The Production Of The Sinclair Refinery Site

The Production Of The Sinclair Refinery Site
1. Site Description and History
The Sinclair Refinery Site is a 100–acre refinery, adjacent to the west bank of the Genesee River,
and about one–quarter mile south of downtown Wellsville, New York. The refinery was built in the
late 1800 's and operated by the Wellsville Refining Company until 1919 when the Sinclair Refining
Company (now the Atlantic Richfield Company, or ARCO) purchased the property and operated the
refinery until a fire ended the operations in 1958. The refinery was finally closed in 1963. After the
closure, a majority of the property was transferred to the Village of Wellsville, which subsequently
conveyed land parcels to various entities. Now approximately 6,000 people live within a mile of the
landfill; several businesses and the State University of New York at Alfred 's Wellsville Campus are
located on the refinery portion of the Sinclair property; and approximately 500 people use the
buildings located on this part of the site.
Throughout the operation and dismantling of the refinery, various types of wastes including cloth
filters, fuller 's earth, oil sludge, contaminated soil, pesticides, heavy metals, and fly ash were
generated and disposed of in two on–site landfills adjacent to the Genesee River over a 30–year
period. The landfill area of the site consisted of a 9–acre Central Elevated Landfill Area, a 2–acre
South Landfill Area, and a 1–acre sand and gravel area between the two landfills. The landfill area
was located at the very southern end of
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What Are The Best Preventative Measures And Most Effective...
The encroachment of toxic chemicals such as heavy metals and radioactive wastes in to
underground aquifers is of grave concern and lads to dire consequences for people, plants and
animals. What are the best preventative measures and most effective treatments? Consider specific
cases.
Treatment and Prevention of Underground Water Pollution
Ground water forms a large percent of all the used water on the earth. And as it cannot be seen, it is
usually overlooked or ignore when considering all the water on the earth. Since aquifer is valuable
source, protecting it form pollution and managing its use carefully will guarantee its future as an
important part of eco–system and human activity. Recently, industrial applications of toxic heavy
metals have caused dangerous environmental problems. This essay will show the effect of aquifer
polluted by some contaminants such as Cr (III), Fe(III), Cu(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) or radioactive
materials on people, plants and animals. In addition, it will demonstrate the best treatment and
preventative methods. Furthermore, it will argue that the pretreatment of industrial wastes is the best
way to prevent the pollution in ground water.
Toxic chemicals including heavy metals and radioactive wastes from different sources cause a
serious pollution for underground water over the years. The main reason for underground water
toxic chemical pollution is human activities such as chemical industries and mining. A given
example for this case was

Should Groundwater Be Regulated Essay
Groundwater: Should It Be Regulated? Imagine not having water. What's life without having water?
There's no more taking showers or washing the dishes or anything that involves water. Life would
be pretty horrendous. According to Source two, Financial Times,"... At least 1,300 people have lost
their water in and around East Porterville...". The legislature should make an act that limits the
amount of water individuals take out of the ground. "Scientist are already sounding alarm bells
about pumping too much groundwater. State water managers estimate that water tables in some parts
of the Valley have dropped 100 feet below historical lows." (Source three). California should make a
law about pumping water because in the near future there will be no more water. Another reason is,
"As water levels sink, the land can sink..." (Source three). What this means is that if people just
cluelessly poke holes into the ground to pump out water, the area that has holes will sink. According
to Source 2, "... California is the only state that doesn't really monitor or regulate how much
groundwater farmers and residents are using." This is an agonizing problem because if the state does
not watch our moves towards pumping water, people might take too much and we will not have any
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"Even though California was the only state in the West without groundwater legislation, officials
with the Kern County Farm Bureau said they're not happy with the state's bill." (Source one).
Apparently, farmers are not so happy about them making a bill. If there is a legislative law about
monitoring groundwater, then how will the farmers grow their crops? Some farmers are worried,
too, according to source three. "In Merced County, farm leaders are trying to stop two private
landowners from selling as much as 7 billion gallons of well water to farmers in another county."
(Source

Groundwater Contamination
Groundwater contamination is nearly always the result of human activity. In areas where population
density is high and human use of the land is intensive,groundwater is especiallyvulnerable. Where
chemicals or wastes may be released to the environment, either intentionally or accidentally has the
potential to pollute ground water. When groundwater becomes contaminated, it is difficult and
expensive to cleanup. Ground water can be contaminated by human activities and also natural
causes when the effluent from the industries, residential areas and commercial purpose are stored the
contaminants can reach the groundwater through activities like spills, discharge or landfills and
leakage of the underground storage such as septic tanks. Some substances ... Show more content on
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Most of our household waste is buried in landfills. An important factor in how landfills are built is
how they contain waste and prevent waste from contaminating nearby soil and water sources.
Leachate is a fluid that has passed through or emerged from the waste in a landfill, picking up a
variety of suspended and dissolved materials along the way. In unlined landfills, the leachate
continues to leach into the ground and may contaminate groundwater. Many old landfills used a
simple clay liner for containing leachate. Newer landfills are required to meet federal and state
requirements to prevent environmental contamination. These landfills have sophisticated liner
systems often made of heavy–duty, high density polyethylene plastic, where leachate is collected at
the bottom. The leachate is typically treated on–site or is pumped out and sent to a local wastewater
treatment plant. Treated leachate can be disposed of in a number of ways e.g., discharged to surface
waters or recirculated back into the

Description And Description Of The Byron Barrel And Drum Site
1, Site Description and History
NPL site location and physical characteristics
The Byron Barrel and Drum site is located in Byron Township, Genesee County, New York. To the
west of it is Transit Road while a creek lies to the northwest of the Byron site. This Oak Orchard
Creek, which is 1.5 miles away, is the closest body of water nearby. A small storm water drainage
ditch flows from the northern border of the site to the creek, i.e. flows to the northwest, which is in
accordance with the topography factor. The surrounding areas are either farmland occupied with
vegetables or wooded fully. Actually, the site is directly adjacent to an active vegetable farm. The
Byron Barrel and Drum site was used to be a salvage yard for heavy construction equipment. There
are three buildings in the property, which is a large, metal maintenance building, the owner's former
residence, and a metal building located in the southwest.
Land and Resource Use
The water table beneath the site varies from 11 to 18 feet in thickness. To meet farming demands,
the site is artificially drained. Groundwater flows to the Oak Orchard Creek in the northwest, away
from the esker, which is highland in southern part of the property. The site is adjacent to wooded
areas and farms, and the soils are extremely highly organic in fact, which has been classified as
prime agricultural land by the state. When it comes to resource use, groundwater is employed as an
alternative water supply for life consumption as

