Plyometric Training

Plyometric Training
Plyometric Training
Kelya Jureczki
Hardin–Simmons University Introduction
Plyometric training is intended to increase power and explosiveness. The movement of the exercise simulates sport specific movements that are
transferable for enhanced sport performance outcome. Plyometric exercises can help athletes increase strength, explosive speed and reaction time,
which in turn will increase speed and vertical height. Activating the stretch shortening cycle increases power output and concentric phase of the
movement (Watkins, 2013). Intensity, volume and frequency are all factors determined by the players' needs for the exact implementation to increase
performance. Functional training use of plyometrics for upper and lower extremities can have a substantial influence on improving skill, speed and
strength. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first phase is the eccentric phase. In this phase the energy is stored during pre–loading. Between the eccentric and concentric stage is the transition
phase, called amortization. This phase should be short in order for the energy to not dissipate. The last stage is the takeoff. In the concentric phase the
stored potential energy is transferred into the movement. The muscle is loaded with a lengthening motion, followed immediately by a concentric
shortening motion. In combination, the series is called the stretch–shortening cycle.
The muscle spindle in the muscle being activated detects a change in the length of muscle. Therefore, the muscles and tendons react reflexively to
provide protection.
Basketball
Basketball requires individuals to change speed, direction and movement. Jumping is also an essential piece of the game. Therefore, both quickness
and power are essential for optimal performance.
Plyometric training can be used as a pre–season or in–season method of training. Branch (2013), examined the
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Bio 151 List of Structures
Biology 115 Semester List of Structures Chapter One Anatomy is the study of body structure and the relationship between structures Physiology is the
study of how the structures of the body function Levels of Structural Organization Chemical Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism Homeostasis
Positive feedback loop Negative feedback loop Relative Positions Superior Inferior Anterior Posterior Medial Lateral Bilateral Ipsilateral Contralateral
Proximal Distal Superficial Deep Body Sections Sagittal Transverse (horizontal) Frontal (coronal) Body Regions See Figure 1.17 Chapter Two
Chemistry Matter Element Major elements Carbon Oxygen Hydrogen Nitrogen Atom Subatomic... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
s Flat bones Irregular bone Sesamoid bones Anatomy of a Long Bone Epiphyses Metaphyses Epiphyseal growth plate Epiphyseal growth line
Diaphysis Periosteum Medullary cavity Endosteum Articular cartilage Microscopic Anatomy Compact bone Osteons Spongy bone Trabeculae Bone
Formation Intramembranous ossification Endochondral ossification Cells in Bone Osteogenic cells Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoclasts Hormonal
Control of Bone Calcitonin Parathyroid hormone Osteology of the Axial Skeleton Frontal Parietal Temporal Zygomatic arch Mastoid process
Occipital Foramen magnum Occipital condyles Sphenoid Sella turcica Greater wing Lesser wing Ethmoid Cribriform plate Crista galli Nasal
Maxilla Alveolar process Palatine process Zygomatic Zygomatic arch Lacrimal Palatine Inferior nasal conchae Vomer Mandible Condyle Coronoid
process Alveolar process Nasal septum Sutures Coronal Sagittal Lambdoid Squamous Pterion Hyoid Verteba Body Vertebral foramen Pedicles
Lamina Transverse process Spinous process Superior articular process Inferior articular process Cervical vertebrae Atlas Anterior arch Posterior arch
Axis Odontoid process Thoracic vertebrae Lumbar vertebrae Sacrum Anterior sacral foramen Posterior sacral foramen Median sacral crest Lateral
sacral crest Coccyx Sternum Manubrium Body Xiphoid

Contract Technique Paper
Client Data:
Age:22
Height:1.825
Mass:75
Sex:Female
Sport Participated in:Sprinting
Level of participation:Elite
Keywords:
PNF: Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation.
CR: Contract Relax Technique.
CRAC: Contract Relax Agonist Contract Technique.
ROM: Range of Movement.
COG: Centre of Gravity.
Flexibility and Sprinting:
Flexibility is a key factor in sprinting as it has an underpinning for many other aspects that are key within sprinting such as power for example. Not
only this but also increasing stride length
In literature, the definition of flexibility is argued and contested however in the case of this training program the definition of flexibility that will be
most applicable is by Kent (1998) 'the ability to move ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some studies implemented a time of training session as 90 minutes. Arguably this is a long time in order to maintain attention and optimal
functionality for all muscles in order to stretch them sufficiently. Also the client being of a younger age, it may be difficult to maintain levels of
motivation for this length of time. Therefore, it has been decided to split the sessions down, to upper body and lower body. This splits down to
roughly 11 exercises to perform, which would make the training session be approximately 30–40 minutes in length.
The reason why every session contains assisted PNF is due to the client's unfamiliarity with the style of training. PNF can be dangerous to perform if
completed incorrectly and unsafely, with multiple areas that could potentially create an issue.
The 2 techniques within PNF are in dichotomy, but are overlapping. By implementing a CRAC technique the client will be initiating a polarisation

effect which is excitatory in essence. Whereas the CR technique, aims to depolarise the excitatory response. (Prentice

How Muscular Forces Exerted By The Masticatory Muscles
Muscular forces exerted by the masticatory muscles can influence the success of prosthetic rehabilitation. Maximum voluntary bite force is an indicator
of the functional state of the masticatory system. The measurement of bite force can provide useful data for the evaluation of jaw muscle function and
activity. Aim: the aim of this study was to find out whether there was a correlation between Electromyographic activity EMG and bite–force in
extracoronal attachment retained distal extension partial dentures or not and is this correlation directly or inversely proportional. materials and methods:
Fourteen patients with mandibular class I Kennedy's classification were selected Patients received lower skeleton partial dentures designed with a
lingual bar major connector and a resilient extracoronal attachment incorporated between the abutment and the denture base. EMG recording and biting
force of the participants was measured immediately, after one week, and after one month of denture insertion. Results: revealed a statistically
significant increase in biting force and EMG activity throughout the one month follow up period Conclusion: A linear positive relation between
Electromyographic activity and bite–force measurements was observed in case of extracoronal attachment retained distal extension partial denture.
Introduction
The main problem in distal extension cases is the absence of a posterior abutment. The Viscoelastic behavior of the gingiva due to application of

Taking a Look at Plyometric Training
Introduction Plyometric training can be referred to as as a powerful quick movement that involves an eccentric contraction, that is followed
immediately by an explosive concentric contraction. This is achieved through the stretch–shortening cycle, also known as the eccentric–concentric
coupling phase or integrated performance paradigm (Chimera, Swanik, Swanik, & Straub, 2004). This phase suggests that in order to move with
accuracy, forces must be loaded (eccentrically), stabilized (isometrically), and then unloaded (concentrically). Thus, plyometric exercise activates the
body's proprioceptive and elastic properties to produce maximum force output in a minimum amount of time (Voight & Brady, 1992). Plyometric
training necessary as it helps improve motor learning and neuromuscular efficiency by promoting the sensitivity, excitability and reactivity of the
neuromuscular system. This leads to increases in rate of force production (power), motor–unit recruitment, firing frequency (rate coding), and
synchronization. Muscles are thus able produce the necessary force to change the direction of an object's center of mass (Voight & Brady, 1992).
Plyometric training also offers the opportunity to train precise movement patterns in a biomechanically correct manner, at a more suitable speed. This
can also help the functional strengthening of the tendons, muscles and ligaments in regards to the requirements of everyday sports and activities.
Improvements in the reaction time of the

