to manage acute intracranial hemorrhage and intraventricular hemorrhage if
presented to the hospital, along with its pathophysiology and what possible outcomes can result from ICH or IVH.
Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is associated with the highest case fatality of any stroke subtype. Based on follow–up
one month after ICH, 50% of patients will have passed away and only 20% of patients will have regained functional
independence by 1 year. On presentation, patients with ICH are often only mildly impaired and cognitively intact.
Within a few short minutes or hours, a patient 's progress can change rapidly as a result of hematoma expansion, or
cerebral edema, and hydrocephalus. Intraventricular (IVH) occurs in 12–45% of patients with ICH. It also can occur
independently of ICH without a significant parenchymal component. Mortality estimates for IVH in any setting range
from 45–80%. The most common cause of IVH is spontaneous ICH with approximately 40% of patients with primary
ICH experience IVH later on.
Onset symptoms may include headache, hemiparesis, altered mental status, and coma. Other not as severe symptoms
include nausea and vomiting, altered vision or doubled vision. Initially, the patient may be clinically stable with only
mild to moderate symptoms. However, after this first phase, patients often experience a rapid decline in function that
can lead to coma or possibly death. Blood pressure is usually elevated because of uncontrolled

Hydrocephalus Case
Jarod's was delivered by cesarean section to protect the baby's myelomeningocele from being ruptured or irritated
during the delivery. Sometimes the sac can be ruptured during the delivery or transport, and an opening in sac greatly
increase the risk for infection to the CNS (Perry, Hockenberry, Lowdermilk, & Wilson, 2014, p. 1583),
2. The clinical manifestations include; bulging fontanels, high pitched cry, head circumference is larger than chest
circumference, sac like projection on lumber spine, cry when your stroke is fingers and toes, sensory impairment,
delay in developmental growth, eyes depressed and rotated downward, sluggish pupils, and structural malformations
cause by intracranial pressure (Perry, Hockenberry, Lowdermilk, & Wilson, 2014, p. 1455).
3. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hydrocephalus is a condition caused by an imbalance in the production and absorption of CSF in the ventricular
system. When the production is greater than absorption, CSF accumulates within the ventricular system, usually under
increased pressure, producing passive dilation of the ventricles and compressing the brain substance against the rigid
bony cranium. Developmental defects (Arnold, aqueduct stenosis, aqueduct glioisis of the foramina of Lucschka and
Magendie) accounrt for most cases of hydrocephalus from birth to 2 years (Perry, Hockenberry, Lowdermilk, &
Wilson, 2014, p. 1455–1456)
4. Myelomeningocele is a neural tube defect, resulting from hernial protrusion of a saclike cyst containing meninges,
spinal fluid, and a portion of the spinal cord with its nerves. They may involve the entire length of the neural tube or
may be restricted to as small area (Perry, Hockenberry, Lowdermilk, & Wilson, 2014, p. 1579). Many babies born
with spina bifida get hydrocephalus (water on the brain); this means that there is extra fluid in and around the brain.
The extra fluid can cause the spaces in the brain, to become too large and the head can swell (Sandler & Merkens,
2014, p.

Research Paper On Hydrocephalus
Hello I am Marcus Mims from Glen Ellyn, Illinois . I was born prematurely at 26 weeks only weighing 1 pound 8
ounces. That lead to other problems such as my diagnosis with Hydrocephalus at three months long and taking speech
therapy for 10 years. Hydrocephalus is a condition, which causes a build–up of fluid in the ventricles of the Brain.
The treatment for Hydrocephalus is a shunt, which requires surgery to fix the shunt if it starts to malfunction.Both
conditions effected me in different ways, which has helped me be the most person I am today. Going to speech
therapy for 10 years was difficult, many kids would make fun of me because it and that was something that only made
me stronger as a person. But my Hydrocephalus has had the most impact

A Modest Proposal As A Satire
Masters of comedy and their works have become part of the human experience, widely ranging from Shakespeare's
masterful "The Merchant of Venice" to the much–loved television series The Office. Over time, many individuals
attempted to propose solutions to help solve the political and social issues occurring during their lifetime and in doing
so, came across to writing and the effective use of humoristic–satire. The purpose of satire is to shame individual
members or society itself into improving its behavior. Satire usually correlates with humor and in doing so, draws
attention to specific issues in society; for example, how author Jonathan Swift accomplishes in his story "A Modest
Proposal". Swift presents a fictional proposal where he proposes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Throughout the story, the narrator speaks about the condition he had when he was born. As a baby, the narrator
suffered from a condition called hydrocephalus in which fluid built up inside his brain. The narrator further explains
to the reader that hydrocephalus is described to be " 'The obese, imperialistic water demon that nearly killed [him]
when [he] was a baby' " (Alexie 600). With this knowledge of the description of his near–death experience in mind,
the narrator compares hydrocephalus to an "imperialistic water demon". This comes to show the hyperbolic language
Alexie presents in the story; since demons correlate with death, the author purposely compares hydrocephalus to an
evil characteristic of death. The author's decision to make the narrator speak in such a hyperbolic–humoristic manner
surely defines the tone of humor within the story. Although speaking of such a sensitive topic of his near–death
experience as a newborn, the author seeked to convey a sense of humor to exaggerate what could be considered a
sensitive topic into an amusing one. The narrator further describes his self–preservation as he states, "Now, as an
adult, thirty–three years removed from phenobarbital, I still suffer–to some degree or another–from sleepwalking,
agitation, confusion, depression, nightmares,

Hydrocephalus Research Paper
The most common cause of genetic hydrocephalus is associated with aqueduct stenosis and is found as an X–Linked
trait. This may be present in up to 25% of males with congenital hydrocephalus 6. Danish studies of familial
aggregation suggest that there is a strong primary genetic component which is more influenced by the maternal
genetics 7. Genetic counselling must be considered on an individual basis due to its cost and the low overall
recurrence risk of this condition which is approximately 0.6–1.4% 8.
Treatment for hydrocephalus requires surgical intervention where a ventricular shunt is created which reduces the ICP
when it gets too high. If patients are untreated, 50% will die before the age of three years with only 20% reaching
adult

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