Raichur Essay
High Resolution Groundwater Prospect Mapping of Raichur, Karnataka Using Remote Sensing &
GIS
Joseph T. Koottiyaniyil1, Pankaj Dhote2 & Dr. S. K. Srivastav3
1P. G. Diploma, Water Resource Department, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing
2Scientist'SC', Indian Institute of Remote Sensing,3Scientist'G', Indian Institute of remote sensing,
Dehradun.
Abstract: Occurrence of groundwater in the basement complex of Raichur, Karnataka is controlled
by secondary porosity developed through weathering and cracking of bed rocks. Raichur is a semi
arid region that is characterized by erratic rainfall. Surface water from rivers is inadequate and the
only option to supply both human and animal population is groundwater. To avoid the ever common
incident of borehole failing to yield water or drying up soon after commissioning, groundwater
mapping is paramount. In this study, remote sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System
(GIS) techniques have been used to identify and map groundwater potential zones using
geomorphology, lithology, lineament density, recharge, depth to groundwater, slope, rainfall and
drainage density. These thematic layers were selected for groundwater mapping based on literature
and geophysical investigation and data appropriately weighted using AHP. Geomorphology and
lineament layers were derived from LISS 4 images. The final groundwater potential zones of the
area are characterized into; Very high, high, moderate and low. .
Introduction
Groundwater is one

Groundwater Pollution
Groundwater is water that is contained underground in the soil, or in the pores of a rock. For some
places, groundwater is vital. In others, it's just an additional water source. Pollution is a harmful
substance that is introduced to an environment. Groundwater isn't exactly polluted in the sense that
toxic waste seeps into it, but that it is mixed in with other types of water that is exposed to the
surface. As for the overexploitation of groundwater, this paper will introduce ways to prevent it.
Considering groundwater is used, but contained underground, there is a process of filtering it can go
through to become cleaner, this is where an aquifer comes in. An aquifer is a porous rock that filters,
and transmits groundwater. Not only does the aquifer transmit the water, but it also contains it.
Aquifers can be a layer of sand, limestone, or some igneous, possibly metamorphic rock. Regions
that have a high population, and use groundwater extensively typically have larger aquifers.
Groundwater is often used in regions that suffer with water stress, meaning there is little surface
water available. A lot of times, these regions are incredibly populated, or extremely dry. For
example, places like Sahel, which is in between Sudanian Savanna, and the Sahara, where it has
little to no surface water. They need immense aquifers due to how water–thirsty the region is. There
are some areas like this in different places like Australia, Central U.S., India, Pakistan, and et cetera.
Sometimes in areas where there is a decent amount of surface water, groundwater is used as an
additional source. Pollution is not only a national problem, but a worldwide issue. A global problem.
From air pollution, water pollution, thermal pollution, to radioactive pollution, and so on.
It's almost as if anything has the capability to be polluted. It's scary how the inhabitants of Earth can
so terribly damage the Earth. Not only can surface water become polluted, but so can groundwater!
Unsurprisingly, groundwater can be polluted. It's a bit different, for litter, or garbage isn't exactly the
problem. It's more so things like salt water, toxic waste, gasoline, oil, and just anything harmful that
can seep beneath the ground's

Chowchilla Subbasin Case Study
Based on the results from both cases, an excel tool was used to review results and generate head
level maps in layer 6th only for 21 critical subbasins in color ranges (see figure 4 and figure 5).
Based on the results of the horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity data in layer 6th, I
manipulated the range and average of horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivities for both cases.
With assuming the thickness of layer 6th approximately 100 feet, I also calculated the transmissivity
for Chowchilla subbasin (see the results above). The hydraulic conductivity is greater than the
vertical conductivity for this subbasin. This indicates that the groundwater movement in this
subbasin flows in horizontal direction greater than vertical direction.
In layer 6th for this subbasin, both the horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivities are in large
ranges with large values of standard deviations indicating the geologic information of layer 6th in
Chowchilla subbasin is not uniform. This shows that are more different soil types in this layer. From
the results, the hydraulic conductivities (K1) are in the range from 690 to 0.05 (m/day). According
to the third edition of the "Groundwater Hydrology" , David Todd and Larry Mays, page 93, Table
3.2.1, soil types in layer ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, any changes of the amount of nounrouted delivery to Chowchilla farm, it doesn't impact
the precipitation. However, in both cases, there is significant difference between the precipitation
and the total final surface water. This significant difference is caused by impacts of evaporation,
infiltration, overland flow, stream flow, and ground water flow in Chowchilla farm. Based on the
results, the amount of precipitation in 1969 is about 300,000 ac–ft, and the amount of the final
surface water is about 5,000 ac–ft, therefore the loss in this subbasin is about 295,000

Classification Diagram Classification Of Groundwater Samples
The USSL diagram classification of groundwater samples has been shown in figure 8. The samples
are classified as C2–S1, C3–S1, and C4–S1 categories. 23 samples (47 percent) were placed in C2–
S1 class. The C2–S1 class points to medium saline water and low sodium amount which poses no
hazard of sodium exchange for agricultural usage in every type of soils. 45 percent of groundwater
samples (22 samples) were in the C3–S1 class, meaning that water is highly saline, sodium is low
and there is little hazard of sodium exchange. The remaining 4 samples (8 percent) were classified in
the C4–S1 class.
Fig 9, shows the spatial USSL Classification diagram of groundwater samples in Sarab plain. The
C2–S1 was found in the east part of the study area. In this part of the study area, the aquifer is
recharged from streams. Therefore, groundwater quality there has good quality. In the middle part of
study area, the groundwater quality is deteriorated due to dissolution of gypsum and salts minerals
in Miocene formations, cation exchange and urban wastewater. The C4–S1 was found in the west
and north part of the study area and salinity and SAR has increased in the west part of study area
due to Talkheh Rud river saline water (Asadollahfardi et al., 2011).
Due to insufficiency of absolute concentration of anions and cations for water quality determination
in agricultural usages, SAR, PI, KR, MAR, RSC, SSP and EC indices were used as key parameters
in this domain. Kelley 's Ratio in the study

The Link Between Human Health And Groundwater Essay
Introduction The initial article that I have chosen is an overview of the connection between human
health and groundwater. Written by Stephen Foster and Gillian Tyson (2016), the key messages of
this article are how many of us rely on groundwater, which makes us more susceptible to pollution,
and the effects of pesticides and chemicals. Published by the International Association of
Hydrogeologists, this article directly relates to two of the United Nation's Sustainability Goals,
which are Clean Water and Sanitation, and Good Health and Well–Being, as well as being indirectly
related to many others.
Firstly, Goal #6 on the United Nations list is Clean Water and Sanitation which directly states that,
"unsafe management of fecal waste and wastewater continues to present a major risk to public
health" (Sustainability Goal #6 Target). This is imbedded in the article, as it is speaking to the health
implications of contaminated water and the larger question, of what and how is our water is getting
like this. Additionally, the other aspect that is worth looking at is Sustainability Goal #3, Good
Health and Well–Being, and in this case how it relates to groundwater. Healthy living and well–
being for all ages, is the main statement for this goal and health is discussed many times in this
article, the poor health affects it may have as well preventative measures for us to stay healthy. More
on the health aspects of water contamination and another Sustainable Development Goal will