The Function Of James And Musculoskeletal System
Case Introduction
James Walsh, a 55–year–old–male presented symptoms including weakness inferiorly in his right lower limb and difficulty performing simple tasks
such as walking or tying his shoelace. He also had some difficulties swallowing and often experiences unpredictable movements due to lack of control.
As a result, he primarily uses a wheelchair and requires careful assistance when performing everyday activities.
The function of James' musculoskeletal system is primarily to facilitate movement as the contraction of his muscles pull on bone to carry out an action.
It also contributes to heat production for enzymes to function, stability by resisting unwanted movement and maintains his posture (Saladin, K S.,
2007). This is important ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, James' case of spastic cerebral palsy alters the interaction between the musculoskeletal and nervous system in some areas which are affected.
Case Examination
James' condition of spastic cerebral palsy impacts the regulation of muscle tone due to the effect of spinal reflexes when muscles are slightly contracted
(Ballard, F., 2016). Muscle tone is dependent on the release of alpha motor neurons in thespinal cord (Albright, A.L., 1995). This is regulated when
there is a balance between excitatory impulses and inhibitory impulses. James' condition of cerebral palsy indicates that there is an imbalance between
excitatory impulses and inhibitory impulses. The imbalance between these impulses causes a lack in regulation of muscle tone due to the insufficient
release of alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord (Albright, A.L., 1995). James' excess production of excitatory impulses originates in the golgi tendons
of organs and muscle spindle, a specialised sensory receptor in the muscle (Albright, A.L., 1995). The impulse then passes through afferent nerves into
the spinal cord and releases excitatory neurotransmitters. In contrast, the lack of ability to generate inhibitory impulses suggest that the regions of the
brain responsible for the generation of inhibitory impulses including the basal ganglia, brain stem and cerebellum may be damaged (Albright, A.L.,
1995). Consequently, the excess of excitatory impulses may result in

Simple Anonymous Essay
The Study of Simple Squamous, Simple Cuboidal, Transitional, Stratified Squamous, Adipose,
Hyaline Cartilage, Areolar, Bone, Smooth Muscle,
Skeletal Muscle, Cardiac Muscle and
Neuron Tissues
Table of Contents
Epithelial Tissue
1.Simple squamous
2.Simple cuboidal
3.Transitional
4.Stratified squamous
Connective Tissue
5.Adipose
6.Hyaline cartilage
7.Areolar
8.Bone
Muscle Tissue
9.Smooth muscle
10.Skeletal muscle
11.Cardiac muscle
Nervous
12.Neuron

Simple Squamous
Simple squamous epithelial cells are flattened horizontally and their cytoplasm is thin. The simple squamous cells allow passage of materials by
diffusion and filtration in places where protection is not important. Because the cells are flat and have thin cytoplasm, it allows for easy passage of
materials. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The functions are support and reinforcement. These functions are achieved through support provided by the fibers.
Areolar
Areolar tissue is made up of a gel–like material, called the matrix, with all of the fiber types; cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and several
white blood cells. The key function of the areolar tissue is to cushion the organs. The gel–like matrix helps the function of cushioning the organs
become possible.
Bone
Bone tissue is hard and has a calcified matrix (where the pores are filled with calcium) containing collagen fibers; osteocytes (mature bone cells) lie in
the lacunae (cavity containing bone cells). The key functions of bone tissues are: support and protect the body structure and provide cavities for fat
storage and synthesis of blood cells. Because the matrix of bone tissue is hard and rigid, the tissue is able to provide support and protection to the

Observation of Myotactic and Vestibulo-Ocular Reflexes
Human Reflexes Observation of myotactic and vestibulo–ocular reflexes
Introduction The purpose of this experiment was to study the anatomy of human reflexes, specifically to compare monosynaptic reflexes to
polysynaptic reflexes. The monosynaptic reflex in this experiment is the myotactic, or Hoffman, reflex that will be seen by simulating the tibial nerve
and the polysynaptic reflex is the vestibulo–ocular reflex that will be seen by spinning the subject in a spin chair. A reflex is defined as an involuntary
and stereotyped response to a fixed stimulus (Sherwood, 2007, p. 177). A reflex allows quick responses to things such as pain or other stimulation. In
non–classical definitions, reflexes can even be learned if the subject is conditioned that way(Sherwood, 2007, p. 176). The pathway that a reflex takes
from input (stimulus) to output (muscle activity) can generally be shown as reflex arcs. Reflex arcs have five elements. The first element is the stimulus,
which acts on a receptor. In the second element, a signal from the receptor is sent along the afferent nerve to the integrator, or central nervous system.
The signal is then processed here for the third element. Then, the signal is sent down the efferent nerve, the fourth element, to the effector. The effector
acts on this signal for the fifth element. Another reason this can be considered a reflex arc is that all responses are in proportion to the strength of the
stimulus (Sherwood, 2007, p. 177). The

Muscle Spasticity
The spasticity is considered the main problem as it will cause the affected muscle constantly in contracted state, hence limited the range of movement of
the affected joint. Spasticity is defined as a velocity dependent increased resistance to passive muscle stretch, or alternatively as inappropriate
involuntary muscle activity associated with upper motor neuron paralysis (GOLDSTEIN, 2001 and SANGER et al., 2003). Muscle over–activity
produces muscle shortening and muscle shortening increases spindle sensitivity. Thus, Stephanie will feel extreme pain and struggle whenever the
affected muscle is being lengthened unconsciously or fast. This will severely affect her functional activity like not able to move freely as a normal
child. For example, Stephanie already has grade 3 spasticity of her both ankle plantar flexors while grade 2 for both hip adductors and internal rotators.
These constantly tighten muscles already severely affect her from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
SCIANNI et al. (2009) explained that the weakness in children with CP can be due to both the disturbed neural mechanisms and the muscle tissue
changes. Most investigators believe that the low power production is related to the inadequate co–activation of antagonist muscles, decreased or
inadequate motor unit discharge, secondary myopathy and disturbed muscle physiology. This abnormal kyphotic posture that caused by muscles
weakness can lead to shifting of COG to posteriorly which result frequent of arching of the trunk and sliding in seated position. Thus, she also
having difficulty in long sitting position as this position cannot be held for a longer period as the pelvis is already posteriorly tilted with flexed knees
due to spasticity of both hamstrings. The torque of lower limbs becomes shorter so the fulcrum is closer to the upper body which will easily cause
Stephanie to lose her balance in long sitting

Biomechatronics: Analyzing Human Motion Essay
Modern robotics is edging ever closer to this vision in a field known as biomechatronics. Many people around the world take their limbs for granted;
some people have lost or have impaired limbs due to trauma, disease or birth defects. Scientist are edging closer to developing biomechatronic; merging
man with machine. Bimechatronic scientists attempt to make electronic devices that interact with the body's muscles and nervous system with the aim to
enhance human movement. Dr. Hugh Herr, a leading scientist and his team are working on developing biomechartonics using computer models and
camera analyses to study the movement of balance. (How Stuff Works Inc, 2005) They are also researching how electronic devices can be interfaced
with the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The nerve cells in your foot then react to the ground force and feedback the information to adjust to the force, or the appropriate muscle group. Nerve
cells in your legs muscle spindles sense the position on the floor and rely the information to the brain where it is processed and send back where the
movement takes place. Interfacing Biomechatronic devices allow the user to connect muscle systems and nerves in order to send and receive
information from the device. This technology is not available at ordinary orthotics and prosthetics devices. Scientist will then have created a device,
which helps to treat paralysis, and stroke victims who are unable to move their feet when they walk. When the foot is installed the scientists will mingle
the nerves and muscles together. This will enable them to use the limb. When the user wants to move the limb the biosensors receive information about
the limbs movement and force. Then the movement that will be sent to the controller that is located internally or externally. The controller will then
relay the user intention to the mechanical sensor where it will be processed aand then sent back to the actuator and the limb where the movement will
take place. (How Stuff Works Inc, 2014)
Advantages
Disadvantage
Biochatronics can be very hard to fix, as they are very complex machines with very small

