DEFINITION ETIOLOGY SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS MANAGEMENT

1. HYPONATREMIA
By,
Reshmi Unni

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
 DEFINITION
 ETIOLOGY
 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
 MANAGEMENT

3. DEFINITION
Hyponatremia is defined as a plasma sodium
level below 135 mEq/L .

4. ETIOLOGY
 Renal disorders
 Vomiting, diarrhea, gastrointestinal or biliary





drainage or fistula, profuse ileostomy drainage
Profuse sweating, burns, fever
CNS disorders
Congestive heart failure
Cirrhosis of liver
Hyperglycemia

5. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
 Neurologic manifestations
 Headache
 Apprehension
 Confusion
 Hallucinations
 Delirium
 Seizure
 Cardiovascular
manifestations
 Decrease in BP
 Orthostatic hypotension
 Weak, thready pulse &
shock
 Respiratory
manifestations
 Crackles on auscultation
 Tachypnea, Dyspnea &
Orthopnea
 Cheyne- stokes
respirations
 Gastrointestinal
manifestations
 Nausea & vomiting
 Abdominal cramps
 Diarrhea

6. MANAGEMENT
Restoring sodium levels
 If there is fluid volume excess, fluids are
restricted and provide diuretics.
 If the plasma sodium level is below 125 mEq/L
 Sodium is replaced with intravenous
therapy(0.9% NaCl or lactated ringer’s
solution) & dietary supplementation