Chemical Coagulation vs Electrocoagulation for Groundwater...
Arsenic contamination in groundwater has become a major health problem for human being. There
are many treatment methods have been developed for arsenic removal. It is important to develop a
treatment method that is economical and accessible for people who live in rural areas and cannot
afford the expensive treatment methods. Due to its several advantages, such as low cost and
maintenance, electrocoagulation is one of the promising methods that can be used for arsenic
treatment. In this study, we compare chemical coagulation with electrocoagulation and try to show
the advantages of electrocoagulation over chemical coagulation. Three experimental studies have
been reviewed and based on the results of these studies it has been concluded that by determining
optimum parameters such as electrolysis time, initial arsenic concentration, current density,
electrode surface area, and pH value, electrocoagulation can be an effective treatment method for
arsenic removal from groundwater due to its low cost, eco–friendly and low maintenance.
Keywords: arsenic removal, groundwater, electrocoagulation, chemical coagulation
Arsenic Removal from Groundwater by Electrocoagulation
Water is the most essential necessity for human life. Can you imagine life without clean drinking
water supply? Due to increasing the population of the world, the clean water has become a huge
concern. Arsenic has been one of the important components in contamination of drinking water in
many regions

The Production Of The Livestock Production Industry
Introduction
The livestock production industry has experienced a significant transformation within the past few
decades. Production systems have shifted from small, family–owned farms to larger farms that may
only raise a single species. While this industry shift has allowed us to become more efficient, it has
also threatened the health of the environment.
Environmental health is the art and science of the protection of health, promotion of aesthetic
values, prevention of disease and injury through enhancement of environmental hazards and
reduction of hazards. Important environmental considerations of livestock production include
mature and waste management, water and air pollution, and threats to human workers. This paper
will discuss these topics, as well as introduce relevant laws, regulations, and possible alternatives
that exist.
Overview of Livestock Production Systems
Livestock production systems in modern day America are based on an industrial model, where
animals are housed together in feedlots or climate–controlled buildings. These systems are referred
to as confined animal feeding operations, or CAFOs. The size of each CAFO may range from less
than one hundred animals to hundreds of thousands of animals. Types of CAFOs include hog barns,
cattle feedlots, industrial dairies, and poultry operations
Due to the large population of animals housed within a CAFO, there is much concern about the
impact of these operations on the environment as well as public health.

Essay On Groundwater Vulnerability
To meet the objectives of this study, the 12–digit hydrologic unit boundary was selected as the basic
analysis unit to assess the groundwater vulnerability. It is the finest resolution of the hydrologic unit
hierarchy (Figure 2), which is georeferenced to the 1: 24,000–scale topographic base map and meets
the National Standards for the Spatial Data Accuracy and the Watershed Boundary Dataset standards
[32]. There are a total of 656 watersheds within the CV with an average size of 80 km2. Nitrate
concentration data in wells and other potential contributing explanatory variables were processed to
the basic watershed unit for further analysis. Watershed was used as the basic unit because
watershed characteristics can directly influence ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cropland, fertilizer and manure were considered as the source variables since they directly
contribute to the addition of nitrate fertilizer in CV for agricultural purpose. Rainfall, elevation,
slope, permeability, recharge rate, clay content were used as the aquifer susceptibility variables as
these variables play key role in the determining the rate of contamination in groundwater by either
decreasing or increasing the rate of contamination. Dissolved oxygen, iron and manganese
concentration were used as indicators of the geochemical condition of the CV as their concentration
could affect the concentration of nitrate in the well samples.
The above explanatory variables are discretized into 3–5 different classes (zones) based on natural
break classification. GED method is suitable for both categorical and continuous variables, but the
continuous variables need to be discretized first. Discretization of continuous variables directly
impacts the Power of Determinant (PD) value calculated, therefore background knowledge of
explanatory variables is crucial in discretizing the variables so that the interpretation in relation to
the response variable is meaningful. In this study, natural break classification method was applied as
the optimal method that reduces the variance within the discretized zones and maximize the variance
between the zones so that the PWN>5 are compared in the zones that are

Contaminated Groundwater
Did you know that, drinking contaminated water can cause diseases such as hepatitis? Poising may
be caused by toxins that have leached into well water supplies. Materials from the lands surface can
move through soil and end up in the groundwater. Wildlife can also be harmed by contaminated
groundwater. Over 50% of the United States population depends on groundwater for drinking water.
It can be related to waste disposal, land disposal of solid waste and brine disposal from the
petroleum industry.
To begin waste disposal, is removing and destroying or storing damaged unwanted domestic.
Disposal includes burning, burial at landfill sites, and recycling. Trash cans, can affect groundwater
quality, especially if you dispose of it improperly. Roadside dumps as well ... Show more content on
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Brine requires proper disposal which many times require permits or other regulatory compliance
actions. Brine
disposal has many methods such as sewer discharge, deicing agent, evaporation pond, and surface
water discharge. The cost on disposal is depending on three factors, volume discharged,
concentration of biological oxygen demand, and concentration of total suspended solids. Brine
underflow slows down along the bay bottoms, limiting oxygen transport to the sediments.
To sum up, groundwater contamination can be related to waste disposal, land disposal of solid
waste, and brine disposal from the petroleum industry. Over 50% of the United States population
depends on ground water for drinking water. Water management needs to be in place to regulate
what is going in water and where waste can be put to prevent contamination. Contamination of
groundwater and population of surface water with waste are big problems affecting water supply.
The problem associated with water pollution has the ability to disrupt life on our planet to a great

Groundwater Pollution and Drinking Water Scarcity Essay...
"We have the ability to provide clean water for every man, woman and child on the Earth. What has
been lacking is the collective will to accomplish this. This is the commitment we need to make to
the world."
Jean–Michel Cousteau
The Issue:
Recently, the issue of drinking water quality has become a matter of great importance.
Hydrogeologists and water resource managers have realized that the increased demand for drinking
water, due to population growth, has placed a huge burden on our nation's groundwater resources.
Groundwater resources make up a minute 0.31% of the world's water supply. Groundwater quality
can be defined in terms of the concentration of its chemical constituents relative to a variety of
potential uses. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both of these phenomena occur naturally. The chemical alterations that occur in the soil and
atmosphere during the hydrologic cycle are pivotal in maintaining the natural equilibrium. However,
due mostly to human intervention, the water is becoming poisoned as it seeps into the Earth.
The Science Behind the Issue:
The four main types of groundwater pollution are industrial, domestic, agricultural and salt–water
intrusion. Industrial pollution reaches aquifers through used waters as I have already briefly
explained. Used waters can contain chemical compounds and trace elements like metals at high
temperatures. Radioactive pollution from nuclear power plants is also carried by used water, as is
rain that infiltrates through waste disposal sites. Pipeline breakage as well as other unforseeable
accidents also add to industrial pollution. Irrigation and water carry away fertilizers, minerals, salts,
herbicides and pesticides. This activity is known as agricultural pollution, and it causes nitrate levels
to rise excessively. Environmental pollution is due in large part to seawater intrusion in coastal
aquifers (Fried 1975). Man–made pollution reaches the aquifer by rain and the rain subsequently
infiltrates sanitary landfills.
Road–runoff and domestic wastewater are non–point sources that also add to groundwater pollution.
Household productes, many of which contain