VSMC Biology
VSMC Biology:
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are primarily responsible for establishing and orchestrating contraction and distension in blood vessels. VSMC
maintain contractile tone by a highly organized architecture of contractile/cytoskeletal proteins and associated regulatory components within the cell
cytoplasm and establish distensibility by synthesis, secretion and organization of the extracellular matrix (ECM) components with elastic recoil and
resilience properties. VSMCs within the vascular continuum have the ability to adapt to extrinsic and intrinsic cues during different developmental
stages and in disease response to an injury stimulus. This ability is due to a phenomenon known as the phenotypic modulation and is a major ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Synthetic/dedifferentiated: During non–pathological processes such as normal vascular development or upon injury VSMCs exhibit a dedifferentiated
/synthetic phenotype, characterized by high rate of proliferation, migration and production of ECM components (9). Synthetic VSMCs also
demonstrate a decreased expression of contractile–state associated proteins (SMMHC, SMО±A, Calponin, SM–22О± etc.) with concomitant increased
expression of osteopontin, 1–caldesmon, non–muscle myosin heavy chain, vimentin, tropomyosin 4 and cellular–retinal binding–protein–1 (CRBP–1)
(8). Morphologically, synthetic VSMCs have increased cell size and exhibit hill–valley morphology in culture. Ultrastructure of these cells shows a
cytoplasm devoid of contractile bundles with extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi and ribosomes

Postural Control Essay
The proposed study will take advantage of the existing SJLIFE cohort. The study evaluation items necessary to characterize the study participants or
identify the potential predictors of poor postural control in survivors are already included in SJLIFE evaluations, tests and observations. Evaluation
unique to this proposal are noted with an *. 5.1.Medical Record Abstraction Detailed identification of cancer–related treatment exposures is critical to
evaluation of risk factors predisposing to adverse health outcomes in childhood cancer survivors. Since all study subjects are participants in SJLIFE,
investigators have access to medical record abstractions. This includes age at diagnosis, chemotherapy doses, surgical procedures, and... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
5.5.Peripheral Neuropathy Modified Total Neuropathy Scale will be used for evaluation of neuropathic signs and symptoms. The test includes
questions regarding motor and sensory symptoms, and clinical assessment of light touch, vibration, pin sensation, distal strength and deep tendon
reflexes. The test results can range from 0 to 24; with a higher score indicating a more severe neuropathy. 5.6.Cognitive Performance The cognitive
ability will be objectively evaluated using Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.17 While this test include different subsets, only the scores from
processing speed and working memory subsets–because of their potential role on postural control– will be used in regression models to identify
predictors of poor postural control. 5.7.Auditory N–back * The n–back is a continuous performance task that is commonly used for assessment of
working memory in different populations 56–58, including pediatric and adult survivors of childhood onset ALL.15,16 The difficulty level of n–back
can be adjusted based on the n factor. In this study, only the auditory 0–back and 2–back tasks will be used. At baseline assessment, while sitting in a
comfortable chair with their eyes open,

Muscular Dystrophy Research Paper
Ben's problems with muscle weakness is becoming progressively worse. At nine years old, he struggles to walk up the stairs. Ben has a condition
called Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, which is a genetic disease that affects the muscles. A genetic disease is inherited and is explained through the
process of DNA, RNA, and cell division. Duchenne has a variety of treatments, but no cures.
Muscular Dystrophy, although not common, is a very dangerous condition. The many types can affect the many muscles you have in your body, and
can cripple you at a very young age. Even though muscular dystrophy can be diagnosed early, it has no cure. Different types of muscular dystrophy
have different treatments and therapies to help slow the effects of the disease, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In genetics, the way people retrieve their genes and traits is through cell division; mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis in cell division is the process in making
body cells. There are 7 stages in mitosis; interphase, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. In interphase, the cell is
growing normally and synthesizes with organelles. In prophase, changes occur in the cell and parts of the structures begin to break down, setting the
stage for chromosome division. Prometaphase is the stage where the chromosomes are sorted and made very compact, and metaphase is when the
chromatids of each chromosome are attached to a microtube to form a spindle. Anaphase it the process in which the chromosomes split, leading into
telophase, which is where the chromatids travel to opposite poles in a cell and new membranes form around the nuclei. The final stage in mitosis,
cytokinesis, is when the chromatids split in two.
Meiosis, the process of cell division in creating sex cells, is what plays into Duchenne. When a sperm cell meets an egg cell, that cell has a 50% to
gain traits from the mom's x chromosome, and 100% probability to gain traits from the dad's y chromosome. Duchenne is a genetically inherited
mutation from the x chromosome; which means during meiosis, at least one of the mom's chromosome had to have been carrying the mutation. The
child has a 50% chance of developing

My Personal Fitness Plan For Aerobic Capacity
As a person over 40 who is pursuing a career as Physical Education Teacher, I was a little intimated by the Fitnessgram test. I am a person is currently
overweight in the process of getting back in shape. Even though, I am not in the best of shape currently, it is important that I have a better
understanding of how to improve the overall fitness of my students and myself. As this paper goes on, I will discuss my results in aerobic capacity,
muscle strength, muscle endurance, flexibility and body mass index. After I have discussed my results, the paper will end with my personal fitness
plans.
I.EVALUATION OF MY FITNESSGRAM PERFORMANCE: The first topic is aerobic capacity. For aerobic capacity, I performed the pacer test. The
pacer test, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I wanted to do this opposed to the walk test, so I could see what my capability was at this point in my quest to getting back in shape and current age
of 41. I am in a class with much younger students, so I wanted to see where I was compared to someone 15–18 years younger. I needed to push myself
to try and do my best which is what is expected from our students. I can't expect my students to try their best if I can't relate to their experiences.
The second test I want to reflect on is muscle endurance and strength. I performed the curl up and push up test for both muscle endurance and
strength. I had a hard time with the curl up, only successfully completing 6. The HFZ for a male over 17 is greater than or equal to 18. I didn't
complete anywhere near what the recommended health fitness zone. For a male 17 and older, it was considered to be of low fitness if fewer than 18
curl ups are performed. The second muscle strength and endurance test is the push up test. I was able to complete 18 push–ups. The average for males
over 17 is greater than or equal to 18. I just made the minimum number of push–ups to be considered a health fitness zone. I barely made it but I made
it which was an accomplishment compared to the pacer test. I felt like if I was about 30 lbs. lighter, I could have done a lot more. The average
number of push–ups according to Livestrong for someone my age (41 years old) is 27. I still have always to go but felt a since of

Organ Trail : How It Protects Us From The Outside World?
Organ Trail Epithelium: Tissue that covers the whole surface of the body. composed of tightly packed cells arranged in one or more layer, and forms
covering, or living of all internal and external body surface. function: 1: It protects us from the outside world – skin. 2: Absorbs – stomach and
intestinal lining 3: Filters 5 the kidney 4: Secretes – forms glands Characteristics: Closely attached to each other forming a protective barrier 2) Always
has one free surface open to outside the body or inside an internal organ 3) Always had one fixed part to connective tissue underneath. classification: 1:
by shape A: squamous – flat and scale–like B: cuboidal – tall and wide C: columnar – column D: epithelium – 1 layer of cells E: stratified epithelium –
layers The 4 Basic Tissue Types in the Human Body: II. CONNECTIVE TISSUE Functions jobs: 1: Wraps around and organ to protect it 2: Stores
nutrients 3: supports fall your organs 4: tendon and ligaments protects joints and attached muscles to bone and each other 5: Runs through organ and in
deep layers of skin giving strength The 3 Elements of Connective Tissue: 1: Ground substance – gel around cells and fibers 2: Fibers – provide strength,
and support 3: and Cells 2 Kinds of Connective Tissue: A: Areolar Connective Tissue– cushion around organs, loose arrangement of cells and fibers. B:
Adipose Tissue – storehouse for

