for my AB PolSci students

1. GOVERNMENT AND
BUREAUCRACY

2. Government and Bureaucracy
• PA is more than just the structure that composes the
government
• It includes more than the instrumentalities and takes into
consideration the processes which occur in every corner
of the office in government.
• The instrumentality that takes on the operation or
implementation of the policies and programs of the
government is popularly known as the “bureaucracy”,
considered as the fourth branch of government.
• It is bureaucracy that provides for the continuity of the
government when there are transition problems.
• It is the “bureaucracy” that gives life to any administration
in the government through meanings that they provide to
important public policies.

3. THE CONCEPT OF BUREAUCRACY
ETYMOLOGY
French: bureau = office
Greek: kratos = power or strength
BUREAUCRACY DEFINED
“ is the exercise of power by the officials of the
government in accordance with the instructions
of those who wield sovereign power in the state.”
- Richard John S. Baker

4. THE CONCEPT OF BUREAUCRACY
BUREAUCRACY DEFINED
“ a specific form of social organization,
administrative in nature, which deals with the
activities of a large number of people like the
family, social club, or church.”
“is the sum total of all administrative agencies of
the government.”
Raul P. De Guzman, Alex Brillantes, and Arturo
G. Pacho

5. THE CONCEPT OF BUREAUCRACY
BUREAUCRACY DEFINED
“is the sum total of all administrative agencies of the
government.”
- Raul P. De Guzman, Alex Brillantes, and Arturo G. Pacho
✓ These government agencies span from the executive
branch of the government including that of the
administrative offices that form part both of the legislative
and the judicial branches of government.
✓ These government agencies facilitate the effective
delivery of the services and other concerns of the said
branch of government.

6. THE CONCEPT OF BUREAUCRACY
“...as an organization which is considered an extension of
the state.”
- Max Weber
✓ The state fulfills the needs and wants of the public by
way of the services that are delivered to them.
✓ Since the state possesses the necessary power and
authority, it gives the “bureaucracy” a sense of
legitimacy specifically in the process of performing its
basic tasks.
✓ It has all the experts (technocrats) that provide the
technical “know how” in running the government.
✓ It has the information that is essential to accomplish the
objectives of the entire government instrumentality.
✓ It has all the access to all sensitive information which the
government alone could use and enjoy.

7. CHARACTERISTICS OF
BUREAUCRACY
IMPORTANCE DESCRIPTION
Based upon a
well defined
hierarchy
It is a must for bureaucracy to reflect
the necessary hierarchy in the
institution as a way of putting an order
in the hierarchy of things. When the
concept was developed, Weber paid
much attention with the order of
authority that is reflected in a well
conceived organizational structure.
Division of work
and functional
specialization
Bureaucracy exhibits one of the
essential characteristics of classical
organization that is the division of work
and functional organization. Such
characteristics facilitate the
accomplishment of the objectives of a
particular bureaucracy

8. CHARACTERISTICS OF
BUREAUCRACY
IMPORTANCE DESCRIPTION
Functions within a
framework of fixed
rules
It works within the boundaries of
fixed rules and avoids what is
prohibited by existing policies. the
more it operates within a framework
of fixed rules the more bureaucratic
organization becomes value driven
and neutral
Specifies the
duties and
responsibilities of
officials
Knowing the duties and
responsibilities of the officials, result
into a smooth operation of the
government. It avoids more or less
the duplication of works and saves
mortime and money on the part of
the employees and the government.

9. CHARACTERISTICS OF
BUREAUCRACY
IMPORTANCE DESCRIPTION
Employs proper
and scientific
selection of
individuals
It is a must that those who desire to
work in the government should be
screened carefully in order to avoid
any liability in the process. This kind
of policy is clear in the civil service
rules.
Uses an
impersonal
approach in the
organization
The primordial concern in this case is
the application of the policies and
rules which should be implemented
regardless of the person who will be
affected. The bureaucratic
organization must not be made to
suffer from the ties that bind the
employees working in the public
organization.

10. EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE
BUREAUCRACY
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
͠ Barangay - handle all the needs of the public
from economic trade to protection of the entire
community.
͠ Political structure- headed by a datu or
rajah who exercised all the powers of the
government
✓ assisted by a council of elders often
consulted in matters that required the
decision of the datu.

11. EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE
BUREAUCRACY
COLONIAL PERIOD
• the old style administration was replaced by
the new colonial master
• highly centralized government that controlled
everything
• a civil service was created but focused its
attention on the executive, legislative, judicial,
and religious functions
• civil service was composed of the following
departments: Army, Navy, Justice, Finance,
Directorate General of Civil Administration

12. EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE
BUREAUCRACY
REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD
• enactment of the Malolos Constitution
which served as the foundation of the
existing government
• defined the powers of the revolutionary
officials
• created seven departments: Foreign
Affairs, Interior, Finance, War, Army
and Navy, Public Institution, Public
Communication and Works,
Agriculture, Industry and Commerce

13. EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE
BUREAUCRACY
AMERICAN PERIOD
• put up a civil service which valued the
principle “public office is a public trust”
and that the civil servants were made
accountable to the public
• created six (6) governmental
departments: Finance, Justice, Public
Instruction, Interior, Agriculture and
Natural Resources, and Commerce
and Communications

14. EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE
BUREAUCRACY
COMMONWEALTH PERIOD
• the Commonwealth of the Philippines was the
administrative body that governed the Philippines
from 1935 to 1946, aside from a period of exile in
the Second World War from 1942 to 1945 when
Japan occupied the country
• this was a transitory government that will pave the
way for the Philippine independence
• The 1935 Constitution was drafted. All institutions
of the government were under the civil service and
that entry in some ranks must be done through
merit and fitness.
• Created additional departments: National
Defense, Labor and Health, and Public Welfare

15. EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE
BUREAUCRACY
JAPANESE PERIOD
• Civil Servants were all Filipinos
• Came up with six (6) departments:
Foreign Affairs, Finance, Justice,
Agriculture and Commerce, Public
Works and Communications, and
Education

16. EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE
BUREAUCRACY
INDEPENDENCE
• The government expanded and swelled, yet the
administration became complicated and resulted to
practices which were not expected
• Government and public complained: unqualified
personnel, graft and corruption, incompetence, and low
prestige
• Different administrations introduced reforms -
restructuring of bureaucracy - but all faded in the process
as other problems became more apparent.
• Pres. Marcos through Congress approved into law the
“Reorganization Law” in 1968
• Pres. Marcos reorganized the executive department
through P.D. No. 1. • After Martial Law, the Philippine
government continued and sparingly introduced several
other reforms in the government.

17. About the Philippine
Government
• The Philippines is a republic with a
presidential form of government
wherein power is equally divided
among its three branches: executive,
legislative, and judicial. The
government seeks to act in the best
interests of its citizens through this
system of check and balance.

18. Art. 2, Phil. Constitution

19. • One basic corollary in a presidential
system of government is the principle
of separation of powers wherein
legislation belongs to Congress,
execution to the Executive, and
settlement of legal controversies to the
Judiciary.

20. Legislative Department
• The Legislative branch is authorized to make laws,
alter, and repeal them through the power vested in the
Philippine Congress. This institution is divided into the
Senate and the House of Representatives.
• The Legislative Branch enacts legislation, confirms or
rejects Presidential appointments, and has the authority
to declare war. This branch includes Congress
(the Senate and House of Representatives) and
several agencies that provide support services to
Congress.
• The Senate is composed of 24 Senators who are
elected at large by the qualified voters of the
Philippines.

21. The Legislative branch
• The House of Representatives is composed of about
250 members elected from legislative districts in the
provinces, cities, and municipalities, and
representatives elected through a party-list system of
registered national, regional, and sectoral parties or
organizations.
• The party-list representatives shall constitute twenty
per cent of the total number of representatives
including those under the party list. For three
consecutive terms after the ratification of this
Constitution, one-half of the seats allocated to party-list
representatives shall be filled, as provided by law, by
selection or election from the labor, peasant, urban
poor, indigenous cultural communities, women, youth,
and such other sectors as may be provided by law,
except the religious sector.

22. The Executive branch
• The Executive branch is composed of the President and
the Vice President who are elected by direct popular vote
and serve a term of six years. The Constitution grants the
President authority to appoint his Cabinet. These
departments form a large portion of the country’s
bureaucracy.
• The executive branch carries out and enforces laws. It
includes the President, Vice President, the Cabinet,
executive departments, independent agencies, boards,
commissions, and committees.

23. The Executive branch
• The President leads the country. He or she is the head
of state, leader of the national government, and
Commander-in-Chief of all armed forces of the
Philippines. The President serves a six-year term and
cannot be re-elected.
• The Vice President supports the President. If the
President is unable to serve, the Vice President
becomes President. He or she also serves a six-year
term.
• Cabinet members serve as advisors to the President.
They include the Vice President and the heads of
executive departments. Cabinet members are
nominated by the President and must be confirmed by
the Commission of Appointments.

24. The Judicial branch
• The Judicial branch holds the power to settle
controversies involving rights that are legally
demandable and enforceable. This branch
determines whether or not there has been a
grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or
excess of jurisdiction on the part and
instrumentality of the government. It is made
up of a Supreme Court and lower courts.
• The judicial branch interprets the meaning of
laws, applies laws to individual cases, and
decides if laws violate the Constitution. The
judicial power shall be vested in one Supreme
Court and in such lower courts as may be
established by law.

25. • Each branch of government can change acts of the
other branches as follows:
– The President can veto laws passed by Congress.
– Congress confirms or rejects the President's
appointments and can remove the President from
office in exceptional circumstances.
– The Justices of the Supreme Court, who can
overturn unconstitutional laws, are appointed by the
President.
• The Constitution expressly grants the Supreme Court
the power of Judicial Review as the power to declare a
treaty, international or executive agreement, law,
presidential decree, proclamation, order, instruction,
ordinance or regulation unconstitutional.

27. Task
• Do a research on your respective
LGUs.
• Take a look on their respective PPAs
(programs, projects and activities).
• Describe the administration of each
PPAs.