How Does Nitrate Contamination Of Groundwater
Nitrate Contamination of Ground Water
The Earth's surface is covered by massive amounts of water, but only a small measure of it is safe
for consumption. With a very limited supply, we need to focus our energies on preserving its quality
and quantity. Nitrates pose a great threat to our precious groundwater. There are many ways that
groundwater can be contaminated, but most aren't nearly as detrimental as an increase in the amount
of nitrates within our groundwater.
How do nitrates get into the water? We can help you with this answer. Nitrates get into the
groundwater from a variety of sources: some involve pastoral farming, market gardening,
application of nitrogenous fertilizers, and industrial and sewage waste disposal. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
We know that the results of these practices as well as many others accumulate underground rather
quickly and damage the quality of the water supply.
Contamination of groundwater is also affected by weather, soil types, and the depth of the aquifer. If
it is less than 100 feet to the water table, the vulnerability of contamination is increased. In the
Midwest, with a sandy to loamy soil, the groundwater will become more susceptible toward nitrate
contamination. In areas where the soil composition is more of a clay compound, no matter if there is
an over–use of fertilizer, the vulnerability of the groundwater is greatly reduced. This is the type of
situation that occurs in places like southern Indiana where the soils drain very poorly. Through the
many factors that are involved, we, as a society, have gained a great amount of knowledge on how
to reduce the amount of nitrates in the water source.
A couple of the most widely recognized concerns of high nitrates in water is its cause of
methemoglobinemia, more commonly referred to as "blue baby" syndrome, and other blood
disorders. If we don't start fixing the problem now, the critical effects of dangerous nitrate levels in
the water supply will be around for decades, and become increasingly difficult to manage.
There are a variety of approaches to avoiding the utilization of inadequate techniques. Individuals
can test soils before applying fertilizers, improve storage of fertilizers, test well

Decline in Water Supply in India
Introduction
The available water in India has declined drastically over the past several decades due to the rise in
demand for water sources across almost every industry. This shortage has greatly affected all
activity in India, including the agricultural industry and the available drinking water for domestic
life. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, or the FOA, believes that India
will literally run out of water if certain steps are not taken to replenish India's aquifers. To fully
grasp the matter, an explanation of the problem is below.
The main cause for concern is that India's flourishing agricultural industry uses the 91% of water
throughout the country leaving aquifers at lower levels every year. ... Show more content on
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This type of depletion has experts exhausting resources to halt the progression of groundwater
extraction and to move to better innovations of irrigation enforcement.
Lack of Social–Economic Stability from Overuse – The overuse of water has raised concerns across
India and in some cases farmers have taken their lives from the poverty caused by the lack of
necessary water for their crops to prosper.
(http://www.sigmaxi.org/programs/issues/Tancig_Jawitz.pdf)
Fluorosis Epidemic in India – Fluoride is a geologic material that lies underneath most of India. As
water tables decrease, farmers are forced to drill deeper into aquifers to unsafe zones containing
dangerous levels of fluoride. In India, the Fluorosis and Rural Development Foundation have
estimated that over 60 million people suffer from diseases caused by the overexposure of fluoride in
drinking water from underground aquifers.
Split in Surface–Groundwater Hydrologic Connections – With the continued overuse of aquifers,
sigmaxi.com states that "In the Maheshwaram watershed of Andhra Pradesh chronic depletion of
groundwater has lowered the water table 15 m below the ground surface". This causes the streams
and springs once fed by groundwater to disappear. Basically, natural tanks that once held water have
no way to collect water anymore because the pathways

Population Growth in South Florida and Salt Water Intrusion
Introduction
Rapid population growth in South Florida has significantly increased the demand for water and the
strain on the fresh groundwater supplies has triggered more saltwater intrusion to the Biscayne
aquifer. Saltwater intrusion has been one the main contaminant that continues to endanger the
Biscayne aquifer. It has occurred as a result of the followings: the over–pumping by wells, the
construction of drainage canals, and the lowering of the water table by drought. Ongoing efforts by
South Florida water agencies to protect the aquifer from saltwater intrusion include groundwater
monitoring, water management and conservation.
The Biscayne Aquifer
An aquifer is defined as underground layers of rock saturated with water that can be brought to the
surface through natural springs or by pumping. Named after Biscayne Bay, the Biscayne aquifer is a
coastal, unconfined aquifer because its top portion is the water table and it merges with the floor of
Biscayne Bay and the Atlantic Ocean. Underlies an area of approximately 4000 square miles, the
Biscayne aquifer's maps out from the southern tip of the state northwest along a wavy line to south
Palm Beach County. The cross–section of the aquifer resembles a wedge and its gets deeper as it
gets closer to the eastern coast. The Biscayne aquifer is the primary source of freshwater to most of
South Florida (Dade, Broward and part of Palm Beach counties). Furthermore, water from the
aquifer is pumped through pipeline to the

Casper
CasperOn a very rainy day, the winds move harshly and the clouds roar. The rain showers on the
plants of Toronto and slowly digs into the soil beneath the plants. In the numerous droplets
descending towards earth, one small, but important droplet was amongst them, named, Casper. The
plant slowly sips Casper, who was lying in the soil surrounding the plant's roots. After Carper
spreads into the plant, he went through a process of "transpiration". As the bright rays of the sun
shine onto the leaves of the plant, the moist water below the leaves, slowly evaporate.
Casper transforms from a liquid substance into a gaseous form. Following the procedure of
evaporation, Casper and his other droplet buddies compact together, a conversion known as, ...
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The cloud changes to a grey colour, indicating that it is packed. Casper hears the cloud roar and
before he realizes, the precipitation commences.
Casper dips into the Atlantic ocean again and merges into the waves as the flow towards the west.
He is carried by the rough drift of the waves, slapping rapidly onto the shore of the coasts.
The sun shined over Casper and the molecules inside of him steadily separate away, transforming
Casper into a gas cloud. Casper meets new gas clouds who hadn't been with before and they all
evaporate up into the sky. As Casper reaches the world of clouds, he condenses and becomes part of
a vast group of water droplets which precipitate.
The wind didn't seem to be calm this time and they drifted Casper in abrupt motions. He finally
came to the end of his dread and immersed into the pacific ocean, far from his recent visit to the
oceans.
Mr. Sun's ray gleam over the Pacific, changing Casper, once again into a gaseous

Rain Water Reveal Analysis
Back then, people used to think that we had an unlimited amount of groundwater in our aquifers,
and we used to pump groundwater at insane rates. We were unaware of the unintended consequences
we were causing by draining this much water. In the 1930s farmers noticed the ground had begun
sinking. But by the late 1970's the ground had sunk by 30 feet. Now we know how pumping
groundwater can cause environmental changes. We realize our aquifers are running out of water.
Now we are doing everything we can to save and replenish our aquifers. Environmentalists have
come up with ways to decrease groundwater depletion and restore groundwater. Farmers could use
rain gardens to restore groundwater and water institutions could recycle stormwater to also ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pumping too much groundwater can lead to serious property and environmental damages and
changes.The extreme amount of pumping groundwater can cause the ground to sink up to 30ft in
Central Valley according to Joseph Poland of the U.S. Geological Survey. It made California pay
more than 1 billion dollars to fix all the damage. It caused sinking bridges, cracked canals, and
buckling highways according to the Water Foundation. And California spends 5% of their energy on
groundwater pumping and that's a 40% increase over the years according to a Reveal Analysis.
That's a lot of energy on just pumping groundwater and it could be used on something that's more
energy affordable. Pumping excessive amounts of groundwater could make the next drought worse
says Joseph Poland, a legendary hydrologist from the U.S. Geological Survey. This is because there
is less water underground and the aquifers got smaller. They had collapsed during the last drought.
With even less groundwater in the aquifers, the same amount of water being pumped made the water
tables fall extremely fast. Draining extremely deep for groundwater can cause saltwater pollution
and could cause people to pay more for water bottles or tap water.Pumping too deep for
groundwater can cause saltwater to mix in with the groundwater which causes salt pollution. Going
down further for pumping and having to filter the saltwater will make the bottles cost more. People
may think that these problems may not happen again because they are a couple years old, but these
problems were caused by high pumping rates of groundwater, and if we start pumping like our lives
depend on it, we may have these problems upon