Essay about Jab 4 Histology
Lab 4HistologyName AL
List the four types of tissue found in the human body and give an example of each.
1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Muscular
4. Nervous
Epithelial tissue
What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue? it never has contact with another cell, it always has a free surface. They contain no blood vessels
(avascular) and depend on underlying tissues for needed nutrients and oxygen sources to maintain homeostasis. it is usually very thin for this reason.
The cells are tightly packed together. composed almost entirely of cells. apical and basal surfaces
What is the function of epithelial tissue? protection, secretion, and absorbtion
Where is epithelial tissue found? Epithelial tissue is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What type tissue is this?connective
The nuclei of the cells that secrete the collagen fibers are indicated by the number 1. What type cells are these?fibroblast
[pic]
The cells of the connective tissue pictured below in a cross section from the trachea are specialized for fat storage and do not form ground substance
or fibers. On prepared slides, this type tissue appears somewhat like a fish net with white spaces connected together in a network. The cytoplasm and
nucleus have been pushed to one side by a single, large, fat–filled vacuole that occupies the center of the cell.
Identify:
1. matrix

2. chondrocyte in lacuna
3. vacole containing fat droplet
[pic]
The slide below shows a section of the trachea (windpipe). Rings of hyaline cartilage embedded within the walls of the trachea provide support and
help to maintain an open airway. Hyaline cartilage is the most common form of cartilage in the body, making up part of the nose, connecting ribs to the
sternum, and covering the articulating surfaces of bones. When sectioned and stained, the matrix of hyaline cartilage takes on a light purple color.
Cartilage–forming cells called chondroblasts produce this matrix, which consists of an amorphous ground substance heavily invested with collagen
fibers. Chondrocytes (mature cartilage cells) can be seen singly or in groups within spaces (called lacunae) in

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries ( Acl )
Anterior cruciate ligament injuries (ACL) can be detrimental for individuals who want to excel in their sport. The debilitating injury leads to a period
of regression in performance essentially deconditioning the athlete, which can be a huge drawback for individuals of different levels of competition. The
knee is one of the most commonly injured joints of the human body and carries an increased risk of injury with sports participation. Recent research
states approximately 40% of all ligamentous knee injuries are ACL related and 70% of all ACL injuries occur during sports (Lam et al., 2009).
Sporting activities involving jumping, cutting and decelerating are ranked the highest provokers of ACL injury (Renstrom et al., 2008). ACL injuries
have produced a mass of research surrounding the mechanisms and biomechanics leading to the injury and the rehabilitation outcomes to effectively
bring back the original state of an individuals impaired limb. The majority of literature in the present has undertaken an overview of rehabilitation and
the effects it may or may not have on individuals at a neuromuscular and proprioceptive level. These interventions may require further research and
revision on the programs delivered itself to foresee what may be optimal due to the majority of research indicating the various effects an ACL injury
has at a neurophysiological and mechanical level. The programs are of upmost importance as the redevelopment of robust sufficient muscle mass after a

The Organization Of Microtubules ( Mts )
The organization of microtubules (MTs) in the mitotic spindle apparatus has been shown to involve a combination of centrosomal–based nucleation
and hypothesized to involve acentrosomal branching MT nucleation. Here, Petry et al. (2013) uses Xenopus egg extracts to successfully observe
branching MT nucleation from existing microtubules utilizing total internal reflection microscopy (TIRF). Direct observation of branching MT
nucleation highlighted both the activating effect of RanQ69L and its effector protein TPX2 on branching MT nucleation, and the polarity conservation
of daughter MTs. Testing for required molecular factors using immunodepletion, it was shown that the Оі–tubulin ring complex (Оі–TuRC) is required
for primary nucleation while the protein complex augmin is required for branching. Furthermore, components of the RanGTP signaling pathway are
shown to induce observed branching MT nucleation. The results by Petry et al clearly demonstrate branching MT nucleation and is a significant
achievement, being the first ever visualized in a metazoan system. Further research should focus on deciphering the mechanistic interactions between
that RanGTP and TPX2, specifically its C–terminus CT–TPX2, that stimulate MT nucleation. In addition, even though augmin has been shown to play
a key role in spindle morphogenesis through branched MT nucleation, its relationship with other molecular factors should be further elucidated.
Background
Mitosis and meiosis are key cellular

Interpretive Essay on Edward Taylor's Poem, Huswifery
Interpretive Essay on Edward Taylor's Poem, Huswifery
In the poem, Huswifery, by Edward Taylor, a very severe shift seems to take place. The poem begins with an analogy between the writer and a
spinning wheel. However, at the end of the poem suddenly he is no longer the spinning wheel, he is now a man wearing the cloth that was spun by the
spinning wheel. How could the main analogy of the poem shift so drastically? Actually, upon closer inspection, the shift does not seem so bizarre.
The main idea of the poem is followed through from beginning to end. It is the story of a man who is truly devoted to the Lord and how his
relationship with the Lord evolves from the point where he is seeking God in his life to the point where he has found ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The yarn is fine." Going along with the fabric = heart analogy, this would seem to indicate that he wants the Lord to pull together the pieces of his
heart, bring together all of his thoughts and affections and focus them into one beautiful creation. The "The yarn is fine." part of the line displays a
feeling of fragility. He does not believe that he is capable of shaping his heart himself, and this is why he must hand it over to the Lord. In his mind,
if he tries to do it on his own, the pieces will most likely break (since the yarn is thin) and he will be just another tattered rag thrown by the wayside,
not usable for its intended purpose.
Once he has been completely woven, and all the essentials of a God–serving heart are completed, he then goes on to ask of the Lord that He not just
leave him plain and dull. He wants to be dyed with "heavenly colors choice." and "pinked with varnished flowers of paradise." A garment that has
been woven and is left plain is very functional for the owner of that garment, but will not be beautiful or attractive to others. No one else will feel a
great desire to have a similar one for themselves. One possible interpretation of this point is to think that the author is now turning away from God and
seeking his own glory, asking that others be envious of him. However, this would not fall in line with the very humble, God–serving attitude displayed
throughout each of the stanzas. It seems more likely that he desires

Cross-Striated Muscles
Muscles execute a multitude of involuntary and voluntary functions throughout the entire body. They are a huge part of what get the body going, and
keep it going too. These contracting fibers are comprised of about 75% water, 20% protein, and the other 5% is a mix of carbohydrates, lipids, and salts.
There are between 640–840 muscles in the body, and they all fall into one of three categories. The first category is cardiac muscles. As made apparent
by the name, these cross–striated muscles are found in the walls of the heart. They cannot be controlled voluntarily. These rough quadrangular muscles
of your heart are peculiar; they stimulate themselves. Cardiac muscles never stop working, their branched structure helps them endure this constant

Persuasive Essay On Runner's Choice
Keshawn White
Haga
Humanities
3 November 2017
Runner's Choice
"According to the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, more than 70 percent of runners will experience injury" (Cespedes
3). In our world today, running has been one of the go to exercises to lose weight. It is an enjoyable way to exercise, and is a natural stress reliever.
Running can change your lifestyle and force you to adapt to certain physically intense situations. This includes the body's reaction to stress, and a
variety of other effects that come with running regularly. Running has a plethora of health benefits that include a prolonged life and immunity to
various diseases. This activity is the fastest way to burn fat, and can be easy to perform if ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Injuries can be prevented through proper preparation, and awareness of the consequences of what could happen if one does not prepare appropriately.
Runners who plan to run on a regular basis or in races such as a marathon should adequately prepare their bodies and their minds before running at
all. To do this, runners should begin the Good Form Running Clinics. These programs are designed to educate novice to advanced runners on
correct running form, and to prepare them for running long distances. Running form is critical in running efficiently and preventing injuries.
Running efficiently is all about form and breathing. Poor posture can put excess stress on back and knees. "If your back arches, your body weight
tends to shift back, making you more prone to overstriding" (Hamilton 9). If your form is irregular, this can cause an inefficient use of your lungs.
This occurs because runners tend to tense up when running for long periods of time. This inefficient way of running can lead to a decrease in oxygen
intake, which can lead to an insufficient amount of blood getting to the parts of the body where it is most needed for exercise. For a person to
maintain good body position, he or she must have their head over shoulders, shoulders over hips, hips over the mid–foot upon landing and arms
swinging directly ahead (Brendan 6). If a runner fails to have correct running form, it can lead to joint issues that can inhibit the runner from completing
a

Basketball Injury
A male basketball player came into the clinic complaining of back pain that sometimes travels down his leg. This athlete has a long history( 3+
years) of back pain and often uses advil to get through practice and games. The pain often starts as pinching in the lumbar spine and as it gets
worse, becomes a tight shooting pain into the left leg. The pain is often described as tightness or pulling with no numbness or tingling. He often has
difficulty bending over to pick something up or tying his shoes while standing. This athlete has no previous injuries besides multiple inversion ankle
sprains and has never observed any SHARDD on his back or down the back of his leg. Upon observation, sway back and excessive kyphosis of the
thoracic spine was noted,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, even when the right leg was lifted, the pain was reproduced in the left. He was also only able to lift his legs approximately 40 degrees off
the table. I then tried to explain the slump test to the athlete. For directions, I explained that you want to be sitting and have bad posture. With his
femur in a dangling position, dorsiflexion and his knee at 60 degrees flexion caused a reproduction of symptoms. This was exasperated when the
athlete attempted to lift his legs at all or put his head down. From here we checked piriformis using two different tests/checks. First, we had him
prone, knees bent and together. He was instructed to let his feet fall out. His left leg was close to vertical whereas the right was 30 degrees from 90. I
felt comfortable with all of these special tests as they did not involve therapist hand positioning, just clear instructions. After explaining the slump test, I
thought it would be beneficial to also demonstrate it since the cue of " have bad posture" did not seem to work initially. From this experience I have
become more cognizant of how I provide instructions. Although my intention is not to insult the athlete, I need to

Four Primary Tissues
1.The four primary tissues of the human body, epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue functions as a covering or lining
for the internal organs found throughout the body as skin, in the digestive tract absorbing nutrients, and lining the inside of blood vessels. As a
glandular tissue that excretes substances for waste or for bodily uses of the exocrine/endocrine systems. Connective tissue is the most abundant tissue
found in the body, ranging from tendon and ligaments connecting bones together, bones for structural support. Muscular tissue provide movement for
the body, contracting muscles by reacting to stimulus, providing thermal regulation. Nervous tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral...
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Exocrine gland release substances through ducts or tubes that lead the external surface of the membrane, sweat glands, saliva, or the gastrointestinal
tract. Endocrine gland doesn't have any duct that lead to the surface, it diffuses its secretion into the bloodstream.
4.Different types of muscles. Smooth muscle cells are shaped in spindles with single nucleus, have involuntary movement through the body and do not
have any striation. Smooth muscle can be found in digestive system, urinary tract. Muscular cells are found as bundles, with striation and are multiple
nucleus found along the membrane surface. Cardiac muscle cells are only found in the heart, the cells short, branched with a centrally located, single
nucleus and are striated with intercalated disc found between to speed up the electrical conduct of the heart rhythm without external stimulus.
5.There are two types of nervous system cells, they receive and send electrochemical responses to the body. Neuron cells are the conducting cells of
the nervous system. Neurons have a cell body with dendrites branching from the main body, an axon which is the long tail that extends from the main
body that is wrapped in myelin to create a protective sheath around the axon that also helps speed the neurotransmissions. The glial cell is the
supporting cells of the

Classification of Tissues Essays
R E V I E W
NAME____________________________________ LAB TIME/DATE _______________________
S H E E T
EXERCISE
6A
Print Form
Classification of Tissues
Tissue Structure and Function–General Review
A group of cells similar in structure and function. 1. Define tissue.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Use the key choices to
identify the major tissue types described below. Key: a. b c c, d a b d c b a a a d connective tissue b. epithelium c. muscle d. nervous tissue
1. lines body cavities and covers the body's external surface 2. pumps blood, flushes urine out of the body, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What are three general characteristics of connective tissues? __________________________________________________ . large amount of
noncellular material called matrix between the cells.
12. What functions are performed by connective tissue? Protection, support, and the binding of other tissues of the body.
13. How are the functions of connective tissue reflected in its structure? The large amount of extracellular matrix provides strength to protect the body.
14. Using the key, choose the best response to identify the connective tissues described below. c a c f i b h d h i a 1. attaches bones to bones and
muscles to bones 2. acts as a storage depot for fat 3. the dermis of the skin 4. makes up the intervertebral discs 5. forms the hip bone 6. composes

basement membranes; a soft packaging tissue with a jellylike matrix 7. forms the larynx, the costal cartilages of the ribs, and the embryonic skeleton
8. provides a flexible framework for the external ear 9. firm, structurally amorphous matrix heavily invaded with fibers; appears glassy and smooth 10.
matrix hard owing to calcium salts; provides levers for muscles to act on 11. insulates against heat loss
15. Why do adipose cells remind people of a ring with a single

What Does Mederma Cause Scarring?
Scarring is a normal bodily process that a majority of people experience. Nonetheless, in Western cultures, scars are seen as an ugly feature that one
can acquire in numerous ways. Therefore, many people want to rid themselves of these blemishes as quickly as possible. A majority of them turn to
Mederma В®, one of the top–recommended scar treatment creams by dermatologists. However, before you decide that Mederma is the right
medication for your scar, it is important to look at the different types of tissues that can be affected, how scars form, and what kind of scars form.
Let's begin with defining just what a tissue is. Tissues are a group of cells with similar structure and function as a single unit to perform specialized
tasks. There is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While Mederma does not cause scars to completely disappear, it can help scars to appear smoother, softer, and less prominent. But how does it work?
The main active ingredient in Mederma is allium cepa, also known as cepalin. Cepalin, which is extracted from onions, has anti–inflammatory
properties that make the tissue around the scar reduce its inflammation and thus make the scar less visible. Mederma works on both old and new
scars, but the results are not seen instantaneously. For optimal results to appear, it can take new scars at least 8 weeks, while old scars can take 3
to 6 months. Before application of Mederma, the wound must be completely closed, meaning the scab has completely fallen off or stitches were
removed. This process usually takes around 2 weeks to happen. After this, apply Mederma once daily for best result. There are different types of
Mederma as well. Other than the regular type, there is one offered for children that changes color to engage them in the scar healing process.
Mederma can be used with other products and medicines, but a doctor should be contacted if those products are prescribed. Some potential side effects
of Mederma include swelling at the scar site, discoloration of the scar, or itching. If any of these symptoms occur, stop using Mederma and contact a