Groundwater Contamination In Lake Texoma
Since I live in the Texoma area the majority of our drinking water comes from Lake Texoma. I think
the three sources of groundwater contamination that might affect groundwater in my area would be
human–made materials that are littered into the lake, agricultural activities, and human/animal
wastes. There are a lot of people in the area who like to go fishing near the lake and drinking
alcoholic beverages. These people throw their beer cans and all of their trash into the lake. They also
urinate and defecate into the lake as well. There are many nearby farms and ranches to the lake and
with all of the flooding water has run–off from these areas back into the lake. I think that the three
sources of groundwater contamination that are most prominent

The Distribution And Mobilization Of A Groundwater Aquifer
Geochemistry plays an important role the distribution and mobilization of As in groundwater
aquifer. To find the influence of geochemical processes of As mobilization in groundwater of the
study area, the correlation matrix among As and various physio–chemical parameter are given in
Table 4. Pearson correlation matrices show that various physio–chemical parameters pairs of
groundwater samples have a significant positive correlations such as TDS–EC (r = 1.000), TDS–Na
(r = 0.587), TDS–Ca (r = 0.624), EC– Na (r = 0.617), EC–Ca (r = 0.618), Na–Ca (r = 0.564), and K–
Mn (r = 0.566) respectively. Similarly some pairs have also shown significant negative correlation
such as Mg2+–HCO3– (r = 0.590), well depth–Mn (r = 0.518). The concentration of As in
groundwater has insignificantly negative correlated to Fe (r=–0.260), Cl– (r=–0.081) and SO42–
(r=–0.062), while As has insignificantly positive correlated to Mn (r=0.185), NO3–( r=0.111),
HCO3– (r=1777), pH (r=0.226), Na+ (r=0.223), K+ (r=0.227), Ca2+ (r=0.262) and Mg2+ (r=0.199).
In this study, an insignificant positive correlation between As and Mn has observed, while an
insignificant negative correlation between As and Fe has existed in groundwater aquifer (Table 4).
This finding is in good agreement with the earlier correlation matrix analysis of arsenic by Ohno et
al. (2005) and Reza and Jean (2012) in the fine–grained core sediment samples in northwestern
Nawabganj district, Bangladesh where they reported no

Water Resource Is Ground Water
One of earth's most usable water resource is ground water. On earth the total amount of water that is
present is estimated around 326 million cubic miles. Out of this amount of water present 97% is sea
water, while the other 2% is found frozen in ice caps and glaciers. This remaining 1% is found in
ground water. Surface water, water found in the atmosphere, and water found in unsaturated soils
and rocks only account for about one–fifth of the total amount found in the world water supply that
is any given moment. Not counting ice, ground water accounts for 97% of the water that is not in the
ocean.
Figure 1
In Kansas, ground water is the only available source of water in larger amounts. Kansans uses
ground water for 85% of their water ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Background:
A study recently published showed that "if current trends continue irrigation, then store nearly 70%
of the water will be exhausted in the Kansas High Plains aquifer in 50 years" (Kansas Water
Resources Board). Groundwater is available to help support agricultural production and is a reliable
guarantee, but with continual depletion of the aquifers there would be a threat to the future of
sustainable water resources. The High Plains aquifer provides the United States with 30 percent of
irrigated groundwater, where the high plains of Kansas's aquifers occupy an important share.
Kansas State University, Department of Civil Engineering of David Steward and his colleagues,
used observation wells groundwater level measured historical data to develop a model to predict
groundwater in western Kansas reduced circumstances. With their observation they also evaluated
the reduction of groundwater exploitation, possible effects on maize production and livestock
industry. The researchers estimated that "in 1960, the aquifer only used 3% of the water and by
2010, 30% of the water has been exhausted, then in 2060 another 39% is expected to disappear"
(David Steward, 1987).
The Steward Study Group report said that once the water runs out, the aquifers may require an
average of 500 to 1300 years to fully charge again. Although groundwater exploitation in western
Kansas, will inevitably begin to reduce in the next 15 to 20 years, but due to the continuous
improvement of

Critical Review On Impact Of Municipal Solid Waste On...
CRITICAL REVIEW ON IMPACT OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE ON GROUNDWATER
QUALITY
Sheriff B.
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering
University of Wolverhampton United Kingdom
Abstract
This paper critically reviewed an existing literature on impact of municipal solid waste on
groundwater quality in order to identify the extent of physio–chemical and biological parameters
compared to World Health standard guideline for drinking water quality. To address the aim more
than ten (10) academic articles were reviewed. An existing research showed that, in most of the
developing countries, municipal solid waste is generated in very large volume and dumped in an
open landfills without appropriate thought of safety measures and ... Show more content on
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According to (United State Environmental Protection Agency, USEPA, 2000).solid waste
incorporates any garbage, refuse, sludge and items that have lost its original value, thus discarded or
preparing to dispose. One of the results of the worldwide urbanization is increasing volumes of solid
waste era. As indicated by assessments around 1.3 billion metric tons of municipal solid waste was
generated universally in 1990 (Beede and Bloom, 1995).
1.2 Methods of Determining Groundwater Contamination
Non–intrusive geophysical procedures give extremely helpful data for the evaluation of waste
disposal sites. Estimations of little changes in gravity over a given territory can be utilized to
recognize thickness varieties within the fill, the horizontal and vertical extent of fill, and layering
within the fill (Roberts et al., 1990a). By consolidating gravity and magnetic methods, an
interpretation may be made on the extent of the landfill material and related iron content (Hinze et
al., 1990; Roberts et al., 1990b). According to (Monier–Williams et al., 1990) geophysical landscape
conductivity mapping has been effectively utilized in Brazil to find water tables and earth stratum in
the proximity of landfills. Time–domain electromagnetic sounding is a demonstrated apparatus in
identifying environmental groundwater problems related to

The Need for Groundwater Extraction Regulation
Groundwater is used primarily for irrigating farmland; and secondarily, for consumption and
industrial use. Aquifers, unconsolidated subterranean layers which hold water, are rapidly
dwindling, and groundwater depletion is quickly growing to become a major problem for farmers
and the public at large. Reserves close to ground level are rapidly drying up and due to technological
roadblocks, extracting water from deeper reserves is not yet financially feasible. The problem is
especially severe in California, which represents around 20% of all groundwater withdrawal in the
United States (Famiglietti, LA Times). A lack of water for agriculture would directly lead to
diminished food production and indirectly lead to requiring food imports from outside the state.
Groundwater resources are an unregulated public resource and despite any innovative breakthrough
in extraction techniques, the only sustainable, long–term solution is to enforce limits on extraction.
Regulation of how much groundwater can be extracted from an aquifer in a set period of time; along
with incentives to obtain water from alternative sources is the ideal solution to address the
perennially growing challenge of groundwater depletion in California.
This regulatory effort must begin in politics but it needs to spread to society as well – only when
people realize the consequences of over–extraction will they even consider ceasing doing so. This
solution is not based primarily in science and technology, and is