Biology Form 4
Biology Form 4 Chapter 2 – Cell Structure and Organisation
Plant Cell
© Amir Fuhaira 2008вЂђ20XX. Nak guna boleh, nak copy minta izin. Kalau tak boleh blah.
Animal Cell
Cell Components –
1. The Nucleus – Cell Prime Minister and Info Storage a. Large, dense, spherical organelle b. Enclosed by double membrane (nuclear membrane) c. Has
nucleoplasm, dark sphere (nucleolus) d. Chromatin (uncondensed chromosome) in nucleoplasm e. Chromosomes carry genetic information that
determine cell characteristic + function f. Controls all cell activities 2. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum – Highway + Ribosomes – Factory Workers...
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reproduces by binary fission, but produces spores when cannot do binary fission
© Amir Fuhaira 2008вЂђ20XX. Nak guna boleh, nak copy minta izin. Kalau tak boleh blah.
Multicellular
Cells grow, change shape and differentiate in multicellular organisms. Mature cells carry out different functions, like different medical specialists are
experts in their field, like a cardiologist in the heart, the neurologist in the brain, etc. They undergo specialization to carry out their functions more
efficiently. Organisation is in this form:

Cells that carry out a function are grouped into tissues. Different tissues that carry out a function are grouped into an organ. Several organs that
contribute to one section of an

Static And Dynamic Stretching Research Paper
Effects of Stretching on Power and Performance
Megan Mahoney
March 18, 2016
Thesis: An analysis of the effects of static and dynamic stretching on power and performance.
Stretching is a vital component for warming up prior to exercise. It reduces the risk for injury by increasing flexibility and range of motion. Warm–ups
generally consist of aerobic exercise followed by static stretching. The goal of warm–ups have been to increase body and muscle temperature which in
turn increases nerve conduction velocity, enzymatic cycling, and muscle compliance (Behm & Chaouachi, 2011). There are also a variety of
non–temperature related factors that occur during warm–ups. These include an increase in blood flow to the muscles, increase ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
(2011). A review of the acute effects of static and dynamic stretching on performance. European Journal of Physiology, 2633
–2651.
Bishop, D., Middleton, G. (2013). Effects of static stretching following a dynamic warm–up on speed, agility and power. Journal of Human Sport &
Exercise, 2(8), 391–400.
Edwen, C. Thorlund, J., Magnusson, S., Slinde, F., Svantesson, U., Hulthen. L., Aagaard, P. (2014). Stretch
–shortening cycle muscle power in women
and men aged 18–81 years: Influence of age and gender. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 24, 717–726.
Franco, B., Signorelli, G., Trajano, G., Costa, P., Oliveira, C. (2012). The acute effects of three different stretching protocols on the Wingate test
performance. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 11, 1–7.
Herda, T., Herda, N., Costa, P., Walter
–Herda, A., Valdez, A., Cramer, J. (2012). The effects of dynamic stretching on the passive properties of the
muscle–tendon unit. Journal of Sports Sciences, 1–9.
Leon, C., Oh, H., Rana, S. (2012). A purposeful dynamic stretching routine strategies. A Journal for Physical and Sport Educators, 25(5).

Powers, S., Howley, E. (2007). Exercise physiology: Theory and application to fitness and performance. Boston:

Lab 4 Histology
BSC 2085C: Anatomy and Physiology
Lab 4: Histology
Name ___
Directions: There are five (5) activities in this lab. Please be sure to complete them all. For all questions, type your answers into the yellow box ____
(including your name above) it will expand as you write.
Activity 1: Tissue Types
1–1: List the four types of tissue found in the human body and give an example of each.
1. _Epithelial__example: Skin_
2. Connective_ example: Tendons___
3. _Muscle__example: Muscles of heart_
4. _Nervous_example: Brain__
Activity 2: Epithelial tissue
2–1: What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue? _Polarity, Specialized contacts, Supported of connective tissue, Avascular but innervated,
Regeneration___ ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thinner, more darkly stained elastic fibers composed of the protein elastin can also be seen. The principal type of cells seen are lightly–staining
fibroblasts that secrete the matrix materials.
Identify:

1. _Fibroblast nuclei___
2. _Collagen Fiber___
3. _Elastic Fibers___
3–6: This slide shows a section of a tendon with regularly arranged closely packed collagen fibers running in the same direction. This results in a
flexible tissue with great resistance to pulling forces. With its enormous tensile strength, this tissue forms cord like tendons, which join muscles to
bones, sheet–like aponeuroses, which attach muscles to muscles or muscles to bones, and ligaments, which bind bones together at joints.
What classification of connective tissue is this? _Dense regular___
The nuclei of the cells that secrete the collagen fibers are indicated by the number 1. What type cells are these? _Collagen Fibers___
3–7: The cells of the connective tissue pictured below in a cross section from the trachea are specialized for fat storage and do not form ground
substance or fibers. On prepared slides, this type tissue appears somewhat like a fish net with white spaces connected together in a network. The
cytoplasm and nucleus have been pushed to one side by a single, large, fat–filled

Physiology Of Stretching Essay
Physiology of Stretching Stretching is helpful in the aspect that it helps to improve flexibility, athletic performance, and reduces the risk of injury
during physical activity. It is also helpful in the process of realigning tissue inside of muscle fibers (Lynn Hetzler). The stretching itself, however, is
actually a complicated process. Amuscle is composed of numerous strands of tissue, referred to as fascicles. Each one of these fascicles are made up
of bundles of muscle fibers (Lynn Hetzler). The muscle fibers are then made up of tens of thousands of myofibrils. Myofibrils are thread–like
structures that are able to contract, relax, and stretch. Sacromeres, which are millions of thick and thin myofilaments laid end–to–end, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is turn initiates a muscular contraction (which decreases the stretch of the muscle). Bouncing or ballistic stretches make the contraction stronger.
When the stretch is slow, controlled and held for long periods of time, the muscle is allowed to relax and lengthen. This is because as you hold the
muscle in a stretched position, the muscle spindles become accustomed to the new length (Rebecca Booth B.A.). The inverse myotatic stretch reflex
(tendon reflex) helps to prevent muscle or joint injury. When muscles contract, the produce tension at the point where the muscle is connected to the
tendon (Rebecca Booth B.A.). Like the muscle spindles, the golgi tendon organs sense the change in tension and how fast it occurs. When the tension
exceeds a certain point, the inverse myotatic stretch reflex is triggered. The reflex causes the muscle to stop contracting and start relaxing. This process
is allowed to occur because to golgi tendon organ sends a stronger signal than the muscle spindles. This is why holding a stretch for a long period of
time is important, it allows the inverse myotatic stretch reflex to occur (Rebecca Booth B.A.). So, in turn, many things must happen in order for
muscles to stretch. Whether or not you stretch your muscles is up to you, but now you at least have an idea of what your body actually does to allow
stretching to occur.
Bibliography
"Physiology of Stretching." Physiology of