California Groundwater Depletion : An Ever Increasing Issue
Jeffrey Dotson
McCarthy
Period 6
12 April 2017
Main Claim: The state of California must prevent groundwater overuse by regulating groundwater
use, making regulation telling farmers when and how to water crops, and improving aquifer water
levels with new innovative technologies.
California Groundwater Depletion: An Ever Increasing Issue The state of California may run out of
groundwater in as little as ten years. California is dependent on groundwater, and without it, it
would be thrown into a statewide water crisis. So far, people do not know about this problem or do
not care or believe in it. The state of California must prevent groundwater overuse by regulating
groundwater use, making regulations telling farmers when and how to ... Show more content on
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Some people say that if California were to stop using groundwater water prices would go up, and
people do not want to pay for higher water prices. Unfortunately, water prices would go up, but this
is the price we have to pay for not regulating groundwater use for the last fifty years. Most likely,
when we would put new laws into effect, we would not totally discard groundwater, but
groundwater would be a lesser percentage of the total plan. Also, this plan would help make us more
conscientious about our groundwater use. Maybe it would cost a little more money, but is that more
important than our aquifers having water for later generations? Groundwater depletion is becoming
a growing risk, and if the Californian government does not do anything about it, it could become a
disaster.
With our water aquifers running out of water fast and our farmer pumping out water as quickly as
they can, our aquifers will not be able to replenish themselves fast enough to survive the constant
water use, and if the Californian government were to just implement a law regulating how much
water these farmers use, the state of California may be one step closer to solving the problem of
groundwater depletion. Currently, when a farmer digs a well in California, they have no limitations
on how much water they use nor do they have to tell anybody how much groundwater they use
(Pool). In California, farmers use eighty percent of the state 's groundwater, and without the

Groundwater Regulations
Groundwater regulations California is sinking!,groundwater bill regulations are making it through
the state legislature.This bill will require local agencies to track or even restrict groundwater
pumping.Farmers are against this regulations,they fell is a violation of their land
rights(source3).although california does need and should have regulations for groundwater. We
really need regulations for groundwater in california,we are sinking,california is sinking! Aquifers
had dropped 100 feet down the ground,as water sinks land sinks too (source3). while land sinks it
affects our world roads are cracking,bridges are falling apart .to repair this damages we would need
a lot of money that we can use for other things, but instead we need ... Show more content on
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Farmers need water to grow their crops,although farmers need water we still have to have
groundwater regulations.Not only farmers need water we do too but if farmers take all the
groundwater were are going to get our water? If it does not rain and we do not have groundwater
what are going to do? How are we going to get water to shower,to drink.to cook? That is why we
need groundwater regulations so we all have a fair amount of water,farmers to grow food a nd us to
do our basic things we do everyday. California needs and should have groundwater regulations.we
have a lot of reasons why we should have regulations.we need the bill so we can track groundwater
pumping. If we do not put regulations we are going to have serious problems with roads cracking
bridges falling off and people not having enough water.we need to do something we need
groundwater

Analysis On The Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System
The integrated geophysical, remote sensing, isotopic and geochronologic and modelling studies on
the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System have come up with the following findings and
recommendations:
1– Geophysical studies:
Based on the integration of gravity, magnetic, and borehole data the structural trends, uplifts and
sedimentary cover affecting the aquifer behavior have been conducted. The area of the NSAS is
affected by several structural trends in different directions; the most prominent directions are NE–
SW, N–S, E–W, and NW–SE. The dominant NE–SW trend is associated with the Pelusium and
Qattara mega shears.
The sedimentary cover shows a northward increase from less than 0.5 km in northern Sudan and
southern Egypt to more than 6 km at the Mediterranean coast. The sediments thickness shows a
shallowing of the basement rocks along the east–west trending Uweinat–Aswan basement uplift
which may impede the south to north groundwater flow and replenishment from the recharge areas
in the south.
The NE–SW trending Pelusium mega shear cuts the Precambrian rocks and continues upward in the
sedimentary cover; it formed deep structural controlled basins along its zone, which were filled by
high thick sediments of relatively high hydraulic conductivities extending from the Kufra Basin in
Libya and Chad to the northern part of Dakhla Basin in Egypt. This zone could provide a preferred
groundwater flow pathway from the Kufra to the Dakhla Basin.
2– Climatically (GRACE & CLM4.5):

Groundwater Chemistry In Groundwater Pollution
Introduction The groundwater chemistry is controlled by rock–water interaction, dissolution of
mineral species and anthropogenic activities (Faure, 1998; Subba Rao,2001; Umar and Absar 2003).
The potability of water is also affected by over–exploitation of groundwater which ultimately gives
rise to severe problem. Anthropogenic influences like domestic sewages, industrial effluents and
chemical fertilizers also deteriorate groundwater quality (Vasanthavigar et al. 2012). Variations in
water quality and its suitability for domestic and irrigation purposes have also been examined by
Alam (2013); Kumar et al (2009); Jalali (2007) and Umar et al (2007).
Fluoride, an essential component for human health, is obtained mostly by drinking water but it
becomes toxic when its concentration exceeds the permissible limit (Handa 1975; USPHS 1987;
WHO 1984). A concentration of fluoride less than 0.6 mg/l may results in dental carries, while
greater than 1.2 mg/l results in fluorosis (ISI 1983). Problem of excessive fluoride in groundwater
was first highlighted by Short et al. (1937) in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh and today more
than 65 million people, including 6 million children, are affected by endemic fluorosis in 20 states
of India as a result of consuming high fluoride water (Gupta et al. 2006) and Uttar Pradesh is one of
those states (Jha et al. 2010).
High groundwater fluoride concentration in Uttar Pradesh, particularly Unnao district, and
incidences of fluorosis as a

Groundwater In The United States
Groundwater introduction
Is water that is under the ground. It is the most common source for water in the US. Wells are a form
of groundwater. Many things are caused by the use of groundwater. It is used by a lot of people.
Many people use wells which use water from underground. If groundwater was not available it
would leave many people without water. Many people use this water for drinking and other stuff. All
the things caused by groundwater Groundwater pollution occurs when pollutants get into the water
under the ground.You should not drink if it is polluted. Animals should also not consume it. Some of
the pollution comes from the air. A lot of the pollutants comes from chemicals and nuclear waste ...
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Humans should not use it if it has chemicals. Animals should also not drink it if it has chemicals in
it. It is caused when companies put their waste into the water. If sewage gets into the water that is
also a cause for contamination.
Groundwater overuse Is when the soil collapses, compacts,and drops.Don't use use it too much it
could affect stuff. It could lead to saltwater becoming contaminated.It can cause some major stuff to
happen. Don't let it affect the oceans. If the saltwater got contaminated it would affect the animals
and the plants under the water. The wildlife under the water would be dead because of someone
using groundwater . Groundwater depletion Is long term water levels declines caused by sustained
groundwater plumbing. If you do groundwater plumbing make sure this doesn't happen. If this does
happen wells might start drying up. If the wells dry up most people would not have a source of
water. Groundwater flow is part of steamflow that has infiltrated the ground, has entered the phreatic
zone into a stream of water,spring,and seepage water. Don't disturb the flow of the groundwater. If
you disturb the flow it could affect the environment of plants and

The Study Of Groundwater Flow Systems In Central Main...
4. Review of previous work
A number of studies have been carried out in central main Ethiopia rift valley. Most of the studies
have been carried out so far around and in the study area which directly or indirectly are related to
this thesis.
Among those Some of the works are briefly described as follows:
In the rift the localization of groundwater is strongly controlled by the rift faults. They have
contrasting role in the movement and occurrence of groundwater. Most of the faults acts as conduit
for groundwater flow. In contrast to the high hydraulic conductivity of the rift fractured volcanics,
some faults act as barriers of groundwater flow. This is a common case in areas of structures where
the faults deep against the topographic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1. Extensive and moderately productive or locally developed and highly productive porous aquifers.
 The aquifers consist of Quaternary sediments and alluvial, fluvial and colluvial sediments, and
scoria.
 The porous aquifer is a very good source of groundwater depending on the thickness, sorting and
recharge conditions. Lacustrine sediments and re–sedimented pyroclastics are mainly recharged by
direct infiltration by percolating rain water.
 Drilled wells in this aquifer on the Shashemene sub–sheet were observed groundwater at a depth
of 10–80 m with discharge of 2.7 to 8.3 l/s for the wells. There are also some shallow wells and dug
wells taping the shallow groundwater.
2. Local and moderately productive fissured aquifers. The aquifers consist of basalts, ignimbrite, and
rhyolite.
 Fissured aquifers developed in coherent volcanic rocks. The porosity of lava flows may be high
but the permeability is largely a function of primary (pores) and secondary structures (joints and
fissures) within the rock. In addition, the permeability of lava flows tends to decrease with
geological time.
 Wells developing groundwater from fissured aquifers located on the Shashemene sub–sheet have
a yield ranging from 0.3 to 18.3 l/s, documenting the moderate productivity of the aquifers.
 The groundwater level is about 20 to 60m in the

Groundwater Samples Were Collected And Reported By Sultan...
Groundwater samples were collected and reported by Sultan et al. (2011) from Sinai for isotopic
analyses of H and O from open and productive wells tapping three types of aquifers: (1) fractured
basement, (2) Nubian Sandstone unconfined aquifer cropping out at the foothills of the basement
outcrops, and (3) alluvial. They believed that the unconfined and alluvial aquifers fed by a fractured
basement aquifer through discharging into the overlying sediments. The δD and δ18O isotopic
compositions of the groundwater samples from the unconfined Nubian Sandstone aquifers in the
recharge areas cropping out at the foothills of the basement outcrops are somewhat depleted (δD: –
22.7 to –32.8‰; δ18O: –4.47 to –5.22‰) compared to those from fractured basement outcrops (δD:
–19.9 to –23.2‰; δ18O: –3.77 to –5.05‰) and those from alluvial aquifers (δD: –22.7 to –23.4‰;
δ18O: –4.53 to –5.01‰), but they are less depleted than those reported from the Gulf of Suez
(Sturchio et al., 1996). The isotopic compositions of the samples from the fractured basement and
alluvial aquifers are similar to those of average modern precipitation from Al Arish and Rafah (Fig.
3). The unconfined aquifer shows a mixing between fossil waters of the Western Desert, formed in
pluvial period, and modern precipitation deposited in dry and warm climatic conditions (Sultan et
al., 1997, 2011).
6.3.6. EASTERN DESERT
Hydrogen and oxygen show a wide range of isotopic ratios for Eastern Desert groundwater samples,
which

The Importance Of Protecting The Groundwater?
The Importance of to Protect the Groundwater Introduction: Water is one of the major responsible to
allow the development of a region, without available sources of water is practically impossible the
development and maintenance of a society. Water is necessary for animals and humans to keep their
body functions working, in the industry to manufacturing products, and in agriculture for plants
growth. The quantity of water present in the Earth is enough to cover all of these demands.
However, factors like unequal distribution of the hydric resources on the planet, increase of
population, economic growth, contamination of water bodies, and climate changes, are contributing
for that many places around the world suffer from the shortage of ... Show more content on
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Groundwater presents rates of percolation that are variable with the climate of the region "for
temperate, humid climates, about 50% of the precipitation ends up in the groundwater. For
Mediterranean type climates, it is more like 10 ± 20%, and for dry climates, it can be as little as 1%
or even less (Bouwer, 1989; Tyler et al., 1996 cited by Bower, 2000 gw 11). Bower (2000. Gw 11)
points that these natural recharge rates give an idea of the sustainable quantities of water that can be
pumped from the aquifers without causing the depletion of the groundwater resources. In addition,
groundwater is the natural responsible to feed springs and wells. Besides perform this natural cycle,
groundwater has another important function, according DEMİROĞLU (2014 gw 3), subsurface
water is the major source of drinking water in the planet. In the recent years is common that
countries that suffer from chronic water shortage are increasingly the use of groundwater to cover its
demand (Struckemeir et al, 2005 gw 3). However, the increasing on the water demand and
consequently raise of water pumping from aquifers, in conjunction with the mismanagement of the
hydric resources are contributing to the depletion of groundwater sources, mainly in arid and semi–
arid regions where the groundwater is the main water source (Bower, 2000 gw 11;Sheng, 2004 gw
9). In

Groundwater Analysis : Groundwater Governance
This paper reviews the available groundwater governance literature with the specific aim of
highlighting and critically examining the role of knowledge in supporting "good governance" of
groundwater resources including how knowledge co–generation/co–production may contribute to
enhancing cooperation/reducing conflict over managing shared resources. While reviews of global
literature do exist, they have thus far only been used to make generic recommendations on the
importance of knowledge for groundwater governance, and have not been specifically examined the
role of knowledge in conflict management between different actors.
Governance is essentially a set of enabling framework and guiding principles through which
institutions or set of institutions would exercise an authority. In short it shows how the decision
making of this entity is taking place and how these decisions are implemented (Rogers et. al, 2006).
The "good" groundwater governance could be described by the transparency of the decision–making
process and its further effective implementation in meeting the sustainable and equitable
management of these resources. Although groundwater governance builds onto overall water
governance, the peculiarities of groundwater and the way in which it is formed, developed and
exploited by different stakeholders requires specific governance principles and analysis (Paul,
2015).
Often environmental issues need interdisciplinary approaches and analysis which may not be
possible