How Taxol Interrupts The Cell Cycle
Research Report 1James Elliott Spring 2016
Article Reported:
Magidson V, He J, Ault JG, O'Connell CB, Yang N, Tikhonenko I, McEwen BF, Sui H, Khodjakov A. 2016. Unattached kinetochores rather than
intrakinetochore tension arrest mitosis in taxol–treated cells. J Cell Biol. 212 (3): 307–319. Accessed 8 Feb 2016. doi: 10.1083/jcb.201412139
I. Paper Review
A. Background and Key Question
This article was about a study performed by scientists looking to investigate the mechanism of how Taxol interrupts the cell cycle. The interval often
referred to as the spindle apparatus checkpoint is without a doubt the time frame where Taxol acts, as it is an antimicrotubule drug that is cell cycle
specific. It is understood that the structure ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To make the specimen compatible with both forms of advanced microscopy, they sufficiently prepared samples by coupling the specimen with a
fluorescence that was also conductive. This technique was accomplished with the FlouroNanogold label, which contains gold nanoparticles covalently
bonded to a fluorescence label. That way, the LM worked as well as the EM for the same set of kinetochores that were being studied. The Hec1 protein
was stained in this case because this protein naturally delineates the structures to be studied.
C. Describe One Specific Result
The orientation between the kinetochores with respect to centromeres (kTilt) was of a larger degree in the Taxol treated cells in comparison to the
cells progressing through metaphase normally. There was a 16В° increase from 10В° to 26В° when cells were treated with Taxol.
D. What are the major conclusions/implications of this work?
This was a multifaceted study that simply is not given justice by my review that is limited to two pages. Through this study, the scientists believed that
the data validated that kinetochores are significantly influenced by the Taxol treatment. This interpretation was inferred from the results in differences
in Delta (distance between Hec1 and CenpT labels within kinetochores), cTilt (angle of centromeres from the spindles), and kTilt (angle of the
kinetochores with respect to centromeres). One of these results was described above in

Flexibility And How Does It Work
1.What is Flexibility and How does it work?
Flexibility is the ability to move muscles and joints through their full range of motion. Flexibility comes from stretching, and is increased through
stretching properly. Flexibility allows for a person to move with ease and without pain. Flexibility also allows for a reduce in the risk of joint sprain or
muscle strain, reduce the risk of back problems, or muscle soreness.
2.Name and define two types of muscles responses? (give an example)
The Stretch Reflex– a basic operation of the nervous system that helps maintain muscle tone and prevent injury, it is initiated when a muscle is
stretched, it lengthens the muscle fibers and spindles, this changes the shape of the muscle spindles which results ... Show more content on
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Warm–ups are designed to improve performance, and reduce the change of injury. Warm
–ups increase blood flow, increase heart rate which preps the
cardiovascular system for work, decreases muscle tension, and enhances the connective tissues ability to elongate. There are three types of warm–ups,
passive– raising the body temperature through an external source such as a hot shower or heating pad, a general warm–up –movement not directly
related to the activity usually some form of a light callisthenic type exercise such as brisk walking or jogging, and formal/specific warm–ups–
movements that mimic the actual activity, just performed at a reduced level of intensity. Warm
–ups need to be suited to each individual person, but
should generally be intense enough to increase the body's temperature and cause some sweating, but not be as intense as the actual exercise or cause

The Cause Of Parkinson's Disease
Parkinson's Disease is a neurodegenerative disease that affects the central nervous system and the symptoms are "motor impairments involving resting
tremor, bradykinesia, postural instability, gait difficulty and rigidity" (Beal & Thomas, 2007). The cause of Parkinson's Disease is still yet to be
discovered however there is strong evidence that it is an age–related disease as it is shown to be more frequent in people who are over the age of 50
(Samii, Nutt, & Ransom, 2004). There have been many studies that suggest that exercise can improve the quantity and quality of life for those who
are affected by Parkinson's Disease. This is due to the fact, regular exercise of about 150 minutes per week has many benefits to the health of an
individual ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore cognitive control and supervisory attentional system were developed so that the regulation and control of cognitive processes were
improved. (Duchesne, et al., 2015). Research has shown that the aerobic capacity of an individual with Parkinson's Disease will not decrease if
they continue with regular aerobic exercise and aerobic capacity can actually still be increased. The main reason for reduced aerobic capacity in
patients with Parkinson's Disease is because they stop exercising due to a perceived reduction in quality of life (Canning, Alison, Allen, & Groeller,
1997). Hackney and Earhart (2009) demonstrated that 20 lessons of the dance tango, a form of aerobic exercise, improved overall health related
quality of life for those affected by Parkinson's disease. This is because the tango has shown to improve axial impairment, walking backward and
allow problem solving, also the music from the tango acted as music therapy, reducing depression. (Hackney & Earhart,

Literature Review : A Device And Validation Scheme For...
Literature Review: A Device and Validation Scheme for Quantifying Spasticity in a Clinical Setting
Team 1
Laith AlHussein, Kathryn Radom, David Remer, Mohamed Ali
Mentor: Dr. Wilsaan Joiner
Co–Mentor: Dr. Michelle Harris–Love
September 26, 2014
Introduction
Spasticity was originally defined by James Lance as "a motor disorder characterized by a velocity dependent increase in muscle tone with exaggerated
tendon jerks, resulting from hyperexcitability of the stretch reflex, as one component of the upper motor neuron syndrome" [1, 2]. This symptom
usually occurs in patients with acquired brain injury, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis,spinal cord injury, stroke, and other conditions involving upper
motor neuron syndrome [3]. However, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, a standardized quantitative assessment and device capable of measuring parameters, determined to contribute the most significant effects to
the symptom, is needed for a wide–spread clinical acceptance. These measures should parallel an accepted clinical scale and provide consistency and
sensitivity for wide implementation.
This literature review will examine proposed methods and devices that have been employed in attempt to solve this severely understudied issue. These
include, but are not limited to, the varying definitions spasticity, means of measurement, quantitative analysis, and limitations. Studying the limited
literature available allows for a determination of factors and techniques that need not be applied, as well as improvements that may be implemented for
this project.
Defining Spasticity
As noted by the literature, the causes of spasticity are not entirely identified and comprehended. However, it is known that spasticity usually occurs as a
result of injury to the central nervous system, which includes the brain and the spinal cord [7]. Stroke often causes lesions on the brain, triggering
spasticity and lowering the reflex threshold [2, 7]. The nerves send proprioceptive information to the nervous system through the afferent impulse. Once
it

Muscular Strength Essay
The Important of Muscular Strength to Human Bodies
Introduction
The Muscular Strength is the important thing in our lives as there is nothing we can without, though we do not have the same Muscular Strength
according to certain factors. The aim of studying Muscular strength is to know what our bodies are capable of to lift, like in a working place so that
must ensure that our strength require for the job without injuring our muscles. The aim of studying this study so that will know which sport require my
muscular strength and the position that can acquire my strength, to know which clothes must wear without causing injuries to the muscles when joints
contract. The reason of studying muscular strength is to know the reasons behind difference of muscular strength between males and females, why
some females have more strength than males and knowing the factors that influence muscular strength in our bodies.
A Concentric contraction is a type of muscle activation that increases tension on a muscle as it shortens and they ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The posture is improved with the weight training as the core, back and shoulders becomes stronger and after being able to sit or stand with a straighter
back and without becoming fatigued fast (Naternicola,. N, 2014). Weight training increases bone density which prevent Osteoporosis and strength
training can also improve point function and positively affect insulin resistance. Strength training also increases us to intestinal transit time that is liked
with colon cancer (Naternicola,. N, 2014).
The effect of reach distance; Mechanical disadvantage increases the task difficultly. This cause the reduction fall in strength output. Isometric strength
increases with the reach distance up to a certain point if the body posture does not change significantly. When the distance of hand grip from the body
increases, also the strength exertion capability progressively

Neuromuscular Junction Research Paper
The neuromuscular junction is where the nerve meets our muscles. To be able to move, we would need an impulse sent from our brain to our muscles.
The nerve impulse gets sent to our muscles from the CNS, which leads to our muscles contracting. The nervous impulse that's sent to the CNS is called
the action potential, the impulse that sends a signal to our muscles is known as the motor neurones. For our muscles to contract we need a nervous
impulse, the end of our nerves are called the synaptic knob, this hits the vesicles and releases acetylcholine. The acetylcholine then goes through the
cleft (the gap between the synaptic knob and the muscle) and tells the muscles to contract, if it doesn't go through the cleft our muscles will not
contract, this is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The nervous impulse will only reach the muscle fibres if the signal from the CNS is strong enough. This also is the 'all or nothing principle' because if
the strength of the signal is not strong enough the motor unit will contract, but if the strength of the signal is strong enough then all of the motor unit
will contract. The function of the motor unit is to basically allow movement, so without these muscle fibres we won't be able to have movement.
There are two type of muscle fibres, fast twitch and slow twitch. The slow twitch muscle fibres are good for activities such as endurance events, e.g.
the marathon. This is because these muscles don't get tired during exercise. The fast twitch muscle fibres get tired too quickly because they are used for
quick, sharp events such as 100m sprint so this can result in fatigue and therefore can build up lactic acid which will result in cramps (http:/
/www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/fastandslowtwitch/soleus.shtml) so if we didn't have slow or fast twitch fibres, we wouldn't be
able to participate in them type of

Cerebral Palsy Research Paper
We decided to research suit therapy in the context of cerebral palsy. Suit therapy is a system of rubber bands, hooks, and rings that connect a vest,
shorts, kneepads, and specially connected shoes (McMahon, Pruitt & Vargus–Adams 2009). There are bungee type cords that continue to tighten and
adjust in order to "mimic normal flexor and extensor patterns of major muscle groups in an attempt to correct abnormal alignment" (McMahon, Pruitt
& Vargus–Adams 2009). Wearing the suit along with intensive physical therapy, and active motor participation by the patient for a certain amount of
time and frequency is meant to retrain the brain what normal muscle movement is and improve sensory and proprioceptive information (McMahon,
Pruitt & Vargus–Adams... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While the article includes a lot of information about cerebral palsy, for the purposes of obtaining information that is pertinent to suit therapy, we will
focus on their definitions of cerebral palsy and some of its symptoms. The CDC is a government organization that backs research on many
different diseases and disorders affecting people, making it a credible source to gather facts. A working definition of cerebral palsy and its
symptoms is needed to achieve this and the CDC provides that along with other information. The CDC defines cerebral palsy as "a group of
disorders that affects a person's ability to move and maintain balance and posture" (2015). It goes further into describing that cerebral means
having to do with the brain and palsy means weakness or issues using muscles (2015). Therefore, in order for suit therapy to really treat what is at
the root of cerebral palsy, both the brain and the muscles. If it is found that suit therapy only treats one of those two areas that cerebral palsy
affects, then it is not a truly holistic treatment that treats cerebral palsy as a whole. Symptoms vary from case to case, and the CDC says that some
people with cerebral palsy will only have minor symptoms and not need any adaptive equipment for mobility, but others may never be able to walk
or be mobile by themselves and need lifelong care (2015). The CDC is a well researched, and reliable source of information in which only
professionals can edit their articles. The authors, therefore, must be objective, as they are stating facts, and are unbiased in the way they present them.
This text's contribution to our research about suit therapy is that it gives a solid foundation as to what

Prosthetic Trauma
In the United States, over 500,000 people live with lower extremity loss [1] and 130,000 lower extremity amputations are carried out annually [2]. The
lifetime health care cost after amputation is estimated to be $649,953 [3]. In order to restore stable and independent ambulation, and improve the
quality of life for persons with lower extremity amputation, advanced prosthetic joint devices have been proposed (e.g. [4]–[7]). Normalization of
function for individuals with LEA is within reach, and direct communication between neural implants and biomimetic, external prosthetic devices
represents a crucial step forward.
Current clinical amputation procedures date back to the Civil War era, and are designed to prepare the residuum for fitting of a prosthetic socket [8]. In
the current surgical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
State– of–the–art approaches to peripheral nerve interfacing have been developed within the bounds of this dated amputation paradigm, working to
extract efferent signals from and reproduce afferent signals in transected peripheral nerves that are buried deep within the residual tissues [10], [11].
The fundamental motor unit to control a biological joint is an agonist–antagonist muscle–tendon pair. Such a muscle–tendon relationship allows for
simultaneous control of joint state (position and speed) and impedance (stiffness and damping) for upper and lower extremity motor tasks. At least
one pair of antagonistic muscles is needed for each degree of freedom of a limb in order to control joint state, torque, and impedance [12].
Proprioceptive feedback from this agonist–antagonist architecture is crucial to reliable joint control. Biological feedback of joint state, which is an
essential component of proprioception, depends on a differential stretch signal from the spindle fibers in agonist and antagonist muscle groups acting

Diseases: Sex Linked and Sex Influenced
Diseases: Sex Linked and Sex Influenced
by Richard Nixon
Honors Biology
Mrs. Linda
December 19, 1994
There are thousands of cases of sex linked and sex influenced diseases worldwide. These diseases can range from a social inconvenience, to a fatal
ailment. In sex linked diseases, like Muscular Dystrophy, hemophilia and color blindness, only males are affected. When a man infected with a sex
linked disease has children, all his sons are normal, but all of his daughters are carriers. When a carrier woman and an uninfected man have children,
half of the sons are normal, and half of the sons are affected; half of the daughters are carriers and half of the daughters are normal. Only males are
affected because the sex linked ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At this point, since the whole muscle was too large but was the only feasible solution, he decided to transplant whole muscles of a baby mouse into
an adult mouse. This muscle was not damaged, because it was not minced, and it was not too large, because the baby muscle is considerably smaller
than an adult muscle. Not only did the mouse survive, but normal function was restored to diseased adult muscle. Since the transplantation of muscle
in mice was so successful, Dr. Law tried to find something along those lines that would work in a human. He found a solution; myoblasts. A myoblast
is a mature muscle cell. It is a long thin fiber that can be more than an inch long. Unlike cells of other types, myoblasts have over
200 nuclei. When they are damaged, the myoblasts call upon a reservoir of satellite cells; small immature cells that nestle inside the muscle fiber's
outer sheath. Satellite cells are the key to muscle repair and regeneration.The satellites leave the fiber, divide and then flatten into spindle shaped
forms– the myoblasts. Myoblasts repair muscle cells by fusing with the injured cell and they share their nuclei with the injured cell's nuclei. When
these two myoblasts fuse completely, new cells are formed. In 1970 Law thought of a procedure that would fuse healthy myoblasts with the dystrophic
one, hoping that the resulting hybrid would have some function.
However,

The Effect Of Stretching On Muscle Strength And Performance
Increased muscle strength and performance is sought after by athletes of almost every discipline, as well as others simply looking to increases their
health and fitness. Stretch and flexibility is another area of fitness, one that is often neglected by most people. However, the effect of stretching on both
muscle strength and performance is disputed by the relatively few studies that have actually been done on the topic. The results of the studies have
ranged from concluding that stretching has a negative effect on strength on performance to concluding that it has no effect to even concluding that it
can have a positive effect. Many factors play a role in muscle strength and performance so it is difficult to conclusively determine what is due to
stretching and what is due to one of the other variable that come into play when exercising and training. Knowing the effect of stretching on muscle
strength and performance would allow athletes and their trainers to develop more efficient and productive training plans to help the athletes achieve a
higher level of performance.
Most people are under the impression that stretching lengthens muscles and that an increase in flexibility is due to an increase in the length of the
muscle itself. This is not accurate. Flexibility is not achieved by having long muscles, but rather having to do with the length–tension relationship of the
muscle (Magnusson 1998). There are several different theories for how stretching increases flexibility and

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