Groundwater Contamination Research
Groundwater contamination has many far reaching environmental, political, societal and economic
effects. Groundwater contamination, while obviously potentially detrimental to human wellbeing,
can have a large impact on localities in any region of the world. When toxic agents are introduced
into a groundwater system it puts all local wildlife in immediate danger. This includes the health of
both flora and fauna near or in the flow from the source of contamination. Human health can also be
impacted by this type of contamination. Toxic agents, in my example specifically tetrachloroethene
(PCE), have many harmful effects on human health including affecting the central nervous system,
causing cancers and causing pulmonary edema (Tetrachloroethylene Toxicity, 2017).
This issue also effects the economy adversely. The cost to clean up groundwater contamination can
vary wildly depending on the scope and severity of the contamination, but regardless of the cost it
usually ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Creating environmentally safe structures has the obvious advantage of protection from potential
health risks, but this also usually costs more to build and maintain. ISCO is very efficient at cleaning
up contaminants, but it can also potentially be expensive and maybe invasive, if the contamination
has gone on long enough. The creation of new wells to pump the oxidant through may be essential
to maximize the cleanup. This will make the project more expensive and would also use more land
and possibly create issues with access to current wells. If no action is taken to cleanup, contain, or
prevent water contamination it could have catastrophic consequences. Humans rely heavily on
clean, usable water. Not just for drinking and bathing, but for agriculture as well. Taking no actions
to cleanup or contain contamination could have detrimental effects not only on human health, but
also on local wildlife and

Groundwater Groundwater Pollution
Groundwater Pollution with Chlorinated Ethenes Groundwater is water that is located underground
between soil particles and in holes, or pores, in the bedrock ("Groundwater," 2011). Because earth
has 80 times more groundwater than all the freshwater stored in lakes and streams combined
("Groundwater," 2011), its health has a large influence on the environment. Groundwater also has a
large impact on humans; groundwater accounts for about 20% of water used in the US and almost
half of water used in households, including drinking water ("Groundwater," 2011).
Chlorinated ethenes, also referred to as organochlorides, CVOCs, and chloroethenes, are common
groundwater contaminants throughout the world (Zinder & Gossett, 1995; Dugat–Bony, et al., 2012;
Rouzeau–Szynalski, Maillard, & Holliger, 2010; Ni et al., & Rijnaarts, 2014). They are often found
in various environmental media near industrial facilities (Dobrzy´nska, Po´sniak, Szewczy´nska, &
Buszewski, 2010). Chloroethenes tend to be persistent in the contaminated groundwater; they
remain present indefinitely and are usually not degraded through natural means by any indigenous
population (Zaan, et al., 2009; Tas, 2010).
Chloroethenes tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE) are the most common type of
groundwater pollutant in urban and industrial areas and pose a threat to human health (Lee & Lee,
2016). Both PCE and TCE concentrations are regulated by the 1986 amendments to the Safe
Drinking Water Act due to

The Groundwater Of California Is A Serious Policy Matter
The groundwater of California is a serious policy matter in legislation. If there is drought, such as
years like this, then management is necessary because it may encourage more pumping to supplant
the water not gathered from other resources. Groundwater can account for as much as 35% of all the
water used by California (cite). Unfortunately, there are not many laws established to regulate
groundwater. The basins can replenish if they are pumped on a limited basis during normal or peak
years. Luckily, proposals have been brought forth to help regulate ground water basins to insure
their use is efficient and does not harm the environment.
Groundwater basins are able to store massive amounts of waters and are great to have during
droughts, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are some proposals that are favorites to be pushed through legislation that can help start the
process of managing our groundwater usage.
The local agriculture groups do not want the state to manage the groundwater based on their
management of the surface water (cite). So far, all the proposed plans have the local entities being in
charge of their groundwater. Governor Brown has proposed his "Water Action Plan", which is a
series of actions that the local entities should perform. Another significant proposal is bill SB–1168,
which is making its rounds in legislation and is authored by Senator Pavley. Each plan has its own
merits that will be explored.
Governor Brown's "Water Action Plan" is very clear and concise plan for the local governments to
follow when managing the groundwater. The plan has a clear definition of the challenges that are
present for the use water. There is a brief overview of the challenges and how the plan will address
the issues. The first proposed a plan is for the administration to increase the funding and expand the
California Statewide Groundwater Elevation Monitoring Program, "which provides essential data to
characterize the state 's groundwater basins, including identifying basins in decline" (cite). This will
open lines of communication between counties, and share valuable information for development the
pumping plans. Next, there is the plan for Brown's administration to work closely together with
Legislation to fund the

As Texas Continues To Increase In Urbanization, The Amount
As Texas continues to increase in urbanization, the amount of water needed for municipal and
industrial uses will increase significantly. More than half the water in Texas comes from
underground. Aquifers in some areas of the state are being consumed faster than they can be filled
again. Having a sustainable and efficient groundwater management policy is important to ensure
that the future water demands will be satisfied.
In Texas, the English rule of capture was adopted more than 100 years ago. This law allows
landowners to pump as much water as they desire, without liability to neighboring landowners.
The groundwater management in both states has evolved over time in different ways based on water
demand and supply. Groundwater ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Texas groundwater law was adopted from the English common law rule of "absolute
ownership". "Texas court adopted, and legislature has not modified, the common law rule that a
landowner has the right to use or sale all the water that (s)he can capture from below their land
(Texas water law)." The rule of capture in water property rights has a consequence for the
development of underground water resources in the state. It encourages landowners to take as much
water as possible from groundwater, which can work against conservation efforts. In 1949, the Texas
Legislature decided to pass the Texas Groundwater Act (Champagne). This act established water
districts so they can have the authority to enforce rules for conserving and protecting the
underground water.
Texas is one of the most populous state in the United States. As in April 2010 Texas has a population
of 25,145,561 (Population estimates base). From 2010 to 2016, Texas population increased 11
percent (Population, percent change). Texas is among the top agricultural producing states in the
United States. In 2015, Texas ranked number three in producing agriculture is the United States
(FAQs). Texas has experienced drought conditions within the past few years. The High Plains
combined with California, Produced agricultural products worth $56 billion in 2007, accounting for
a large portion of the nation's food production. Together the two states accounted for half of all

Groundwater and the Hydrologic Cycle Essay
Groundwater and the Hydrologic Cycle
Introduction
Water is the lifeblood of every living creature on earth. Approximately 70 percent of the earth's
surface is covered with water. Thought the wonders of nature, water can take on many different
forms, form the water we drink, to the ice we use to chill a glass of lemonade, to the water vapor
used to steam clean equipment equipment. It is easy to understand the significance water plays in
our lives, but it may be much more difficult ot understand the water that exists below the earth's
surface, called groundwater.
From the time the earth was formed, water have been endlessly circulating. This circulation is
known as the hydrologic cycle. Groundwater is part of this continuous ... Show more content on
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The unsaturated zones are soil and geologic materials located between the land surface and the
saturated zone. The voids are filled with a combination of air and water. Water in this zone is often
refereed to as soil moisture. Below the unsaturated zone is the water table. The water table is the
level in the geologic formation below which all voids or cracks are saturated. The water table also
can be thought of as the upper surface of the groundwater and top of the saturated zone for an
unconfined aquifer. The entire region below the water table is called the saturated zone. In the
saturated zones, all voids are filled with water and no air is present. The water in the saturated zone
is call groundwater. The distance water has to travel to reach groundwater can range from a few feet
to hundreds of feet. Water movement toward groundwater may take hours or years, depending on
the depth to the aquifer and the characteristics of the unsaturated zone.
Once in the groundwater, water may move into surface waters such as lakes or streams.
Groundwater moves slowly within the groundwater aquifer, often remaining in storage for long
periods of time.
Groundwater
Groundwater is an important natural resource, especially in those parts of the country that don't have
ample surface water sources, such as the arid West. Groundwater provides about 38 percent of the
water delivered by water department for use in our homes, businesses, and industries and

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